Charting the evolution of the Universe - with Brian Keating

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  • Опубліковано 19 січ 2025

КОМЕНТАРІ • 176

  • @DrBrianKeating
    @DrBrianKeating Рік тому +252

    This talk was one of the highlights of my professional life! Thank you to the outstanding demonstration team, the organizers, and incomparable staff of the Royal Institution for allowing me the honor of giving this Discourse. I hope to be back on your hallowed grounds someday!

    • @tokajileo5928
      @tokajileo5928 Рік тому +5

      The accelerating expansion of the universe may not be true. what do you think of this article? : Evidence for anisotropy of cosmic acceleration, arXiv:1808.04597, A&A Volume 631, November 2019

    • @anaryl
      @anaryl Рік тому +8

      Thanks for coming in, Dr Keating, it was a pleasure to host you.

    • @jeffreyjones8112
      @jeffreyjones8112 Рік тому +5

      Congratulations Dr. K!!

    • @dreejz
      @dreejz Рік тому +4

      Thank you so much for sharing your knowledge Dr. Keating. Incredible!

    • @kbkesq
      @kbkesq Рік тому +1

      Great venue!

  • @DavidPerellChannel
    @DavidPerellChannel Рік тому +6

    I've never met anybody like you, Brian. Your ability to explain cosmology and astrophysics with such clarity and passion is truly next level. Congrats on yet another career milestone.

  • @PafeueG1
    @PafeueG1 Рік тому +2

    One of the best presentations i have seen during recent years at RI. As a person who is following you Mr. Keating on your youtube chanel i knew you are going to deliver... but this was truly an outstanding presentation well beyond any expectations. Congratulations! Happy for you to be there! Well deserved for all the years of your hard work :)

  • @edenrosest
    @edenrosest Рік тому +6

    Thank you for giving an excellent lecture with clear voice and clear logic.
    To me, Paul Davis' remarks are quite memorable.
    "Multiverse explanations are reminiscent of theological discussions.. invoking an infinity of unseen universes to explain the features of the one we do see is just like invoking an unseen Creator. The multiverse theory may be dressed up in scientific language, but it requires the same leap of faith."

  • @Gringohuevon
    @Gringohuevon Рік тому +1

    great lecture...one of the best

  • @GTA6VIGameguy
    @GTA6VIGameguy Рік тому +7

    Once again Dr. Keating I am amazed at how well you can break down complex ideas and make it engaging for the average viewer to understand!

  • @joyecolbeck4490
    @joyecolbeck4490 Рік тому +3

    That was fabulous. Your delivery was so engaging. It was a real joy to see you lecturing in such an esteemed theatre. Bravo.

  • @Centurianarv
    @Centurianarv Рік тому +7

    This was a brilliant talk by Brian and the jokes were not bad too. It answered a few things I had a partial grasp on so I shall return to this one again and again. He weaved the story from Aristotle through Maxwell, Einstein very neatly

  • @fktygglbtchbtch1384
    @fktygglbtchbtch1384 Рік тому +8

    always amazes me that someone like Dr Keating could be a good scientist and believe in God at the same time. Baffles the mind how one could and would conjure up excuses for their beliefs.

    • @davidjanbaz7728
      @davidjanbaz7728 Рік тому +1

      You're blinded by you're presuppositions : those are conjured up excuses for you believing in U R default position of nonintelligence creating the universe.

    • @Kenneth-ts7bp
      @Kenneth-ts7bp Рік тому +1

      What does believing in God have to do with intelligence? Belief in God is a logical conclusion based on all history, experience and scientific thought; but, faith is a choice and intelligent people can make extremely bad decisions.
      Your personal beliefs have nothing to do with science. You choose not to believe in God based on ignorance of the world. You cannot claim moral and intellectual superiority when you don't know anything about your history or the foundations of the cosmos.
      I'm sensing an overwhelming aura of Dunning Kruger emanating from your presence.

    • @fktygglbtchbtch1384
      @fktygglbtchbtch1384 Рік тому +1

      @@Kenneth-ts7bp wtf is this babble, you make a clear case for one of the answers to my question. the fcking insanity

    • @duartelucas5746
      @duartelucas5746 Рік тому +3

      @@Kenneth-ts7bpSo you hold the truth?

    • @Kenneth-ts7bp
      @Kenneth-ts7bp Рік тому

      @@duartelucas5746 I have a Bible.

  • @sebastianclarke2441
    @sebastianclarke2441 Рік тому +3

    I was originally drawn towards RI presentations as a great source of education and still rely on it to expand my knowledge to some extent today. Although nowadays there seems to be too many talks summarising the evolution of the universe, serving as an opportunity for aspiring communicators to test their mettle at the RI. Please don't interpret this as a complaint because there can never be enough communicators of science in the world as far as I'm concerned and the RI is a great place to foster the community but I rarely learn anything new from RI talks any more. However, your presentation stands out as an exception, implementing many of the great ideas discussed in recent years on your show with the smartest thinkers in physics. But most excitingly, I learned something that I've waited on for a long time, the next phase in the follow up to your amazing BICEP2 experiment! I was deeply inspired by your original endeavours and have always hoped that the experiment would get the follow up that it deserves, thanks for this update! Your presentation was one of the most passionately charged I've seen in many years, no doubt capturing the imagination of many young viewers. Well done Dr Keating, I'd call this a home run.

  • @MrCigla123
    @MrCigla123 Рік тому +7

    Awesome lecture! Dr. K crushing it as always 🙌

  • @frankshifreen
    @frankshifreen Рік тому +1

    great great talk! WOW. I see a Nobel prize in Brian’s future

  • @martinl6133
    @martinl6133 Рік тому +17

    Hi Brian. Brilliant lecture. Thanks so much. In the past, Ive dropped in and out of episodes on your UA-cam channel, with slighty mixed views (get more people on who are not trying to push their latest book)
    But I thought you amazinly excelled yourself. Such a brilliant lecture, oozing with passion. Thank you so very much. EDIT: Forgot to mention it was one of the best RI lectures I've seen (and I watch them all! ). Shalom.

  • @243david7
    @243david7 Рік тому +3

    Did he really pack all of that into one hour? Shame no Q&A, but he didn't waste his chance. Delivery was as always impeccable

  • @ColinChristie1
    @ColinChristie1 Рік тому +4

    Awesome! I was in the UK last week and had the thrill of attending a lecture at RI and visit the museum. I understand your excitement about the place. Fantastic presentation.

  • @bobiechen
    @bobiechen Рік тому +2

    Thank you Dr. Keating for such an enjoyable lecture!

  • @shaun906
    @shaun906 Рік тому +2

    you look really well Dr Keating, i was so pleased for you, appearing at the Ri. well done oh and great lecture. but no Einstein finger puppet?

  • @rczarnecki
    @rczarnecki Рік тому

    I'm glad that Brian is a scientist that doesn't afraid to put a Genesis into that lecture with so much respect for both religion and science. I really love his approach on searching not even for answers but for proper questions that first need to be asked. Great lecture!

  • @boriskheyn793
    @boriskheyn793 Рік тому +1

    Captivating lecture! Highly informative and entertaining!

  • @hochathanfire0001
    @hochathanfire0001 Рік тому +2

    Appreciate the clarifications of the leading theories and hypotheses in the area of bleeding edge physics (cosmology).

  • @frinoffrobis
    @frinoffrobis Рік тому +2

    wow ok brain blown
    this was absolutely fantastic.. i loved all the demonstrations
    i prolly only got about a quarter of it 😬 I'm going to watch it again every six months.. to learn more but also to see what changes over time

  • @seanlevi4084
    @seanlevi4084 Рік тому +3

    As always, your lectures are also intriguing and informative .
    Very entertaining as well.
    Thank you

  • @joeosp1689
    @joeosp1689 Рік тому +1

    One alternative point of view and an entertaining and easy-to-understand book about creation, evolution, and the Big Bang debate is Axis of Beginning.

  • @matevzg
    @matevzg Рік тому

    Really good delivery.

  • @TheMemesofDestruction
    @TheMemesofDestruction Рік тому +5

    I have learned much from Professor Keating! ^.^

  • @mikeclarke952
    @mikeclarke952 Рік тому +3

    Great discourse Brian, thank you.

  • @DarkskiesSiren
    @DarkskiesSiren Рік тому

    Hi @DrBrianKeating what a wonderful talk. I would love to be present someday at one of your lectures!

  • @nunomaroco583
    @nunomaroco583 Рік тому +3

    Amazing talk, amazing experimemt, all the best.

  • @BabyBobRossJalapeno
    @BabyBobRossJalapeno Рік тому +2

    When is the next live lecture and where? Im crawling to the finish of my doctorate and there are a couple of people, including yourself, who I find incredibly inspiring to listen to. Would love to see a live lecture and shake your hand in gratitude.

  • @H4rd5tyl3
    @H4rd5tyl3 Рік тому

    I feel like this talk could be much much longer, very interesting stuff and wellspoken speaker!! Supereasy to listen and easy to get drawn in on the subject.Thanks to Brian for this!

  • @BeakWilder1
    @BeakWilder1 Рік тому

    Phenomenal job, Brian!

  • @mike_holdread
    @mike_holdread Рік тому

    Insightful and inspiring. Awaiting the results and potential discoveries this research may uncover.

  • @BillBSET
    @BillBSET Рік тому

    Wow, Brian, Man ... Good Work, Great Talk.

  • @byronlucas5315
    @byronlucas5315 6 місяців тому

    thanks dr. great lecture. love the experiments

  • @miguelsuarez8010
    @miguelsuarez8010 Рік тому +1

    I live in Argentina and we follow the laws of an expanding universe, because inflation never stops...

  • @avg4015
    @avg4015 Рік тому

    Great lecturer! And brilliant lecture. I loved it and learned a lot. Thank you. ❤️👍

  • @carolspencer6915
    @carolspencer6915 Рік тому +2

    Most Grateful.
    💜

  • @Flyingthrulife
    @Flyingthrulife Рік тому +3

    Brilliant, intriguing, informative

  • @johndutchman
    @johndutchman Рік тому

    Thank you . very lovely.

  • @ericertel1217
    @ericertel1217 Рік тому +2

    Great talk!!

  • @kin0cho
    @kin0cho Рік тому

    Excellent👏

  • @slother93
    @slother93 Рік тому +1

    I really enjoyed that! Thanks!

  • @dotails
    @dotails Рік тому +12

    This classroom is notoriously prideful. I would propose a humility pass to talks given. As a scientist I see the value of this talk but in my field we need to take this with humble pills. Swagger will set us back, just follow the data and be open to possibilities never overly confident in your eliminations.

    • @nemianyamele2265
      @nemianyamele2265 Рік тому +1

      Ok i made a comment like a minute before the end of the talk, questioning the swagger you were on about lol, then he mentioned it haha

    • @nemianyamele2265
      @nemianyamele2265 Рік тому +2

      But I'm curious still, why do you think "Swagger" will set us back, and what do you mean by a a "humility pass" and a "notoriously prideful classroom"???? I don't quite follow

    • @nilesspindrift1934
      @nilesspindrift1934 Рік тому +1

      I would suggest that "swagger" involves a confident acceptance that all hypotheses initially are potentially valid but, importantly, without precious adherence to any which have no evidential support.

    • @footnuke
      @footnuke Рік тому +1

      I see no arrogance here, and I don't see Keating making grand statements of his own work, instead having pride in centuries of successful discovery and the search for truth made by generations of scientists before him. Being a confident orator doesn't make someone prideful (of oneself) or arrogant.

  • @wernerkarl
    @wernerkarl Рік тому

    Great performance waww, go go Brain ❤

  • @marcosfreijeiro8763
    @marcosfreijeiro8763 Рік тому +2

    Great talk Brian

  • @RockwellShah
    @RockwellShah Рік тому +1

    Well done Dr. Keating!

  • @Joshua-by4qv
    @Joshua-by4qv Рік тому +1

    Amazing. I don't know how I will feel if these B-mode polarizations are found (or not). Either way it will be profound. I remember when "dark energy" was discovered and being dumbfounded that the universe will be infinite. That was one half of the question. The ending. This is the beginning question. Can't wait for the results.

  • @Danny-hb1zb
    @Danny-hb1zb Рік тому +1

    Fantastic as usual 👏🏻

  • @dovhorowitz7141
    @dovhorowitz7141 Рік тому +2

    Nice one Brian!

  • @Gagarin-q2h
    @Gagarin-q2h Рік тому +1

    Ok.. we don't know why it's accelerating, the expansion... but my question... what would it take to stop this ? Hypothetical, i mean... what phenomenon could actually stop it?

  • @sailor5026
    @sailor5026 Рік тому +2

    Excellent.

  • @Etudio
    @Etudio Рік тому +2

    Perfectly Timed.

  • @johnhelm6231
    @johnhelm6231 Рік тому +2

    Good job five stars

  • @leeFbeatz
    @leeFbeatz Рік тому +2

    🙏♥️ amazing!!!!!! Thank you!!!!!

  • @richardtamblin1981
    @richardtamblin1981 Рік тому

    A wonderful talk, but did I miss the part that explained what happened 4 days before the Big Bang?

  • @timothycivis8757
    @timothycivis8757 Рік тому +1

    Sweet UA-cam win two favorite channels as one .

  • @savage22bolt32
    @savage22bolt32 Рік тому +2

    Dr Keating & his friend Eric Weinstein are two of my favorite conversationalists.

  • @diegoalejandrosanchezherre4788

    Great lecture!! 👏👏

  • @noelwos1071
    @noelwos1071 Рік тому +1

    Brian Keating is One of the most interesting physicists and experimental physicists today who push the idea of the multiverse forward and I can only say that we are right, the multiverse is the reality of all realities .I support his efforts to prove it experimentally. because reality is fractal final spiral and goes in a circle

  • @opperhoofdgeilebizon
    @opperhoofdgeilebizon Рік тому +1

    Watched the first few minutes by now, I am watching the Prince of presentation 😊 well done!

  • @rovosher8708
    @rovosher8708 Рік тому

    In the slide depicting the “Popper status,” Inflation theory is designated as non falsifiable, while the Scalar field is. If the new experiment fails to detect CMB polarisation, that is, no degree size curling to be seen in the data, then, the result points to lack of evidence for a burst of gravitational waves during Inflation. How do you imagine cosmology from there on? Wouldn’t this result disprove the current version of inflation?

  • @johndunn5272
    @johndunn5272 Рік тому

    Is conciousness related to the Cosmic Background Radiation ??

  • @tb-cg6vd
    @tb-cg6vd Рік тому +2

    What a tie!!!

  • @HaXD1209
    @HaXD1209 Рік тому

    Through the power of buying 2 of them

  • @mayflowerlash11
    @mayflowerlash11 Рік тому

    re Malus Law; most of use viewed this effect through an LED display. Is the effect of Malus' Law apparent when viewed through a screen of LEDs? I think earlier in the talk you mentioned that the light from LEDs is polarised. Would this over-ride the polarising effect of the yellow/blue spots?

  • @alihouadef5539
    @alihouadef5539 Рік тому +2

    I do not understand why skipping centuries of development from Greek straight to Newton, as if there is nothing in between !!!

  • @busterthemutt8224
    @busterthemutt8224 Рік тому

    The light experiment was cool never realized that what would cause that optical illusion, also moved my head with the one experiment and re-pinched a nerve in my neck which wasnt cool XD

  • @stellarwind1946
    @stellarwind1946 Рік тому

    Who’s better, Einstein or Newton?

  • @IanZainea1990
    @IanZainea1990 Рік тому

    29:55 except we literally cannot say that, we are the only known form of life. For all we know there are a billion different combinations of the cosmological constants etc that can make life, we think the set of factors we have are special, but they might not be. They might just be the ones we got, and since they do not change, the atoms and molecules did what they could in the universe they had. They can't pretend they have a different universe, it's just this one, that's it. no others. The settings of the universe aren't interesting, what's intersting is that life evolves under any settings at all.

  • @AhmadN
    @AhmadN Рік тому

    Here is my hero Brian. Sorry Sabine will get mad at you again

  • @FeckinStevie
    @FeckinStevie Рік тому +3

    Great talk, a wee thought though,, if the further away we look the universe is expanding faster and faster does this not mean that the expansion was faster whilst the universe was younger. Seams logical unless I'm missing something.

    • @ftumschk
      @ftumschk Рік тому +2

      The spectra of the older, more distant galaxies aren't as red-shifted as expected, indicating that we were moving apart more _slowly_ in the distant past. (I had to look that up - it's a great question!)

    • @FeckinStevie
      @FeckinStevie Рік тому +2

      @@ftumschkI can get my head round that the red shift isn't as much as expected showing a slower rate of expansion. Thanks for clearing my mind.👍

  • @iseriver3982
    @iseriver3982 Рік тому

    Why is the RI collaborating with PragerU?

  • @andrewforbes1433
    @andrewforbes1433 Рік тому

    I had no idea that Bruce Campbell moonlighted as a cosmologist.

  • @abcde_fz
    @abcde_fz Рік тому

    Great presentation,
    (but on one unrelated point, I beg to differ. There's _no_ comparison between wikipedia and The Encyclopedia Britannica, and wikipedia is NOT the online 'version' or 'edition' of that great set. An innocent mistake, but it bears repeating. If you care about it at all, read on. Originally a different comment, but I copied, then deleted it, and pasted it in here, because I actually have an opinion on the Britannica itself):
    READING IS FUNDAMENTAL!!!
    He had to pilfer one!!! I have the complete set of the Britannica; The first printing of the first _edition_ that totally revamped the index to comprehensively organize subject matter in such a way that _finding_ what you want didn't require knowledge of the 'alphabetical order' of topics _related_ to each main entry. True, with that set, I'm 'locked into' the 1982 'knowledge base', but the indexing scheme is so well designed that updating your research to the current state of the art is actually made _easier_ because of how the core of the hardback set is presented. Computers and artificial intelligence are fantastic, but there's a definite advantage to also using just the _index_ of that edition, as it helps you drill down deeper in a manner suggested by the index. It really is quite a bit like having an expert nearby who you can tap on the shoulder and ask "What might I be missing? What other topics might I include?"
    READING IS FUNDAMENTAL!!!

  • @DavidWilliams-yh6pq
    @DavidWilliams-yh6pq Рік тому +1

    Like trying to measure a Duluhan's neck while he still alive?

  • @wbaumschlager
    @wbaumschlager Рік тому

    Is it still one god or one god per universe?

    • @jballenger9240
      @jballenger9240 Рік тому

      Would seem it would depend on the beliefs of those asking from within a particular universe.

  • @0.618-0
    @0.618-0 Рік тому +1

    Hang on...we dont know what Energy is or how the concept of Entropy harnesses it...answer what Energy is, we know how to equate it, track it, but what is it!

  • @guitargil
    @guitargil Рік тому

    4 minutes of ads in the first 10 minutes
    Not fun😮

  • @losingthenobelprize1085
    @losingthenobelprize1085 Рік тому +1

    😅

  • @SaveTheManuals
    @SaveTheManuals Рік тому +1

    42:00 - 😂

  • @mariacomninou4337
    @mariacomninou4337 Рік тому

    BICEP2 GO!

  • @SF7PAKISTAN
    @SF7PAKISTAN Рік тому +1

    Ok who at the Royal Institution thought that bringing in a genocide denier was the best idea?

  • @kelvinfrost524
    @kelvinfrost524 Рік тому

    🔥👌

  • @yoshtg
    @yoshtg Рік тому +2

    32°C in the room? What? can't they even afford proper heat-pumps or do they simply like it hot??

    • @docostler
      @docostler Рік тому +3

      The building is 200 years old which, coincidentally, is also the last time it was over 30°C in London.

    • @yoshtg
      @yoshtg Рік тому +1

      @@docostler i just find it kinda ironic that at a place where a lot of great physicist have been, and where the desk of Faraday stands nobody got the idea of installing a heat pump to regulate both heat and humidity in that place. heat-pumps are one of the greatest inventions of physicists because not only can they regulate a rooms temperature but also think about the fridges & freezers that increase foods shelf live drastically

    • @Kenneth-ts7bp
      @Kenneth-ts7bp Рік тому +1

      Climate change

    • @pinocleen
      @pinocleen Рік тому +1

      @@docostler lies lolz

    • @docostler
      @docostler Рік тому +1

      @@pinocleen It was my Canadian attempt at British weather humour. Sorry, eh.

  • @teknophyle1
    @teknophyle1 Рік тому +3

    After Keating made a video for PragerU I could no longer take him seriously. Its no secret that organization operates on agendas, not objectivity.

    • @sentientflower7891
      @sentientflower7891 Рік тому +2

      Dr. Brian Keating talked to someone. Oh my! Maybe the audience of PragerU needs to encounter actual scientists as that might create curiosity and lead them to learn something.

    • @savage22bolt32
      @savage22bolt32 Рік тому +1

      So you are a much better human than the Prager U folks....

    • @savage22bolt32
      @savage22bolt32 Рік тому +1

      @@sentientflower7891 politics & science are different...

    • @sentientflower7891
      @sentientflower7891 Рік тому +1

      @@savage22bolt32 any scientist provided an opportunity to teach should do so.

    • @savage22bolt32
      @savage22bolt32 Рік тому +1

      @@sentientflower7891 absolutely agree 👍

  •  Рік тому +3

    another parrot that brings nothing new...yaaawn...😴

  • @GregoryPaulDavis
    @GregoryPaulDavis Рік тому

    Conventional theory. Relies on faith. Redshift has been disproven.

  • @Riskninjaz
    @Riskninjaz Рік тому

    Everyone talks 101 201 stuff. I need 401 501 stuff.

  • @chriszachtian
    @chriszachtian Рік тому +1

    Sorry, before watching this, I will finish your recent conversation with Eric Weinstein first... Keating is everywhere! Thanks for your time.

  • @ruefulradical77
    @ruefulradical77 Рік тому

    Disappointing. Too much waffle on the basic while too little detail on important stuff like this theoretical scalar field which is supposed to have caused the inflationary phase. Wasted time

  • @dusanvuckovic17
    @dusanvuckovic17 Рік тому

    ???

  • @hochathanfire0001
    @hochathanfire0001 Рік тому

    No ET yet.

  • @pidginmac
    @pidginmac Рік тому +1

    This person was allowed to lecture in the Ri???? Wtf😢

  • @abcde_fz
    @abcde_fz Рік тому

    . If there is an infinite number of universes, there must be a universe within
    which an infinite number of universes does not exist. The fact that your math
    allows some phenomena to BE true doesn't mean that phenomena IS true.
    You're chasing your own tail when allowing your math to RULE you.

    • @AwfulnewsFM
      @AwfulnewsFM Рік тому +1

      You are speaking nonsense, does an infinite number of bananas imply a baboon? Are you out of your mind

    • @abcde_fz
      @abcde_fz Рік тому

      @@AwfulnewsFM Actually, Einstein, it does. But not in this universe. How do you like having a number stuck to the end of your name by Google? Personally, I think it looks silly. But not in this universe. I could keep this up all day, but I only waste a small portion of time blabbing at people whose only contribution to the chatter is:
      "You are speaking nonsense, does an infinite number of bananas imply a baboon? Are you out of your mind"

    • @mikehogan8345
      @mikehogan8345 5 місяців тому

      @@abcde_fz Imagine you have a infinite set of 1s, like every member of the set is a one and there are an infinite number of them. Are there any twos? No, because it is impossible to have a two in a set of only ones. Similarly, an infinite set of of all possible outcomes, doesn't contain any impossible outcomes.

  • @AlexTrusk91
    @AlexTrusk91 Рік тому +3

    Nah, the universe doesn't expand, we are just shrinking so the wavelenghts seem longer to us. Everything else is shrinking as well, all in a synchronus way, exept for lightwaves.
    (just kidding, i just like mathematical queivalent expressions)

  • @cozy_af2090
    @cozy_af2090 Рік тому

    Atheists be like "Ummm... actually, Reddit says that the universe was created from a quantum fluctuation that evolved from nothingness."
    Atheists also be like "an unmoved mover (God) creating existence is way too far fetched to believe in."

  • @ronald3836
    @ronald3836 Рік тому

    Phyicist turned grifter.

  • @magicmoonchild2170
    @magicmoonchild2170 Рік тому

    Please turn on comments for sue blacks Christmas lecture 2022. I asked for her by name to do my sons autopsy and it was done by a man instead. I'll like to know why my son wasn't good enough for the great sue black? His body was sent to Dundee for her and she couldn't be bothered to show my 6 week old son and me any respect as it soiled him to be touched by a man. She should of done her job but she only does things that bring her fans and fame not actually helping the people of Scotland

  • @sonarbangla8711
    @sonarbangla8711 Рік тому

    Brian, as you declared ;multiverse', you lost half your listeners. There is only one universe with infinite faces, you were told to believe as 'multiverse' that is not to be observed. The abstract universe with infinite faces is observable.

  • @flemlion13
    @flemlion13 Рік тому

    Typical Brian, he can't help but fail to keep his ego and religion out of his talks. Too sad, makes you happy he missed out on the Nobel.