HEAVENS GATE CULT... THE CULT OF CULTS
Вставка
- Опубліковано 13 бер 2021
- Marshall Herff Applewhite and Bonnie Nettles led the UFO heavens gate cult that was founded in 1974. In March 1997 39 members of the Heavens gate cult, including their leader 'Applewhite' participated in a mass suicide.
They took their own lives due to the belief that they were being picked up by a spacecraft (UFO) that was travelling behind the comet Hale Bopp.
Emma Kenny takes a deep dive into their leaders, members and how cults are formed and why certain people join them. She will dispel some myths around the types of humans these cults want to attract.
-
Join Emma’s channel membership to get access to perks:
/ @emmakennytv
-
MERCH STORE - www.emmakennytv.com/shop
-
EMMA KENNY PATREON - / emmakennytv
-
Business email : youtube@dustedmedia.com
Website - www.ekenny.co.uk
-
Serial Killer next door stage tour dates - www.emmakennytv.com/serial-ki...
-
PAYPAL DONATE - www.paypal.com/donate/?hosted...
-
CONTRIBEE - contribee.com/emmakennytv
-
Follow me on:
Twitter - / emmakennytv
Facebook - / emmakennytv
Instagram - / emmakennytv
TikTok - / emmakennytv
Wellbeing youtube - / emmakennywellbeing
-
#cults
#heavensgate
#truecrime
#emmakenny
--
WATCH HEAVENS GATE EXIT STATMENTS HERE - ua-cam.com/video/jQvLNR_UTvU/v-deo.html/appy - Розваги
I imagine if this was on Scientology the video would soon disappear with the amount of control that cult has online.
Now I want to search out all scientology films
I agree with you
Leah Remini and Mike Rinder do a brilliant Podcast ‘Fair Game’ Im obsessed!!!
Thankyou for explaining that it takes years to leave a cohesive and dv relationship, it took my over 20 years and I’m only 40 🤦🏽♀️the amount of peopl including counsellors and support workers actually said how could you stay? How could you possibly find him attractive? Was unbelievable so Thankyou for highlighting that dynamic... ps love your videos Emma they’re so interesting 🧐 😘xx
I’m so glad you are out and I’m also so sorry your were treated so unprofessionally . Sending lots of love . Em xxx
What's a DV relationship
@@cyndymcfarlin8537 oh..domestic violence I think
Lots of love ❤️
Your soul is an eternal gift given by The LORD God Himself The Good of The Bible He Is Jehovah God Almighty Come In The Flesh He Is LORD Jesus Immanuel meaning God With Us Isaiah 7:+4 a virgin will concieve and give birth to a Son and He Will be Called Immanuel meaning God With Us, Godbless @@EmmaKennyTV
This really can happen on a low level. I felt like I was in cult from my ex and my dad kept saying I sound brainwashed but my ex told me he’s trying to control me 🙄 wasn’t allowed to listen to pop, watch tv, have internet, agree with anything the majority “sheep” (as he called them) agreed with. I wasn’t allowed to say the word “God” around him because he says it has a negative vibration and makes him ill. Questioning him resulted in me being told I’m a stupid sheep and getting hit. Thankfully I left and am remembering who I am 😃 the futures happy and bright. Thank you for your uploads Emma. They’re always great
I got a lovely Mothers Day gift today, tickets to see ''Get inside the mind of a serial killer at Liverpool event with Emma Kenny'' 👍🙏 I cannot wait, too excited!! xxx
Amazing. I can't wait. Come say hello. Em x
Awww amazing.. u have great kids
I can't find this ticket site! Please link me J F? Tia ps. Happy Mothers day!
Oh wow amazing!! I need to book this! X
@@monroekoko8029 thanks, my daughter is 6 so her told her it was for a comedy show
"Anybody and everyone is welcome; just don't be a dick" perfectly encapsulates my own views on faith. As well as just doing your best & continuing to learn & grow on a day to day basis. I would happily attend a Kenny sermon on flexible faith! (Great term by the way!) 💖🙌
I can't believe how closely this statement matches my spiritual beliefs. Flexible Faith! I hope you don't mind, but I'm going to use that.
@@esthermoon627 I'm definitely going to borrow that term, as well! It so beautifully encapsulates my views, too!
IMHO at least, if your faith isn't flexible, then it can easily become a form of prison or bondage...which is exactly the opposite of what faith is generally supposed to do: provide you with a sense of freedom!
I lost a friend at university to a controlling cult (coincidentally enough, named Esther!) and it was and still is heartbreaking, although admittedly she does claim to be happy. But, just as Emma said, she was one of the most charismatic, strong, talented people I've ever known.
I’ve never heard that term and I love it!!
The sending a message thing to Applewhite have me chills. For years, if I dream of someone, especially someone I've not seen in a while, I will run in to them within a couple of days. If I don't see them, I will contact them, just to see if they're ok. And the answer is always that 'oh my God, I've been thinking about you! This has happened and I don't know what to do '. It's weird, but normal for me.
My husband's aunt was taken into a closed order of nuns in Ireland the 1960s and left in the mid 70s. She'd gone straight to there from a Sacred Heart boarding school when she was 17. So much of what she told me about the ritual aspects of daily life aligns with what you're saying about these people and how much salt or sauce etc to put on a meal. They were kept sleep deprived because they had to keep the Liturgy of the Hours. The nuns too were allocated a specific number of slices of bread at a meal, a specific number of pieces of meat, of veg etc. The tables were set by ritual - arrangement and seat order. The constant crossing of themselves when they reached prescribed parts of the hallways. The Stations of the Cross, the penances. Even their daily tasks of scrubbing, washing clothes, etc were all about repetition of movement and continual nature of the tasks. The meals were always identical. there were no choices to make.
My gran was 6 when she was sent to Ireland nuns, she got TB, and was sent there to get better..
She never talked to me of the abuse in detail, but she did say they were evil
My hubby was schooled by nuns in the 70s he said they were lovely
..
@@reds1013 closed order nunneries and public catholic schools are very very different…
Frank Lyford is a former member and his story is devastating. His voice is permanently damaged due to Applewhite mocking his deep, manly tone. He told the story of when Nettles died and the members were allowed to visit their families. He had entered the cult with his girlfriend, and as you mentioned, their relationship had to cease within the cult. He left for these visits with her, and when they were in the airport, he asked her to hold him. She said she had known he would ask, so had asked Applewhite if she could have permission to do so. In that moment he wanted to ask her to leave with him, but just couldn't. She returned to the cult and was there till the end. He recalls how he'd met her as a teenager and she'd wanted to ride his motorbike. They were very much in love. So incredibly sad.
Despite knowing lots about these guys, I still want to see your perspective. Also, as a local, hearing it in my own accent is cool.
Thanks Amanda. Em x
Hi Emma, I looked after a seriously ill man in the UK. This individual was an extremely intellectual person and to put that into perspective, he lectured the Russian language at university. He became entwined with a cult in America to the point he quit his job, moved to the USA and gave the cult all of his earthly possessions. That was the last his family heard from him until he reached out to them pleading for help. What caused him to contact his family was that the cult had abandoned him because he began with symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis. When the cult realised how ill this guy was they threw him out with no possessions or money. His father flew to America and got his son back to the UK. He was then moved to a care home where I looked after him. I used to believe that cults targeted vulnerable individuals but this guy was the complete opposite. I found this whole scenario beyond heartbreaking but it shows that if you are to be a burden to a cult they won't think twice about throwing you out like a bag of rubbish without a care for your wellbeing.
I also have to say that I love your content Emma and long may it continue, thank you
💕Absolutely loving this series every Sunday, honestly gives me something to look forward to in this strange time we living in atm...💕
Hey Emma, I 100% agree with you about consciousness surviving bodily death. A quote from Nikola Tesla you might like: "My brain is only a receiver. In the universe there is a core from which we obtain knowledge, strength and inspiration. I have not penetrated into the secrets of this core, but I know that it exists". Oh and my personal favourite from Thomas Edison on his deathbed. His final words - "It's beautiful over there..."
Love this video Emma, thank you! The content lately has been amazing, I would love to see you discuss the psychology of people who get sucked into MLMs as they are similar to cults in some ways!
Just watched this video, it would be good to get your perspective on the Waco tragedy, in terms of cult.
These cult traits definitely relate to a church I used to be a part of. Love bombing was a huge part in the beginning. I was there from 17-23, I’ve been out 2 nearly 3 years now. This video has put it into perspective.
LDS?
@@bilindalaw-morley161 Pentecostal
That time of the week again, hot water bottle ,and spend the evening watching the best crime show out there
I’ll join you next Sunday being a blanket potato too.
@@simonroper4713 l
What is the purpose of a hot water bottle? Is it to keep you warm? My family always used ours for back pain or cramps.
@@kyianevvare3541 I use one all the time for period time , or backache or my IBS pain x
Thanks Emma. Only you could have explained this with such insight, compassion and empathy.
I totally agree about our susceptibility to cult ethos . You have to open your mind and question again again and again xxx
Hi Emma just caught up on this episode. Working my way through. Thanks for this episode. Really relevant right now and I hope people take notice of the warnings given! Absolute genius! Loving your work ❤️
Thank you Emma, I’m going to replay this again straight after, just so much to contemplate and again it’s your work which I find compelling and genuine and also yet again you manage to expand the story beyond my own research.
Can’t wait ! Only catching up on last weeks show ! Thank you Emma x
Really enjoyed this tonight. Thank you so much for doing this. Sending loads of love and big hugs to you and everyone xx
Thanks Nick. As you already know, you are lovely . Em xx
Thanks Emma. You and your cyber family which I'm so delighted to become a part of are so lovely and caring where we all love and look out for one another and I just feel so thankful to be part of a lovely and accepting community. Lots of love and big hugs. Nick xx
You just summed up all of the ‘facts’ that I had put together in my mind about cults. I, thankfully, was always encouraged to question things as a child. Marry that to being an devoted people watcher and I am leery of things that seem too good. I can honestly say that my innate cynicism is useful in avoiding situations like cults etc that I come across in my everyday life. Thank you for so clearly pointing out the traps and practices that cults use. More people need to here about this stuff.
I spent my teens researching and looking at cults and indoctrination. The reason for this is because I know that I am extremely easy to manipulate. I know that about myself and it's very important for me to work out what questions to ask myself. "Would I do/ say/ think something if it weren't for this person? If they can get me to do this, what's the next step? What are the consequences of that for me? What are they gaining from me?" Its really helped me to stay in control of my life and my thoughts
It’s impressive that you know yourself so well, and that you’ve strived to overcome the parts of personality etc that you know are problematic or ‘weak’
I hope you apply your skills to another cult, the church of modern medicine. It is just as much of a cult as all of the religious cults. Political parties are also cults.
Always loved watching you on crime programmes on TV so I'm delighted to have found your channel. Love your videos Emma! 💞
I was young when this happened. Didn't really understand then and never followed up on it. Thank you for this!
I love how you cover this analytically but also very empathically. This is first video I've seen from you and just had to subscribe.
That’s very lovely of you x
Excellent vlog again Emma. The way you tell the story is clear and without sensationalism. Look forward to the next one x
Oh Thankyou Elizabeth. Plenty to come . Em x
Another banger right up my street. I too see it around me during these outrageous and divisive times.
Keep up the great work, ta 😊
Thanks so much for this amazing true crime content, Emma. It’s fascinating and insightful. Have to say your combination of professional expertise and genuine empathy and compassion for people is something I feel a lot of psychologists could really take a note from. Some are far too analytical and aloof and forget the compassion that you have in spades. I’d have come forward years earlier about my depression if I’d had a psychologist like you instead of feeling ashamed and unmanly about it for years, until finally getting it under control with help just over a year ago (now 21).
You’re an exemplar to your profession, and clearly
a great mum and wife too. Also, your brave stance on the appalling actions of the government re: COVID-19 is helping to give voice to millions of people in the country who are suffering needlessly under restrictions and a creeping totalitarianism. If you haven’t already seen it, you should look up the SAGE document where ministers explicitly stated that part of their strategy was to “increase people’s sense of personal threat” (direct quote).
Love the Nirvana T shirt btw haha. Keep up the good work and all the best to you and your family, Emma. I really admire you.
Thankyou Micheal . Sending love too. Em x
Absolutely agree, it's an outrage that most likely she would have her career terminated if she told the truth, we know she knows though! I'm not personally in the modern day "Cult"
Not even ten minutes in and I love your take on this. Everyone should make these connections. Brilliant, Emma!
Flexible Faith = "Don't be a dick"! Finally, a Faith that makes sense to me ❤
They actually went to Mexico for the castration surgery, not Thailand as you said here. Something interesting from the doc. was that they tried to do the castration surgery themselves as one of the members was a former nurse and it did not go well. Applewhite felt guilty and wanted to turn himself over to the police but the group talked him out of it. I wonder how or if things would have been different for Heaven’s Gate if Applewhite went to police.
Shame on those doctors in Mexico who performed those terrible operations on those people.
He probably was manipulating them knowing there say don't go hand yourself in
They actually performed the first member's surgery themselves, according to Sawyer (former member) they put up a sign in a room that said 'Mexico' and performed the surgery there (one of the members had medical experience).
Emma you have such an intelligent and balanced insight on this and other cases. Thank you ❤
Another fascinating episode. Really loving this series. Thank you Emma. Love the t-shirt btw😀👏
Thanks Katie. Got loads to come. Em xx
I think we all need something to help us escape from time to time. We all have something and I feel like all of these people came together with the need to escape in common. Such a good video Emma you always deliver the story in a respectful manner! ❤️
So glad I found your channel! I’m really enjoying the content. Can’t wait for your next video.
Thanks Eeva! So happy to have you onboard watching and commenting. It’s a lovely community here too. Em x
Hi Emma, anybody feeling uncomfortable about the description of how the cult was managed in relation to whats going on in the world..... 🤔 feeling a bit weird, Love the Sunday vids thanku xx
As a Scottish guy living in England,I will always love listening to women with a beautiful english accent.really enjoying this,was a subscriber for months but stil not really took a proper dive into ur channel and content.think I’ll binge a good few of these today,as I can put my feet up with a cup of tea and have a relaxing day.
I have never understood why cults have so much power over people who should realise it's not a good path...so this is very interesting and now I have a lot more understanding now..thank you Emma...
Hit the nail spot on the head. Very much a regression to a child like state of being under strict parental guidance. Never heard it put like that before. Resonates perfectly!!
Eerie how what it happening in the world at the moment, at least in my experience here in California USA, has so many parallels 😳
Thank you for this... So glad I found your channel
I love the way on TV Emma talks like highly qualified professional she clearly is. And yet she talks like she's just walked out of the chippy and a few sups on here!
Great T-shirt. What I really like about Emma’s channel is that she doesn’t just tell us the story, she explains behavior and what drives the characters, no matter how vile they are, in a clear concise manner. And I know this may be a little too simplistic, but if his homosexuality was acknowledged, accepted and not seen as sinful and wrong, what would have happened?
That’s lovely to hear Rachel. Lots to come. Tonight’s is a very tough one. Em x
Another fascinating video. Thank you so much Em
I learn something new every week, thank you Emma. Oh, and loving that T Shirt! lol
Excellent commentary and very informative. Thank you!
Loving this channel, like your take on things 👍🏼
A great piece of work.Thank you ,Emma.
This was so interesting! I've never heard of it before but I was in a abusive relationship and I was asked why I didn't leave him but you can't you can't leave something someone doesn't want you to leave until they move to someone else. I'm so glad I started watching your videos
I'm really enjoying your Sunday shows Emma! wish I was in the uk to come se you
Looking forward to this, could you possibly look at the Luke Mitchell & Jodi Jones case?
Awesome as ever. Cheers Emma. You're really hitting your stride now. Its refreshing to have True Crime Royalty on UA-cam, with your experience and background insights. loved the namecheck to Warehouse Project too... proper Manc Lass! We need a catchphrase and merch now Em! Keep going. Watching the Bobby Joe Long one next. Would love to hear your take on Holmolka/Bernardo as its a case close to my heart.
We have actually been looking at Merch. Lots asking so we are currently looking at sorting that. Some to give I’m cheek stuff too. Em x
@@EmmaKennyTV you need a catchphrase Em. Mike at That Chapter has 'Give it a Gooo'. Bailey Sarian has 'Nay Nay I Say' plus a bunch of others! Happy to help with artwork!
Also... Vote for Homolka/Bernardo soon (not gonna stop asking!)
Will you be having guests too? Christopher Berry Lee would be awesome... also, If you could do a spot with Laura Jaqueline (the Siren of San Quentin), she got Bittaker to open up more than anyone else did and is writing a book/has a doc commissioned. She's a really powerful and positive person, she was interviewing the most dangerous men in the planet at 7 months pregnant. You should check her out!
Much love. x
Love Mike too,short and sweet 😋
I a new one to the channel but you definitely got my attention. Great content Emma!!
Aww thanks Robert. Em x
Conditioning is similar to the way that a frog is boiled. If you drop the frog into the hot water, it'll jump out. However, if you put the frog in water and simply increase the heat slowly the frog will stay in the pot until it is completely boiled.
Spot on Robert, acquiescence, freedoms by freedoms gently stripped. The behavioural psychologist used by the government, they are grinding the opposition into the ground measure by Draconian measure. Have a great week .
Another belter emma thanks for another hour of great content 👌🏻
Love these so much. Love that you focus on the psychology not the gore. We're so desensitized to true crime feeling gratuitous
Isn't all religion a type of cult?
@@deliareed1813nah. Religious and spiritual beliefs are just something believe in. But many of institutional churches/religions are cults.
Looking forward to this show. But can you please cover some of those Peterson killers?
Obsessed with your crime series, so interesting.
Wondering if you could do something on NXIVM as I'm intrigued to learn more about this.
Lots of love xx
Thanks Emma, another great video I’ve Really enjoyed listening to this tonight 🙌.
Would you consider looking at Beverly Allitt?
Love your view on flexible religion Emma, that's me too. I do sort of get what they were trying to achieve in this cult however they certainly took it too far. There is perhaps a reason death comes naturally in our lives expected or not.
As for what lacks in our society it is "acceptance"of others, their views, dress sense, beliefs etc...people will never just like and accept each other.
I love Sundays now I get your new episodes. Cults are so interesting 🤔 xxx
This was great Emma as I’ve said before this is my favourite true crime series on UA-cam
That was awesome Emma. I agree with your views and opinions but I can see why people join cults. Omg! I hope it never happen to me. Lol!. Thanks Emma, can't wait for next week. ☺x
I find cults so interesting and can see how we could all be fooled. Thanks Emma
You can still email a few of the surviving cult members. The website is still active and the email address is valid.
Another good one em.xxx
Love this true crime series you're doing. The line "just don't be a dick", spoken like a true Manc, sound our kid, sound.
😂😂 it’s true thought isn’t it 😜 . Em xx
@@EmmaKennyTV we say the same here in Barnsley . Us northerners are truly our own breed aren’t we lol
Thanks emma for being you x
Thank you I love your uploads
Thank you Emma. I'm off to check out this app now. Happy mothers day.
Amazing. Thanks Kirsty. Hopefully you’ll enjoy my App. Got some great updates coming soon which make it a full social media. (Sharing, personal feed , chat function etc ) Em x
This is always interesting to look at the cult phenomenon from a psychologist's perspective. And not a mere psychologist's... Thank you for this episode, it was very interesting.
It would be great fo hear about Ericsson sisters. Was it a travel psychosis?? I have heard about some cases...
I really appreciate the subtle hints that you throw down about incremental coercive behaviours in our current society. We all know the amount of censorship that surrounds explicitly expressing your feelings on certain matters. I hope that in years to come this can be more fully explored though of course my fear is that it will actually become much harder.
I was a child when this happened. I remember it very well because it was one of the most disturbing things I have ever come accross. His stare and his idiology are simply disturbing.
I try also try and practice flexable faith :). I look forward to seeing your show every week here in Brisbane,
love your take on them all.
Hey Emma loving your channel these videos are fabulous....♥️🇦🇺💋
One of the original members of Fleetwood Mac left the band to join a cult.
Just found your channel Emma and I can't wait to watch all your true crime stories. As a fellow brit I can relate with covid, stay safe. 😀
Dear Emma, I love ‘Big Beautiful Beyond’ Thankyou.x
Thanks Emma you really explain your stories without editing ever sentence like other crime podcasters which let me tell you it is so annoying. you have a good speaking ability.
Never thought of naming it! I practice flexible faith! 😂❤️
I've been in a cult. I didn't have to leave my young children but I was never the less isolated and separated from family and friends. I didn't see it happening at all. I lived in with them and money possessions even my children became a community resorse. I thought I was happy. I thought that the things, work I was doing for the greater good. My family faught to get me out and I grieved for the members terrible. I'm not a stupid person I just didn't understand what was being done to me while being love bombed. Abuse is supposed to hurt and this didn't hurt. Iv been out for some time now and feel so abused by the whole thing.
Great show x
You did a great job with this video. I really appreciated your respect for the members. I may not agree with what they did, but I cannot say what they did was crazy. Who am I to say whether they got to the next level. I have my own beliefs, but I do respect other people and their beliefs.
I love your aura and work x
I have never disagreed with you! As a mother if anything happened to my child that we worked so hard to have, which my Dr. called us on Christmas Eve to let us know I could carry her. She is definitely a miracle and when you talk about how you feel as a mother I truly could never live if something ever happened to her. She is 24, extremely brilliant and I am so proud of the adult she has become and is still working hard towards her future. Though our children become adults and we form incredible adult
relationship with them, they still are our babies. If my daughter ever joined a cult I would along with my ex-husband of 17 years, a retired captain of our police dept. and was an active duty sct. sniper in the marine corp who is and always was the best father in the world! I am very lucky, He would die truly for her also! I do understand everything and all the points that you made about this cult and it is truly sad because of the control, power and brainwashing when in our open society of 2021there is no reason they couldn't rent a building and preach whatever they believed on a couple nights a week! Chad Daybell, the book, to me it put so many pieces together! She said Chris told her the girlfriend NK worshiped satin and also her business was helping brainwash ( I call it brainwash because she did it to Chris and he said he would drink these mineral drinks that where bad for the body when Cheralyn researched the drinks, but where mind altering)after consuming the drink he wouldn't remember anything except he would wake up like he dosed off for like a minute and resume the conversation they were having!
OMG, Benzodiapizines mess with you GABA level, I lived in a dark passionless place, thinking about taking my life everyday. I tried, but could not harm myself. I healed my brain after 2 years off of horrible suffering.
Love that, flexible faith. Just realised that’s me as well. Maybe that’s why I am part of Emma’s cult. 🙃
You have no idea how happy I am to see you wearing a nirvana t-shirt!
What's very weird about these cult leaders is that you can see the crazy dripping off of them and yet people still follow
Emma please please do the Leopold/Loeb story?
Will do Stephen. Em xx
Wow. I was unfortunately brought up as a jehovahs witness, I managed to escape aged 15. Another extremely coercive controlled cult.
So unbelievably damaging. And I'm still paying the price.
Thank you Emma, amazing as always. That was my last video so I'm up to date now. Which means I can't binge watch anymore!!! I actually have to wait for Wednesday and Sunday. Ugh! 🤣🤣
Great analysis of the most unique cult ever. Utterly mind blowing.
Fun fact for you, the Heaven's Gate website is still up and running...not by ghosts but by 2 members who stayed behind. You can contact them and they'll send you the literature and manifest...I'm kind of tempted tbh, it's fascinating
Emma kenny I love ur work I love ur programs on true crime and loveing ur podcast🌹
I had a Childhood friend who went to Manchester Uni, she was studying to be a psychiatrist, she was absolutely rational and brilliant acedemically... She died in Waco, Texas with her 6 year old daughter. David Koresh recruited her from Manchester Un in her last year
I was so shocked when I heard she had joined this cult, she was the last person I would have ever thought would follow someone like him, So sad.
So sorry about your friend. How did she come to know about David Koresh? Did he come over to Manchester? I have always thought he was the most charismatic of all the cult leaders.
Happy Mother's Day Emma! Xx
Fascinating! Do you think locus of control affects how likely someone is to be groomed into joining a cult? A lot of what you were saying reminded me of the work I’m doing on my phobia right now - that idea that because you think you aren’t powerful enough to cope, you’re more reliant on coping mechanisms outside yourself or, potentially, people like cult leaders. x
The undercurrent of this is so powerful, what a clever and genuine lady x
I used to go to Jesus Army meetings in Leicester during a low point in my life. I met a woman that convinced me to join and I had such a huge crush on her so I went with her. I found out later that she was just sent out to recruit members. When I said that I wanted to join, I believed with the whole story I was told that I wasn’t good enough for the Jesus Army and I was marched out of the meeting. I never saw either the woman or group ever again and being told I wasn’t good enough for them messed me up even more than I was at the beginning, I did everything they told me to only to be thrown out with no reason why screwed me up for years. Thankfully, I like to believe, that I was too mentally strong for them.