Gradients (ATP Synthases)
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- Опубліковано 2 бер 2008
- NDSU Virtual Cell Animations Project animation 'Gradients (ATP Synthase)'. For more information please see vcell.ndsu.edu/animations
Gradients are used to create energy that can power biological cyles. ATP synthase is powered by a hydrogen gradient, located in the mitochondria. This section covers the action of this specific gradient.
This takes "The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell" to a whole new level.
Wow...I watched a 90 minute lecture this morning, not understanding a thing and now a less than 4 minute YT-video covered the whole thing...mad world.
Thank you!
One thing is misleading. It is not strictly concentration gradient but electro-chemical gradient, which includes both concentration and charge. Basically, potential difference is the main driving force that pushes H+ ions through the matrix.
nooo - think this video is correct - the hydrogen ion gradient which takes energy from the krebs cycle uses this energy to rotate the ATPsynthase
I would add that it is misleading, but perhaps a realistic a model for the actual known process. The potential difference is a result of the high [H+] in the intermembrane space. Chemiosmosis and the specific path protons take through the ATP Synthase complex are probably pretty hard to animate. Or even impossible...
pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/72
I would also add that in mitochondria, the major factor driving the ATP synthase is the electric potential difference, concentration gradient of H+ should have lower contribution to the overall electro-chemical gradient. In thylakoid membranes (photosynthesis), the concentration gradient of H+ is the major factor.
R Kaur I lost my brain cells reading this
Diffusion occurs from high concentration to low concentration of ions, so it is change in concentration of ions that produce a gradient. Correct?
yooo, the beat at the start goes hard afff
sounds like the beginning of a vintage horror movie
Actually I always skip it cause it gives me anxiety
The minor chords make it sound so sad
Popped off
I have been teaching respiration for decades, and this video is superb for the dynamic way that it shows the "chemo-osmoticly" driven synthesis of ATP. Thank you for the work that went into it, and for posting it for all to benefit from.
Really helpful- better than textbooks because you can actually see what's going on rather than just linking long, dry sentences to a small picture in the corner of a page. Thank you!
bless your souls. you make something so complex so easy to understand. If I manage to score well on my exam tomorrow, it will be thanks to you :)
These videos are perfect for studying the ATP Synthesis! Thank you, thank you!
The energy from the gradient actually isn't used to synthesize ATP. When ADP and pi bind to ATP Synthase, they easily form an intermediate (ATP binded to ATP synthase). The energy is then used to release ATP from the active site. I'm studying this atm in my biochemistry course.
Hopefully that made sense
his is according std 12th textbook
Thanks! Can I ask you please from where do the h+ ions come
@@UA-camr-by6hx They come from the intermembrane space, which is located outside of the matrix. Electrons moving down the electron transport chain drive the movement of hydrogen ions from the matrix to the inner membrane, concentrating them there. Then, ATP synthase takes advantage of this built up gradient that was generated in the ETC to pump H+ ions back into the matrix, which ultimately releases energy
@@IMChessMD much appreciated 🙏🙏🙏
@@IMChessMD wdym with to pump H+ ions back into the matrix
once this is grasped you have graduated in health and longevity 101; the next step is to grasp it intuitively at an ABC level, which is more advanced and makes 101 even more beautiful to watch and study; this is the best animation i've seen on the mitochondria.
All Videos on ndsuvirtualcell are amazing, using them in my class for 10 yrs. Thank you so much.🌹
These vids are brilliant! Chemistry explained in a simple, and FAR more interesting way than any chemistry book I know of - gotta love it! ^^
Wonderful videos you are helping me so much to remember these processes for my essay based exam. There is nothing like a visual to help things stick into your brain. Thank you so very much for posting these, God bless.
EXCELLENT , Best yet! Great graphics, and easy to follow.
Amazing video! Simple and to the point.
All of your videos are very helpful! Thank you!
This is one of the most easy to understand animation
A great study aid! Thanks for posting this video.
Thankies ^.^ makes cellular respiration a lot easier for me to understand.
NDSU! I stayed there during Fargo nationals! Word.
Great video.
I love Christina Johnson's narration!
Great video! It would be better if you could label the different parts of the ATPase.
Thank you for making this video.. Really helpful to visualize the process
Lol, 2 vids of roughly 4 minutes each explained to me what I couldn't understand in 2 hours of studying. Ty! :D
Excellent!
ATP synthase (EC 3.6.3.14) is an important enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is the most commonly used "energy currency" of cells from most organisms. It is formed from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and needs energy.
The overall reaction sequence is: ADP + Pi → ATP, where ADP and Pi are joined together by ATP synthase
Energy is often released in the form of hydrogen ions (H+
), moving down an electrochemical gradient, such as from the lumen into the stroma of chloroplasts or from the inter-membrane space into the matrix in mitochondria.
Such easy explanation 😍❣️
this really helps my master's thesis..thanks!
Yes..... 👍👍
Some great animations. Be Cosmic.
thanks for the easy to understand videos, really enjoy these for my studies.
On an unrelated note, though, where is the intro sound from, it sounds familiar?
This is ingenious!
this is too awesome; biology is amazing!
also you people are amazing for sharing such videos; it will help with my exams; thanks;
very cool how it rotates
Nice vid. Just watched this for my online bio class :)
This is the most fascinating process in biology. Thanks for posting such awesome videos! Btw everyone watching this is a nerd or a future scientist! :P
i like mitochondria, they're so smart
ATP synthase is the smallest known rotary motor in nature. I liken it to a turbine in a hydro electric dam. The proton gradient is analogous to water behind said dam.
+Adam Nieri Thanks :)
@Saffy Chagall when the gamma subunit rotates, does that alpha or beta or both subunits transits between OLT state？
Thanks!! This vid really dud help me get the just of ATP synthase, leading to better understanding of photosynthesis!!! XD
amazing thank you
-student with a biochem exam in the am
same
Same
same
same
I wonder how people get hired to do these voices. Do they just put on their resume that they can sound like a robot?
Rano A Actually it's a synthetic voice
lmao
It really is a bad voice. Too soft , like good for reading bedtime story but difficult listening for something you need to pay attention to. I keep tuning out.
@@Lamassu112 There is no way this is a synthetic voice. There is too much emphasis on words that wouldn't be emphasized if it was a computer reading it.
Yes actually, voice actors act various voices like robots 😂
WE ARE A MIRACLE ❤️
Notice the h+ does not really “flow” through the synthase. Rather, the ions are loaded one by one into chambers that surround the rotor, about 10-12. Similar to loading a revolver. When the last chamber is loaded, let’s call it chamber 12, a confirmation change occurs in the fold of the subunit causing it to eject the h+ In chamber 1 into the matrix and turn the rotor by one “click”. Chamber 1 then occupies the spot where 12 was, which is open to the inter membrane space and accepts a new h+ due to the gradient.
We expect continued very explanatory video Was
Jonathan Sarfati, PhD in Chemistry, and former Chess Champion of New Zealand, discusses how life could not have arisen without a "Designer" in his film "From Chemicals to living Cells". You can see a section of his teaching off our page under "Sarfati" - Chemicals to Cells. In the entire copy (not on our page) of his teaching, he also discusses how ATP could not occur without an Intelligent Designer.
perfection!
Perfect explanation
The cinnamon topography is slaying
Thank you so much, its very helpful💖💖💖
that was very helpful for photosynthesis light-dependent reactions, since ATP synthase is used there also. These are very good videos, and i agree with kashifk9 that you should continue to make them. it will help all the people in honors biology (or in my case 7th grade advanced biology).
You were in 7th grade when you learnt this? Woah. What do you do now?
Nice explication. it really helped me.
Actually photosynthesis and the electron txp chain are basically two similar (almost) system. And in any biological system the energy currency is ATP. Being that both utilizes flavoproteins and cytochromes (heme protein), so it is safe to conclude that both system has almost the same mechanism (atp synthase) for ATP production. The slight difference maybe one that photosynthesis requires photons to excite the photosystems (complex).
the subunit of ATP-synthase exists in three conformations. First one has high affinity to ADP and Pi. After they bind to the subunit and the protonmotive force rotates the complex, the subunit changes its conformation to No.2, which on the other hand has high affinity to ATP. However since ADP and Pi are already bound to it, they join to form ATP. And when the complex moves, the subunit once again changes its conformation to the one which has affinity to neither ATP nor ADP, thus releasing ATP.
I agree; thank you for posting these. One thought that just occurred to me though; wouldn't random H+ flux (at equilibrium) tend to generate small amounts of ATP?
merci pour tout
I've spent hours today trying to understand this... and it didn't help much...
thanks to your vids I got in in less than 10 minutes :D
Its generally accepted that the kinetic energy of the rotation of atp synthase is used to release the synthesized ATP, not to form it. I believe both adp and phosphate both stick to the enzyme surface in very close proximity in their respective active sites and spontaneously bind at that proximity, they just cant leave the enzyme surface without the atp synthase rotation "scraping" them off or at least changing the active site such that they spontantously "wash" off. At least that's how I imagine the action in my head.
great vid. really helpful and detailed and easy to understand!
Yess👍👍
No, think of it as 3H+ going from the outer membrane into the inner membrane and that the protons attached to the ATP-synthase is saturated from the beginning. So the amount attached to ATP-synthase never changes, but the amount outside and inside does change by 3.
Very helpful animation! Thanks! Please create more (Kreb's cycle, Glycolysis, Glycogenolysis). :-)
really cool video bro
Very helpful!
@JamesBarker85 The bottom portion of the ATP sythase doesn't spin, only the top part does. The top isn't symmetrical though, so it creates a mechanical change in conformation in the bottom, like a square peg twisting in a round opening, the 3 pairs of alpha/beta subunits are squished into different shapes. Each subunit pair are in a state different than the other two, one state is empty, one has ADP+Pi and the last one has ATP. the three pairs of subunits alternate states, depending their state.
These are great easy-to-understand videos! thank you!
You are definately helping me with my studies!
Simply to the point. Best video on YTube. Is it possible for NDSU to provide a link on how ATP Synthase was discovered?
it helps a lot!!!
Thanks!!
@ Beth S
شكرا لك يسوع لخلق لنا هذه الدرجة من التعقيد لإظهار الجميع أننا لسنا المنتج من ذرة واحدة ولكن نحن الإبداعات المحرز في صورة مثل هذا الخالق قوية و ذكاء.
سبحان الله ربي وربك ورب اليسوع
you guys pwn. since my book blows, and so does my teacher, this is my way of studying for my AP bio final.
thanks so much.
really informative n helpful video :)
Great video!
Thanks!!
this was so helpful!
Awesome video!
Brilliant!
@rhoadess from viewing the ETC video, each NADH is responsible for pumping 6 hydrogen ions which would account for 2 ATPs, but according to this, it would require 9 hydrogen ions to make the needed 3 ATPs for each NADH. If we assume that 3 ATPs are made for each NADH, and we assume that one full rotation is required to make the 3 ATPs, then for each hydrogen ion, the rotor circumvents 60 degrees.
@flyers4life123 as it spins, it activates catalytic sites at the stationary (bottom) knob. 3 of these catalytic sites join the phosphate to ATP. So every 3 spins, enough catalytic sites are activated in order to form ATP from phosphate and ADP.
As the membrane is impermeable to H+ ions and energy is put into the system (NADH) which is constantly being put into the cell then the ATP generation is high as equilibrium for H+ flux isn't met. The whole protein has the ability to reverse and hydrolyze ATP to push H+ ions back to the other side. It is put to use in bacteria and is still slightly elusive though some theories are out there. Eukaryotic cells however have an inhibitory protein to stop backflow called IF1 I think.
Amazing animation
that's insane.
What type of bonds do the ADP molecules make to the F1 substructures and what type of bond does the Pi make to the ADP to make ATP? Thanks.
Ok and what about the several conformations of the F1 domain (Loose - Tight - Open)?
awesome. best ive seen
Very nice. What tools did you use ?
I just remembered that it needs four H+ to synthase 1 ATP
?
y 4H+, 4e- and 1 O2
thank you!
Holy shit this is the best explanation ever!! 1 hour lecture reduced to 3 minutes and 46 seconds XD
@dpcmonkey Hi, dpcmonkey, I cannot understand when and how 1 complex pumps 4H+ to the P-side, I'm reading Ville right now, but from all sources, including "Cellular Respiration (Electron Transport Chain)" animation I can see that 1 complex pumps 2 H+ [one H+ per one e-].Could you explain or show me reliable source for this information?Also,on animation which I mentioned above,complex 3 pumps 4 H+,but I believe second pair of electrons comes there from FADH from complex 2,not from NADH.
Awesome!!!
great vedio .. go ahead 👏👏
Still u need 1 more H+ ion to get Pi inside the matrix , so u bassically need 4 H+ ions to get 1 molecule ATP done.(cause u need to have ADP and Pi in the matrix to synthase ATP , and ADP goes inside with antitransport with ATP , but Pi goes in with cotransport with H+ , thats why u need 4 H+ to synthase 1 ATP ) PS great video :)
@Snurbify1 Isn't the the rotation mechanical energy? I'm not saying you're wrong I just kind of don't understand the whole 'automatically/spontaneously' by catalytic environment which sinks the activations energy part. could you elaborate?
@jim3xPRO I have a separate textbook that says the same thing (Lehninger 5e), I think you are correct.
what is the mechanical rotation producing exactly inside the synthase-complex?
@wrestle85 You need 1 H+ to come into the matrix with HPO4- (co-transport) to give you Pi to join with ADP so though you only need 3 H+ to turn 120 degrees, your net equation requires 4 H+ per ATP synthesized.
Very intelligent design.
Love it.
(1) NADH+H from complex 1 pumps 4H to the P-side, Complex 3 pumps 4H to the P-side (via Qcycle), and Complex 4 pumps 2H. For a total of 10H on the P-side (intermembrane side) producing approx 3ATP. 1H rotates the F1 unit 120 degrees, requiring 360 degrees to make 1 ATP.
Thank you bro.
nice video! everything makes sense now! :)
thank very much this is great!^^
so the H+ ions bind to the Fo unit or the F1 unit?
This was sooo helpfull!