Transcription
Вставка
- Опубліковано 29 січ 2008
- NDSU Virtual Cell Animations Project animation 'Transcription'. For more information please see vcell.ndsu.edu/animations
Transcription is a vital process in biological lifeforms. It is through this process that the biological roadmap encoded in a strand of DNA is used to produce a complementary RNA copy. The RNA can then go on to help produce the proteins and enzymes that power living organisms.
It’s crazy that this video is 14 years old. It’s older than my sister and yet it’s still helping me today. Talk about an evergreen UA-cam video 😂
I am in pharmacy school and this helped me so much - not sure if embarrassed or extremely thankful. Going with extremely thankful - simple, easy to understand, and a great review.
This is way more than what I learned in Biology.
I know it's an old comment of yours, but this is more of a biochemistry / molecular biology than classical biology. In university or college you have to remember this process every few semesters.
Agentleader1 canna-sapiens.com/in-god-we-rust-the-beauty.html
probably because this is not biology
@@rfcalm I'm learning this right now for cell and molecular biology.
@@rfcalm this is absolutely biology, my molecular biology professor linked this video as an addition to the course
missing point: RNA polymerase has to transcribe the polyadenylation signal sequence (5'-AAUAAA-3') before transcription is terminated
Crystal clear. They even included some proteins/enzymes which are shown in books and lectures but never explained and how they function to eliminate all doubts.
Would be a lot better if the process was split into, initiation, elongation and termination. A lot of things were missed out :/
***** Thats not correct, BOTH transcription and translation have Initiation, elongation and termination steps.
@@ImortalPkin Yeah that's true
@@BBBuckley Holy mother of God, i wrote this 5 years ago when i was studying for my degree haha. Keep studying its worth it in the end. good luck
@@ImortalPkin damn bro. what are you doing today hahaha
@@ImortalPkin woah ! What are u doing today
This is a very, very fleixble way of getting a foundation of genetic knowledge. It is an extremely short method, including vital biological information.
Thank you!
The polymerase sits on the template strand which runs 3->5 because it makes the complementary strand 5->3 The polymerase sits on the tata box in the promoter region due to the transcription factors that wave it down. The enhancer region which isn't mentioned a whole lot could be the determining factor if polymerase begins coding the transcription unit. At the end of the unit is a terminator sequence that makes a hairpin consisting of mostly C+Gs that end with four uracils and uracils being the weakest bond allow the polymerase to detach. The video doesn't talk about post-transcription events that happen in eukaryotic cells.
Where do you even begin to figure this stuff out as a scientist? Amazing!
learned more in 2:51 than in several hours of class
wooow
wow 10 years... hows it going xD?
You forgot to mention the last important transcription factor, TFIIH. TFIIH unwinds the DNA, then phosphorylates RNA Pol II at its CTD site which activates RNA Pol II
+heartliz The only things hotter than the Planck temperature are Kugelblitz and women who are interested in science
m'lady
+Genthios _ Sometimes...
didn't understand a single word but okay x.x
thank you very much. even if we study this in arabic, your videos clarifie the ideas very well. thanks again and again!! from morocco
This is very specific information, so I could not understand clearly during the lecture. But now I can see everything!! Awesome! thank you so much! It helped me to understand much better :)
Wow, who would dislike this? Anyway... thank you! thank you! thank you! I had a hard time trying to visualize this based on the pictures in the textbook and the words were vague at best. This made it much easier to understand.
I'm french, i'm learning transcription and these explications were very usefull, more than others french video! Thx very much !
Animation like this 15 years ago is commendable 👍
Better than my lecturer, thanks!
This is so helpful as far as general transcription goes! Thanks :D
Now back to studying for that bio final I have tomorrow...
This is a really nice video of RNA transcription, especially for Undergraduates.
Thanks.
Actually it's TATAAT box. This video over simplifies some important aspects of this process.
RNA transcription also requires a helicase. In eukaryote cells it's TFIIH, which both "melts" the strands and then phosphorylizes the polymerase on its C-terminal domain.
seriously the only video on transcription you will find on youtube thats any good.
Biology is still blowing my mind ffs 0.0, this is complete madness lol
fr
This is what I was searching for! Most videos are to unspecific. I'm learning for my genetics exam.
this video makes me uncomfortable
Ariel Troha yes
Ariel Troha so true
yes
lmao same
Ikr
Great, this saves up a lot of time instead of just reading crap that you get lost into!
=) thank you so much.
My Bio exam is tommorow so hopefully it goes well. DNA roles is the hardest for me!
How was your Bio Exam?
@@xycik112 you expect him to remember that after more than a decade?
@@syedabid9767 yes
@@xycik112 lol. I also gave my biology exam today. It was great. Although I couldn't answer what Metakinesis is...
@@syedabid9767 don't worry, I'm doing a PhD now and I hardly remember anything from uni
WOW!!
The book I'm using explained it in a totally different way!!!
Perfect delivery! Thanks.
bioman123 did a pretty good job of explaining how they find each other. Molecules in the cell bump and jiggle and drift all the time. When they bump in such a way as to cause a reaction, a reaction occurs. This is a bit like kids in a mosh pit. They move fairly randomly around the crowd. When one friend finds another, he lifts him up to crowdsurf. If one finds his girlfriend, they hold hands. Substitute chemical affinity for friendship, and think of lifting the friend up as a reaction.
I couldn't find some answers in the books, thanks for this. this helped a lot.
@KarlHeinzofWpg
RNA polymerase will transcribe whatever is available for transcription on the DNA, so a repressor region is found before the promoter region. If a complementary molecule, such as galactose in the lac operon model, is attached to the repressor site, transcription of that gene will not occur. So by having certain genes blocked and others unblocked, only parts of the genome are expressed. In 3D, the DNA has a special shape at the promoter region for a certain gene.
Thank you ssooooooooooooo much where I got understood this concept the day before my 1st year mbbs exam
Your RNA polymerase is like a child's toy train - very cute.... :-) Extremely clear video, many thanks!
Published before 12 years !
Nd I'm watching now.
I like it
How the hell did this shit evolve?
if you give it A LOT of time
3 billion years isn't even close enough time to evolve.
Only a BILLION years of evolution... that's all
The only people who believe evolution occured are God haters... Some how a language that determines protein creation randomly created itself according to biologist. LUL
People in 2021 here!! I loved! Thank you!
@Miltongarden It's a fact that this can be done with pure proteins and that leaving any one protein out changes the reaction. So we have a decent idea of which proteins are needed to transcribe a gene. We then verify this by deleting/mutating the genes for these proteins in an organism and seeing the effects. From pure proteins to living cells, the science is solid.
The TATA box is the promoter sequence that is highly conserved in eurkaryotic cells, the Pribnow box is the promoter sequence that is highly conserved in bacterial cells.
The intro scared the hell out of me. I was watching this vid around 12 am for our Final exam in Biochemistry tomorrow. Anyways, cool video!
at this level of detail, it should mention that in the transcription of prokaryotic DNA, the termination is as simple as shown here. The RNA polymerase comes to a terminating sequence, and the RNA and the polymerase both detach. However, in eukaryotic DNA transcription, after coming to AAUAAA sequence, which is where it is signaled to stop, it is only cut free after coding 10-35 more nucleotides. Moreover, RNA polymerase keeps coding for like hundreds after it.
+blake93 Thank you for the information :)
Introns and Exons are only important during mRNA processing, which is another video. I was also disapointed that they did not lable the helicase (what originally unwinds the DNA double helix). This video is actually pretty simplified considering all the proteins that are involved.
Textbook Cell Chemistry.
A, B and C are enzymes. 1,2,3,4 are a series of chemical reactions believed to be taking place throughout life - glycolysis. a,b,c,d,e,f,g, and h are the small molecules involved in glycolysis.
1) Enzme A triggers a reaction between molecules (a) and (b) to form (c).
2) Enzyme B triggers a chemical transformation of (c) into (d)
3) Enzyme C triggers a reaction between (d) and (e) to form product (f).
4) Enzyme X splits (f) into two molecules ( g) and (h).
you uploade best animations.....
Beautiful machines !!!
This helped me so much!!!
I'm watching this video in 2020....its amazing 😯❤️
Transcription as a unique process doesn't finish like that, it continues to translation after which you will got proteine. Those two processes are parts of one big process called: synthesis of the proteine.
3) This does not take place in a vacuum. All the spaces between the molecules and the enzymes is filled "solid" with water molecules and other substrates - all dancing the "heat dance", jiggling and jiving, jumping back and forth, getting in each other's ways, bumping and colliding.
Thank you! This was very helpful.
to Kythos, DNA helicase has already unwound the double helix so just one strand can be copied (into a single-stranded RNA molecule). Looks like the sugar-phosphate backbone isn't shown to just focus on the bases
What is happening.
@madmoody79 The H-unit is what I'd guess is the red lump in the vid, it attaches to the DABPoF(the small green thing attached to the polymerase) complex (somewhere there's an E around as well but I'm not sure what that's for), H it works both as a helicase (helps unwind the DNA) and a kinase (activates the polymerase), once transcription has initiated E and H detach again c:
So useful... It's like a rollercoaster the RNA Polymerase in a way if that helps.
Seriously, I'm a frikkin biologist but when stuff gets all messed up in my head i come here to clear it and i understand it better again.
@TheJavaria The nucleotides don't have any any role in the transcription process. However, the set of 3 nucleotides, a codon, code for amino acids, which happens in the translation process.
@Kythos They're just showing the template strand(non-coding) which is used by RNA polymerase to form a mRNA strand
@SmashingKinpumps That's because there are 2 other videos of the same company that continues the idea. The titles are mRNA Processing and mRNA Splicing, and they mention them there.
its really helpfull to understand the initiation of the process.......thanks!!!!!!
great clip! clearly explains transcription!
No reply? Well then, shall continue. In the early days of chemistry it was discovered that in living cells there were "enzymes" (actually large protein molecules) that acted as catalysts. By their use many reactions, that would not normally occur at all, or occur very slowly, could be mabe to occur quite suddenly. Little by little the idea grew that this was the very essence of life, that life was chemical reactions, each mediated by a different catalyst.
This video is so camp i love it
plz chance this music becuase this sound make ma uncomfortable and scaring just like in a ghost home other wise explanation is super and easy to understand
Excellent video...
this shit is so different than what i am being taught
I'm a senior in Ap Bio and this helps. 👌👌👌👌
What about enhancers and regulatory molecules? Don't they activate RNA polymerase II? In this video it shows that ATP just binds and activates it
This reminds me when I had worked in a lab as an intern (as an informatics engineer ) I had to do a program that would help to represent RNA splicing, and a program that would simulate a nonsense-mediated decay in various situations to determine which conditions would lead to splicing errors. I had no knowledge in DNA or RNA yet, and I tell you, my hair almost became white from the stress. Sorry scientists, your stuff is too complicated, I'll stick with computers for now.
*Short and Great Video*
Thank you very much
awesome video.... keep it up....u have a done seriously good....
Question...
What regulates the choice of gene to be transcribed? For example, a red blood cell produces the protein hemoglobin. Out of all the possible genes contained along the complete DNA strand within the nucleus, how do the transcribing mechanisms "choose" the proper site? Why doesn't the red blood cell produce a different protein, like lactase for example.
There must be something in each cell that regulates the choice of gene to be transcribed. Can anyone point me in the right direction?
TATA-box is about 10 nucleotides uppstream of TSS(transcription start site). T
he ribosome attaches to the TATA-box (also known as pribnow box)
OBS! This transcription is found in eukaryot cells not prokaryot....
it was so easy to understand... thanks a lot! :)
So helpful! Thank you!
wallah y3atik e saha!!!!
Please continue your awrsome work
wut determains which genes of DNA make the DNA template and then goin into transcription???
Thx nice vedio..
you mentioned ENERGY in form of ATP must be added. Which protein of the machinery uses these ENERGY? do you mean TFIIH (helicase)?
rRNA, unlike mRNA or Messenger RNA is not translated to proteins. rRNA, Ribosomal RNA forms intense meshwork of RNA in the ribosomes. In Bacteria 30S subunit of Ribosomes consists of 16S rRNA and 50S is composed of 23S and 5S RNA. In Eukaryotes, 40S is composed of 18S RNA and 60S consists of 28S, 5S and 5.8S RNA
I know that, but nevertheless, termination of transcription was not discussed in this video. The video didn't talk about a hairpin loop in prokaryotic mRNAs and the polyadenylation signal in eukaryotic genes, both of which terminate transcription.
Great video. Thank you!!
@fines12345dom12345
ATP is very well involved, the red one floating around in the vid I'm guessing would be the H transcription factor (or both E and H ) which has kinase activity, and this phosphorylisation is required for initiation and later, elongation (the later phosphorylisations are carried out by other enzymes) :3
*what a beautiful video thank you so much for easy pizzy explanation* 😊😊😊
*I like it* 😀😀
simple but powerful ...................thanks
@ bioman123. I am not a chemist and so I do not understand all this advanced technical stuff. Most of what I quoted came from a book that was published in 1980. However, saying that things happen in a certain way because they have evolved to do so is a bit like saying that birds fly through the air without explaining that they have wings which enable them to do this. So what is the equivilent of the wings with enzymes and substrates. HOW do they find each other?
The theory was "proved" quite logically by 1) postulating a hypothetical series of reaction which might lead from some "precursor" molecule to the more complex molecule, and 2) finding among the various celular extracts an enzyme which would "catalyse" each "step". They never realized that the paralleling of such sequential reactions in the labotatory might be nothing more than artifactual.
It's giving up a Phosphate. Therefore being reduced from a Tri-phosphate to a Diphosphate.
@taylorkaitlyn Its is actually the gene promoter, It is also called the pribnow box, it usually consist of the 6 nucleotides TATAAT . Maybe that is why its call the TATA box ?
this is waaay too specific for what I'm learning
+gymnastdancerstuff this is not specific enough for what i'm learning.
Shola Bello I'm doing 1st year bio so its not very specific
+Shola Bello same
+gymnastdancerstuff I'm back, now this video isn't even close to being specific enough
+Shola Bello Same, this is a basic overview in Biochemistry/Molecular Biology
haha!
I come from Germany and I didn't understand this process at school till now.
Till a english video explains the transcription for me. :D
Great video!
the RNA polymerase is moving from 3' to 5', or the other way around? It isnt really specified in the video.
mind blown after reading my book for an hr. makes so much sense now
WOw nine years ago
@Miltongarden Because we don't have the technology to photograph these kinds of biological molecules inside of cells. The computer animations are generally, but not always, based on structures determined for individual protein complexes purified away from the cell.
@Chazfem
I thought the TATA box was characteristic of eukaryotic replication.
fantastic video
that's 3mins of my life i'm not getting back....
@@sadafaltafhussain4292 lol
That was great thank you
it's very much interesting process, i have learnt more facts
i dont think they meant reduced as in redox reduction. it just meant that ATP lost a phosphate and became ADP.
@usimate What you said about introns is true for eukaryotic organisms only. This video is the simple explanation that is learned first and is true for prokaryotes i.e. bacteria & archaea.