@@afreakingwaffle No no, he actually mean underrated, he find camera jokes funny af, so he had tell the other guy to shut up because those camera man jokes where making him laugh so badly that he wasn't able to focus on learn the content of the video.
This raises some questions: 1. why virus-infected cell expose the virus fragment? if they can recognize virus on their own, they could just turn on apoptosis and not waste time/energy of the body immune system. 2. how does activated t-cell knows not to attack the 'scouting' cell, if the attack and activation are triggered by same molecular complex?
1. Cells indeed try to undergo apoptosis when infected, but many viruses have specific mechanisms to turn off apoptosis of their target cells. There is even a separate "class" of viruses called oncogenic viruses, which drive the cells away from apoptosis and into proliferation, causing cancer. 2. It wasn't exactly stated in the video, but the animation in fact showed two different MHC molecules. - the first one (the one on the antigen-presenting cell) was MHC II, which the T-cells recognize as the molecule that teaches them to react to a specific virus fragment. - the second one was MHC I, which is expressed on all cells and basically serves as a show case for what kind of peptides the cell produces. If a virus peptide is recognized bound on MHC I, the T-cell knows that this is just a normal cell that is infected. Good questions :)
One more point that I forgot to mention concerning both your questions: The infected cells themselves do not recognize the virus. Well sometimes they do (there are few molecular hints, such as double-strand RNA, which is not typical for eukaryotes), but the way cells present the viral peptides on MHC I molecules is completely independent of recognition - they do this with every peptide they produce. MHC I is, as I said, a showcase of what kind of peptides is produced inside cells, not only viral ones. It is the duty of the T-cell to recognize that this one cell shows odd peptides that the immune system wasn't trained to tolerate as its own. +Mr Niceguy - 1. not precisely, but you touched important subject. Indeed, part of the cytotoxic mechanism of T-cells is to . activate death receptors on target cells, and some viruses produce proteins that block the downstream death pathway. But for cells to downregulate the death receptors themselves is more typical of cancer cells, another threat that the T-cells have to recognize. So that's why cancer often avoids recognition and destruction by immune system. 2. Good thinking, though the antigen-presenting cells are of various types. The one shown in the video is most likely a dendritic cell, which belongs to so-called "professional antigen-presenting cells", the main (nearly sole) work of which consists of gathering different, potentially interesting peptides from bacteria, viruses and environment. These cells present thousands of different peptides at once, but yeah, most of them get the chance of their lifetime when they meet a T-cell that is "interested" in one of their peptides and becomes activated. But no, they don't get destroyed :) There's many more types of antigen-presenting cells, some of which do this just as their side function - B-lymphocytes are a good example. As B-lymphocytes produce antibodies, it would be a poor design if the population of virus-recognizing T-cells killed of the population of the same-virus-recognizing B-cells :) All APCs use a distinct signal - MHC II - to present their antigens without danger of being destroyed. Amen :)
One problem is that cells don't have much capability to recognise many kinds infections within themselves. Viruses work by using back doors in to cells. If you've managed to get in, there's very little a normal cell can do about it. Another problem is mediating cell responses. Nearly all life recognises self and non-self through peptides, glycoproteins and other parts. They have no ability to directly observe items like we do. So imagine if cells simply detected alien parts and self-destructed. You'd have mass tissue death, collateral damage, pandemonium. This is why we need a specialised immune system, to compartmentalise these responses to certain cells that can independently verify problems and kill without the rest of the body overreacting. You'll notice that when non-immune tissue does have involvement in an immune response, such as inflammation, the side-effects, misfires and self-damaging issues are manifold.
Another interesting fact: some infections disable the cell's MHC protein, to prevent the cell from displaying viral peptides. But the immune system has a response for that: natural killer cells. Rather than targeting cells that display viral peptides, natural killer cells target cells which don't display normal peptides, which implies that their MHC system was shut down.
Thank you so much everyone at WEHI for producing and presenting these astounding animated videos! Absolutely jaw-dropping! I wish everyone could/would watch these videos! I’m sorry but they seem to have what I would assume is the opposite effect of what they are intended is that I watch these videos and I can’t possibly imagine that something that complex could be created by accident/evolution, and how in the world did it function in a lower revolutionary state a less complicated state I can’t imagine that it could function at all unless it’s fully formed and perfect as it is, everything relies on such absolute precision.
Your inability to understand or comprehend the complexity of evolution is not evidence of its creation. I'm terribly sorry that your indoctrination outweighs your ability to think rationally.
Do infected cells display virus bits because cells are always displaying just a little of what they're making inside? In case is virus and needs touch of death? Also, are cytotoxic and killer t-cells the same?
It's like we're invaded with a bunch of different types of organisms which simply go about their business, and in so doing help the greater whole. There are so many cases where it appears that we are a collective of smaller proto-organisms. Makes you wonder what happened in our ancestors billions of years ago.
Snake venom is neutralized with antibodies. Antibodies are produced by B cells. The T cells shown here are specialized towards killing infected cells in your own body. It usually happens when they are infected by viruses or damaged by pathogens in other ways. It's important for the body to kill off it's own cells that have become infected, because they spread the disease. The cytotoxic T cells are the special task force that does this exact job.
It uses the mhc2 because it is the one responsible for showing foreign peptides on a cell (part of a virus for example) while it uses mh1 to show its own protein which it makes usually to identify itself
I question how much the thought process of the human brain and will can activate T-cells? Are there any studies showing a human activating T-cells from thought and will?
Because the antigen presenting cell is using *MHC II* which was not specified in the video. If the antigen was presented from the MHC I - which the rest of the cells have instead - that would trigger a response from the T cell.
I think it's different with COVID. We are injected with the proteins that you find on the outside of the Coronavirus cell, which the immune cells target because it's a foreign body. The body then learns how to attack that protein in the future, so that it can pluck the proteins off of the cell wall and destroy each Coronavirus cell, when it's in the body. It means you feel much less unwell, if you do catch it because the body has that immunity and ability to destroy the virus much more easily.
@@Craigy2818 You will be injected the rna for your cells to produce that protein/antigen. After learning how the virus looks it still destroys the infected cells.(Coronavirus still being a virus) You feel much less unwell becouse your immunsystem reacts much quicker if everything went well.
That’s your white blood cell or immune cell that causes infection. Cytotoxic T Cells Only kills the infected cell so if the dead bury of the cell does not get cleaned up by your body it causes infection.
Absolutely amazing! The shit we have going on in our bodies is insane. Its like a whole galaxy that human eyes will never see, except through a microscope. And then consider all of the elements of the cells and what is in its body. This is not by accident. This takes a creator. Chaos cannot create perfection. You'll go crazy if you think about it too long.
they do use antibodies that target receptors on t-cells that cause t cells to stop dividing. Antibody used to target for example ctla-4 increases peoples survival chance from 4% to 20%.
I still don't understand how people can believe in the Evolution theory and not in Creation by Intelligent Design. The human body and all other life forms are way too complex for it to be an accident over millions of years. The way each different cell work together to form and maintain a lifeform is insane to believe that it was done by random. Believing that aliens or God made humans is more believable than the Evolution theory.
These sound effects make me feel like I'm watching Doctor Who. I love it.
god. sound design is so good.
I know, right?
So good you could barely hear the narrator... lol
Hmm... Today I will regret going to the comment section
I thought the sound effects were horrible and distracting.
they are ASMR
Infected Cell: [grabs T-cell] "Rico! You know what to do!"
T-cell: "Yes sir!" [cocks cytotoxic granules]
T-cell: launching granule in 3...2....1.....
[mission completed, you may return to the nearest lymph nodes]
Mad respect to the camera crew that shrunk themselves down and risked their lives for education
😂
Bro literally said underrated instead of overrated 💀💀💀
@@afreakingwaffle No no, he actually mean underrated, he find camera jokes funny af, so he had tell the other guy to shut up because those camera man jokes where making him laugh so badly that he wasn't able to focus on learn the content of the video.
LOL!
Yeah bro , I thought that was big too !
the chewing sound makes the infected cell sounds delicious....
lol true
WEHI animation is WOW! We need full length documentaries of this!
Check out The Body. It's on curiosity stream but you can probably find it in other places too.
OMG!!! What a perfect explanation!!!
I absolutely love this way of learning. Thank you very much for the content ❤️
i have a learning disability
Don't tell those t-cells about your cough, they may come after you.
This raises some questions:
1. why virus-infected cell expose the virus fragment? if they can recognize virus on their own, they could just turn on apoptosis and not waste time/energy of the body immune system.
2. how does activated t-cell knows not to attack the 'scouting' cell, if the attack and activation are triggered by same molecular complex?
1. Cells indeed try to undergo apoptosis when infected, but many viruses have specific mechanisms to turn off apoptosis of their target cells. There is even a separate "class" of viruses called oncogenic viruses, which drive the cells away from apoptosis and into proliferation, causing cancer.
2. It wasn't exactly stated in the video, but the animation in fact showed two different MHC molecules.
- the first one (the one on the antigen-presenting cell) was MHC II, which the T-cells recognize as the molecule that teaches them to react to a specific virus fragment.
- the second one was MHC I, which is expressed on all cells and basically serves as a show case for what kind of peptides the cell produces. If a virus peptide is recognized bound on MHC I, the T-cell knows that this is just a normal cell that is infected.
Good questions :)
One more point that I forgot to mention concerning both your questions:
The infected cells themselves do not recognize the virus. Well sometimes they do (there are few molecular hints, such as double-strand RNA, which is not typical for eukaryotes), but the way cells present the viral peptides on MHC I molecules is completely independent of recognition - they do this with every peptide they produce. MHC I is, as I said, a showcase of what kind of peptides is produced inside cells, not only viral ones. It is the duty of the T-cell to recognize that this one cell shows odd peptides that the immune system wasn't trained to tolerate as its own.
+Mr Niceguy - 1. not precisely, but you touched important subject. Indeed, part of the cytotoxic mechanism of T-cells is to . activate death receptors on target cells, and some viruses produce proteins that block the downstream death pathway. But for cells to downregulate the death receptors themselves is more typical of cancer cells, another threat that the T-cells have to recognize. So that's why cancer often avoids recognition and destruction by immune system.
2. Good thinking, though the antigen-presenting cells are of various types. The one shown in the video is most likely a dendritic cell, which belongs to so-called "professional antigen-presenting cells", the main (nearly sole) work of which consists of gathering different, potentially interesting peptides from bacteria, viruses and environment. These cells present thousands of different peptides at once, but yeah, most of them get the chance of their lifetime when they meet a T-cell that is "interested" in one of their peptides and becomes activated. But no, they don't get destroyed :)
There's many more types of antigen-presenting cells, some of which do this just as their side function - B-lymphocytes are a good example. As B-lymphocytes produce antibodies, it would be a poor design if the population of virus-recognizing T-cells killed of the population of the same-virus-recognizing B-cells :) All APCs use a distinct signal - MHC II - to present their antigens without danger of being destroyed.
Amen :)
One problem is that cells don't have much capability to recognise many kinds infections within themselves. Viruses work by using back doors in to cells. If you've managed to get in, there's very little a normal cell can do about it.
Another problem is mediating cell responses. Nearly all life recognises self and non-self through peptides, glycoproteins and other parts. They have no ability to directly observe items like we do. So imagine if cells simply detected alien parts and self-destructed. You'd have mass tissue death, collateral damage, pandemonium.
This is why we need a specialised immune system, to compartmentalise these responses to certain cells that can independently verify problems and kill without the rest of the body overreacting.
You'll notice that when non-immune tissue does have involvement in an immune response, such as inflammation, the side-effects, misfires and self-damaging issues are manifold.
Another interesting fact: some infections disable the cell's MHC protein, to prevent the cell from displaying viral peptides. But the immune system has a response for that: natural killer cells. Rather than targeting cells that display viral peptides, natural killer cells target cells which don't display normal peptides, which implies that their MHC system was shut down.
@@samuel.hricko Great answers... thanks
Can barely hear the narrator over the sound effects.
Thank you so much everyone at WEHI for producing and presenting these astounding animated videos! Absolutely jaw-dropping! I wish everyone could/would watch these videos! I’m sorry but they seem to have what I would assume is the opposite effect of what they are intended is that I watch these videos and I can’t possibly imagine that something that complex could be created by accident/evolution, and how in the world did it function in a lower revolutionary state a less complicated state I can’t imagine that it could function at all unless it’s fully formed and perfect as it is, everything relies on such absolute precision.
Your inability to understand or comprehend the complexity of evolution is not evidence of its creation. I'm terribly sorry that your indoctrination outweighs your ability to think rationally.
@@MatMabee get back to me when you can perceive the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
Most beautiful finding on youtube.....👌🏻👌🏻👌🏻👌🏻
bro.. respect for u.
u done fabulous animation... perfect
I dont pay enough homages to my body. Thanks t cell and yall.
T-cells : you had one job aunti gen.
Aunti gen: 0_0
amazingly informative! enjoyed the sound of binding T-cell receptor and virus peptide MHC!
The Sound Design Is Perfect
Did he voice the medieval total warfare? Lol
I like the chewing / slurping sounds at 5:15.
whoever is in charge of the body deserves manager of the year
Do infected cells display virus bits because cells are always displaying just a little of what they're making inside? In case is virus and needs touch of death?
Also, are cytotoxic and killer t-cells the same?
yes and yes
Mind blowing
Helper T Cells :
WTF! I am in the charge of activating T cells ....and YOU DELETED MY ENTIRE ROLE!!
Your animations are incredible!
It's like we're invaded with a bunch of different types of organisms which simply go about their business, and in so doing help the greater whole. There are so many cases where it appears that we are a collective of smaller proto-organisms. Makes you wonder what happened in our ancestors billions of years ago.
Thank u so much i was having so much trouble with these co receptors
Wow! wonderful, I loved it.
is the mic inside someone's mouth while chewing?...
Thank you for this!!!
dark ambient body music
Absolutely Fantastic 🐥
Brilliant videos. Thank you
infected cell: dude we gonna kill this human alive
also infected cell: *it's t cell.*
Is this Tcell new? I’ve never heard of it?
It's not new.
This is beautiful!
Is this a key to fight some special sickness with something like snake poison?
Snake venom is neutralized with antibodies. Antibodies are produced by B cells. The T cells shown here are specialized towards killing infected cells in your own body. It usually happens when they are infected by viruses or damaged by pathogens in other ways. It's important for the body to kill off it's own cells that have become infected, because they spread the disease. The cytotoxic T cells are the special task force that does this exact job.
Good work
How do the cytotoxic cells travel through the body? Do they have cylliums?
Cytotoxic T cells crawl with 'ameoboid' type movement as seen in this video ua-cam.com/video/ntk8XsxVDi0/v-deo.html
best sound effect on edu video
Incredible, so Nice
I was thinking, Pshhh this is like so surface level... then he zoomed in on the molecular interactions and I went WHAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
That’s incredible!
but when a dendritic cell presents the procesed antigen that it found to a naive cytotoxic T cell it uses the MHC1 or the MHC2 to present it???
It uses MHC1 for cytotoxic T ones, and MCH2 for helper T cells
It uses the mhc2 because it is the one responsible for showing foreign peptides on a cell (part of a virus for example) while it uses mh1 to show its own protein which it makes usually to identify itself
this is the best video ever
Audio is spectacular
I question how much the thought process of the human brain and will can activate T-cells? Are there any studies showing a human activating T-cells from thought and will?
WOW , finally understand .amazing
Love this 💖
Thank you,good video
good graphics. but very scary music. unpleasant
I didn’t hear the BLAHBLAH BLAH BLAH from the i just heard ASMR lol
"Naive" means immature?
Yes
1:24 Are those cells trying to create a portal to Stormwind?
This video is amazing!
Why are the poisoned cells shown as shrinking when injected with poison. Does the poison actually cause cells to emit water?
The cells shrink as part of the apoptosis process en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis
@@WEHImovies How weird. Its more like the cell has conective tissues inside that change their relative tension or break down.
You are correct - cells have internal structural elements that change and 'break apart' during apoptosis ua-cam.com/video/tO-W8mvBa78/v-deo.html
Informative
Is same as cytokine storm ?
No. Kurzgesagt made a video or two about it; it's called the Complement system.
ofc not
Needs more Dracul narration.
sound fx got me trippin
Jesus. Could you imagine being down in that? Hellscape.
SFX way too loud compared to voice.
Just tiny little molecular robots, each one doing their job to make you, you.
Such annoying background noise..........
Antiegen presentation cells are dendritic cells
🎶Ride on the magic school bus🎶 😂
This could be a sci-fi movie
Activation of receptor by binding ligand through cellular membrane
Please translate into vietnamese! Thank you so much!
Holy machines fashioned from Nature's toothpicks and duck tape
love your body, because we have T cells that will always battle for us to live...
The question is why cytotoxic t cell doesn't kill the antigen presenting cell?
good question
Because the antigen presenting cell is using *MHC II* which was not specified in the video. If the antigen was presented from the MHC I - which the rest of the cells have instead - that would trigger a response from the T cell.
@adenosine 2 electric boogaloo and thus only allow it to kill MHC I cells?
@adenosine 2 electric boogaloo I honestly don't know about the activation part. I mean I don't know much about it.
cuz it has mhc 2 but actual infected cells have mhc 1
Cure for Coronavirus 👍
Viruses are too small for cytotoxic t-cells to be effective
@@scrittle Dude, they just explained. They kill the cells inficted by the virus :'D
I think it's different with COVID. We are injected with the proteins that you find on the outside of the Coronavirus cell, which the immune cells target because it's a foreign body. The body then learns how to attack that protein in the future, so that it can pluck the proteins off of the cell wall and destroy each Coronavirus cell, when it's in the body. It means you feel much less unwell, if you do catch it because the body has that immunity and ability to destroy the virus much more easily.
@@Craigy2818 You will be injected the rna for your cells to produce that protein/antigen. After learning how the virus looks it still destroys the infected cells.(Coronavirus still being a virus)
You feel much less unwell becouse your immunsystem reacts much quicker if everything went well.
Only if it can respond to the virus FIRST
I thought that cytotoxic t cells would lead the infected cell to eventually cause the cell to do apoptosis
That’s your white blood cell or immune cell that causes infection. Cytotoxic T Cells Only kills the infected cell so if the dead bury of the cell does not get cleaned up by your body it causes infection.
I think it's a different T cell that does that.
Super
The cells don’t look like Ts. I’m disappointed
And here I thought it was complicated?
Thats really cool
Sounds like a bad case of bubbleguts.
Cytotoxic T Cells...are the bomb. 😏👍👏
Absolutely amazing! The shit we have going on in our bodies is insane. Its like a whole galaxy that human eyes will never see, except through a microscope. And then consider all of the elements of the cells and what is in its body. This is not by accident. This takes a creator. Chaos cannot create perfection. You'll go crazy if you think about it too long.
It seems like a horror film when the reseptors cluster 😂😭😭😭😭
Nice
cytotoxic t cells can reconized virus infected cell by color green,& red
Are you an idiot?
He talks normal when you speed him up to 1:25x the speed
omg you're right XD
this is so cool
Is this the cure for cancer?
they do use antibodies that target receptors on t-cells that cause t cells to stop dividing. Antibody used to target for example ctla-4 increases peoples survival chance from 4% to 20%.
Ted Hutnik Yes. If you keep boosting the Immune System and stay healthy
Ted Hutnik very strong possibility. Check out Dr. soon of NantKwest stock symbol: NK. He is very close, using no chemo or radiation.
If it is, then how come people are still getting cancer? T cells are found within all organisms including humans, mind you.
@@gelatinocyte6270 too much money to be made in "research". Cancer is supposed to be a virus.
wow, this is impreesive
best video about cells for an amateur
The sound effects are gross
Uhhhhh... no?
What cream triggers an immune response resulting in antigen presenting cells > T-Cell (CD-8 & CD-4 Helper) activation?
Aldara (imiquimod)
This vdo sounds like my professor, but with the sound effects 😱
And people say AI is more complex than humans...give me a break...
Great video ruined by the sound effects.
wow
Metroid
There is good t cells
Grand Designer/Creator at work here
А что долго рассуждать? Доводят до самоубийства заражённые клетки, плюют перекисью и пожирают бактерии.
Ангелос то есть она Ведёт.
This is an awesome illustration of our immune system created by God! ❤️❤️❤️
I still don't understand how people can believe in the Evolution theory and not in Creation by Intelligent Design.
The human body and all other life forms are way too complex for it to be an accident over millions of years. The way each different cell work together to form and maintain a lifeform is insane to believe that it was done by random.
Believing that aliens or God made humans is more believable than the Evolution theory.
be quite pls