This was something that always baffled and frustrated me in college bio, for which my professor didn't have an answer. "Why does ATP synthase rotate? Wouldn't that cause a loss of energy? What purpose does it serve?". But your explanation cleared that up marvelously after nearly a decade. Thank you.
When you study Electron Transport Chain, 2 forces make that C-Protein rotate. First is the Concentration Gradient, Second is the Electrical Gradient (Negative Inside in the matrix, and positive on the intermembrane). Those 2 forces make the C-Protein rotate just like how Air rotates windmills, and Water rotates motors in dams. In the process they clamp ADP and Phosphate to become ATP. Simple.
well in my book (German version of "Fundamentals of Biochemistry - Life at the Molecular Level. Fith edition" by Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet and Charlotte W. Pratt) the reason for the rotation of the c-ring, im parafracing and translating here, is due to a conformational change in the c subunits caused by binding a proton. And possibly some electrostatic forces.
@Electro_blob 2 A bunch of space gas (plasma) didn't turn into this. At *least* 99.9999999% of it is still space plasma or rocks. Entropy on Earth may have gone down, but the entropy of the rest of the universe has steadily been increasing. Life has been on a treadmill running from it for three billion years. @David Vega Blasphemy!! We all know that the true heavenly Italian food is his noodliness!
I always loved the mechanism of ATP synthase, probably one of the first times I truly understood how incredibly complex and exact every mechanism in us has to be. Incredible to think we exist only because so incomprehensibly many small chemical interactions just so happen to be thermodynamically favorable.
No offense but you understand shit. There is nothing chemical about chemistry, its interactions or ATP synth. Its ALL electric. Its the "protons" in the simulations, little space for papa Hydrogen. For some miracle it does briefly mention CHARGE activation and hell yeah, notice how there is no OXYGEN anywhere!! For the next time they bluff you its AIR you breath, when its really the electric connection to the mighty BLACK (electric) SUN. Remember the AETHER Einstein erased only to change nothing but to put his stupid name upon...the freaking space-time! Told ya.... little truth and it sounds utterly insane to thee :D. Still better then the official crap, thermodynamics vs gravity driven universe :D
Yes, Jep! And while these one-in-a-million fortuitously thermodynamically favorable structures were miraculously synthesized by blind chance, something probably even more complex conveniently destroyed all the evolutionaly mistakes that logic demands occurred a million or billion times for each fortuitous chemical mechanism that came along.
@@robertecarpenter and Jep- Is it perhaps not so blind that something so complex and fortuitous occurs billions of times with precision? The implication is a process designed intelligently and deliberately. But I am replying with a straight response. Perhaps you were being sarcastic and wanted to rhetorically indicate the same thing. 😁
@@thomascutlip6711 yes, Thomas. I was being sarcastic. to think that billions of fortuitous mutations could accidently form something as complex as the TP Synthase motor, is ludicrous. That means that trillions of detrimental mutations would also have occurred. Did they just magically vanish? Did some guiding hand dispose of them while gathering and directing the good mutations toward a goal? I agree with you 100%. This incredible, irreducible complexity cries out for an inexpressibly intelligent Creator.
@@robertecarpenter 1) That means that trillions of detrimental mutations would also have occurred. Did they just magically vanish? No, they simply were not successful, so probably died. 2) Did some guiding hand dispose of them while gathering and directing the good mutations toward a goal? No, the bad ones simply were not as good at surviving, therefore died. The good ones were betters, so they lived.
This is one of the most beautiful videos on the internet; not sure why more people haven't seen it. Fantastic work and thank you for making the world a smarter place!
It literally is a molecular machine. A molecule that interconverts chemical energy and mechanical movement. Only in the last few decades chemistry has started to create artificial, synthesized molecular machines. The pioneers of this area won the Nobel prize a few years ago. It's a really fascinating subject.
This is happening at the quantum level so it's not like you can draw analogies to our macroscopic world. The molecules wiggle around as fast as quantum mechanics wants them to.
Hi there! Quick note - the bonds that hold the phosphate groups together in ATP are phosphoanhydride bonds, not phosphodiester bonds! Thanks for making this lovely animation, it's very helpful for teaching biology!
it's complicated but not difficult, it helps to compartmentalize the subject matter...personally, i watch the video -- the 1st time, in its entirety, then i replay it... hear a point, pause and reflect, making certain i understand each point right down to the the verbrasity ...then cont when you feel you understand it. i'm auditing the course and although i already have a background in science, i find the course stimulating; especially when i pass each test with flying colors
I make a point of trying to understand something outside of my knowledge base at least once a week. I find it helps me in myriad ways, not least of which is in being a better teacher and student. I think this was a very well put together video. I didn't struggle as much as I expected to in comprehension, and was reminded of physics basics I hadn't thought of in quite some time. Thank you for putting this together!
Just scrolled through the comments to see if anyone had already pointed that out. Thanks to you! I guess if you want to know if there is possibly anything wrong with anything you made → subject it to the criticism on the interwebs. xD
I have just discovered this video today, and I am awed and amazed at how fantastic the biochemical machinations that we have in our cells... words cannot describe it completely, but this is one of the coolest things I have see. Thank you for this!
There is some really damn cool animations of DNA duplication and protein synthesis that are even better. made than this. I. really recommend looking that up.
Thank you for the animation it is marvelous, it is quite difficult to see only a image in the books, but, now, I can understand how the ATP is synthesized.
The animation abs simulation is amazing. Please do more simulations like this esp with what’s going on in the organelles during sugar uptakes or lack of oxygen etc
All chemistry is fundamentally electrical in nature as it is entirely due to charges of the atoms in molecules and the exchange of electrons or positive ions.
@@dolebiscuit I think of it more like a nested hierarchy, simply because knowledge itself is such a vast 'field', that it can be sub-divided quite a lot just to make it manageable for us to comprehend. For example, the entire 'field' of biology is contained within just a subset of organic chemistry.
As an engineer, is amazing watching all the mechanisms in play in life. There are things to learn just for every field of engineering. And in most of the cases, life beats human engineered systems. We can see in biology applications for the following engineering areas (the list can be much longer!): electrical engineering, computer engineering, mechanical engineering, thermodynamics, control systems, communication systems and protocols, artificial intelligence, programming languages (DNA), algorithms, sensors, computer vision, memory management and hierarchy, structural engineering, actuators for both power and finesse, motors, hydraulics, fluid dynamics and piping systems, valves, safety systems, redundancy, cameras, energy production and management, waste management, automatic maintenance, force sensors, digital signal processing, audio processing, natural language processing, and so on. Machines do not appear by accident.
@@DoctressCalibrator well, I've design complex electronics systems for 30 years, and that requires meticulous intelligence. These systems are orders of magnitude more complex in design complexity. No way that's happening through random mutation. Irreducible complexity is the first of many nails in the coffin of evolution.
@46l37 And how many years of experience do you have studying the evolution? I'll take a wild guess at the number being "zero". If it actually was intelligent design, would we be seeing incredibly stupid ways evolution had gone to because of heredity? Recurrent laryngeal nerve, for example, or our own spine and thigh joints? Why is RNA used in the rhibosome, when everything else catalyst-related is built out of much more reliable and stable proteins, leading to significantly increased difficulty in assembly and reduced durability of rhibosomes compared to their theoretical protein-based counterparts? Look at how huge it is compared to any purely protein-based enzyme complexes like ATP-synthase, DNA and RNA polymerase, or even the chaperone complex. Yet despite its blatant issues, not only is it the primary protein-assembling enzyme system for all cellular life we know, it's quite possibly the most conservative element of translatable DNA code. How, precisely, is your lack of knowledge in the field of biology allows for such arrogance that you're willing to utterly dismiss some 3.5 billion years of biochemical change before we get to the common ancestors of these molecular systems, or centuries of work done by people before your field of work even appeared with the invention of the transistor, and continually done to this day? Good old Dannig-Krueger strikes again, it would seem, and knowledge from a tangentially related field leads to belief that you somehow know MORE than generations of people who dedicated their entire careers to it. Know what it looks like? Waltzing into an engineering meeting for CPU production, and telling them that they are idiots for working on an x86 processor because it's "CISC". There are *incredible* amounts of utter, *utter* stupidity that got retained in the evolution process simply because there's no Ctrl-Z, on all organisation levels, from molecular to organism. But no, no way these molecular mechanisms could appear in the over 4 *billion years* that life existed for in some form, sure. EDIT: Wrong reply tag.
4 billion years of planning, cooking, trying, fitting, building, molding, hacking, developing, and machining ... result is this tiny machine what drives EVERYTHING living on planet Earth. Minus the viruses... which is fascinating!
@@kyleebrahim8061 it doesn't "know" it does because if it didn't it wouldn't exist. life is self asembling and therefore inevitable on earth-like planets and with milions of years of trial and error natural selection all but guarantees complex life
@@dr.cheeze5382 there's no proof for self assembling life but if you have it and it attains to the human species I'll be open to it and if you can name an earth like plant while you're at it
@@wcookiv What magic? It would be magic either way whether God is real or not. The possibility of grounds of Being can be ascertained of existing and that in itself is magic no matter what belief you have.
Evolution isn't random chance... It's small steps, building upon each other. What works is kept, what doesn't gets lost in history. Similarly to how human inventions work, really. A cavman didn't wake up some day and decide to create an F-35 fighter jet. The caveman might have, through chance, stumbled upon fire. And someone else finds a way to mak firee hotter, and that was kept. And someone else finds that you can melt metal with fire, and that was kept. Then other people find ways to make better metals, other people learn to make sharp objects out of them, other people attach them on sticks, next person makes a wheel or a bow etc... Evolution works in the same way. All it does really is keep the good "ideas" (random mutations) that spawn - but thee same way that a bunch of tiny steps can lead from fire and wheels to and F-35, a bunch of tiny steps can create increasingly complex organisms. And natural selection simply does the important job of keeping the stuff worth keeping, which allows new "innovations" to be preserved (as they increase survival), spread and be itterated upon to create something new.
I got recomended this and I honestly was intrigued even tho I didnt understand a single thing but, I came to know how this functions so I'll go brag to someone about this
The amount of chemistry and research behind this vid (and without even mentioning the incredible image processing technology) is just staggering. But even more amazing is trying to understand how all this came about through blind random chemical evolution. Foisting these miracles off on supernatural or extra terrestrial intelligence is ridiculous, but it's hard to escape the feeling that there are other vital organizing principles at work here of which we're completely ignorant. The idea of shaking a bag full of gears and springs until a working clock falls out is really not all that far off from what Nature's done here.
It's not really that crazy to imagine. Humans already use evolutionary algorithms in ML and they learn pretty wild stuff. If we imagine that one of the most significant evolutionary pressures would be energy metabolism, then it makes sense that evolution would learn it complex machinery to make it as efficient as it can. There are five million trillion trillion bacteria on Earth right now. In a sense, the nature is running the largest parallel learning algorithm at scales it's hard to even comprehend. Plus, a lot of the stuff we, humans, use is pretty ancient, even our psychology relies on ancient biological machinery. Once a useful building block is found it is used for many things and eventually more complex building blocks are found. This is why we can study facts about human memory on creatures as different from us as fruit flies, or find that c elegans has neurotransmitters like dopamine or serotonin.
Imagine shaking a bag full of gears for at least 14 billion years, what about 500 trillion years if it could be possible for these to escape relapse in reformation of universes
"Foisting these miracles off on supernatural or extra terrestrial intelligence is ridiculous." Actually, 'foisting' this on a supernatural intelligence is the simple, occam's razor answer. It takes incredible mental gymnastics (and many years of indoctrination) to so easily credit evolution with this. If you can realistically lay out the step-by-step evolution of such a system (and every other highly complex system), along with reasonable evidence that your 'just-so' stories actually took place, only then can you start to say that evolutionary explanations get anywhere close to being as plausible as supernatural explanations. Paul wrote 2000 years ago that creation makes it obvious that there is a God. 150+ years of mind-blowing scientific discovery could not more powerfully reinforce such a notion.
@@MyLuggage12345 No, it's not. Because then you still have the same problem of apperance of that supernatural intelligence, you just push it on another level. You don't want to believe that biological machinery appeared by itself and want to believe that it was created, yet you believe that God - the thing presumably a lot more complex and powerful that this biological machinery as to be able to create it - appeared out of nowhere by itself. Moreover, if you go the creation route, why not say that there exist a Supergod too, which created God which created the universe? Or Меgagod which created Supergod which created God, which created the universe? This is how spawning unnecessary entities looks like. It's just easier to say that the universe appeared by itself or always existed, than spawning additional entities which would also have to either always exist or appear by themselves.
Whether or not random evolution produced life in all its manifestations, the marvelous thing is not that life appeared, but that life is possible. To expand on this point: the marvelous thing about reality is not its contents, but its inherent (essentially unknown) possibilities. I think that, if there is a God, theologians miss the mark by designating him/her/it as pure actuality. Far greater (infinite?) is pure potentiality, which likely is not constrained by what science presently tells us about the universe. Bottom line: I designate the infinite potential of the universe as God; whether he/she/it is also intelligent as we define the term, and is monitoring and/or directing events, is beyond our ken.
I suppose one way to look at it is that we (our conscience) are just nothing more than a secondary, an effect basically while our bodies and everything that makes it all up are really the primary and cause of what we are.
Whoever programmed life, is probably the greatest programmer ever lived. Whether that programmer is a living being or not.... Such diversity, yet everything works in perfect harmony with each other.
Doing my final year degree course i read the description of the electron transport chain mechanism over and over again. Brain just wasn’t getting it. Watched something similar to this. Ah!!! I get it.
Yes, it is similar to learning that Moon does rotate yet we only side the fixed side. Explaining it in text with illustrations makes it difficult to comprehend, but using physical models works.
I've seen these simulations before, but this was the FIRST to show how the F1 actually promotes the formation of the ADP/Pi ---ATP transition state. J.B.S. Haldane would be proud.
The more you understand the more amazed you getting. The complexity is is incredible, so is the fine tuning. And this is only part of the whole, mostly single dimensional. And this miracle just happened accidentally a few insist.
This is incredible....anyone thinking this just happens by chance isnt thinking clearly. This needs many many things to happen at once...then also the ATP has to actually be useful with a purpose in what its powering.
the only people that say anything about 'chance' or 'randomness' are the creationists/ intelligent design proponents. evolution is not a random process.
@@WaterspoutsOfTheDeep logic, chaos, rationality, irrationality... these are all concepts thought up and named by homo sapiens. are we even talking about evolution anymore?
If evolution is not a random process..are you implying that it's a controlled process?..how is it controlled?..what is controlling it?..how is the evolution theory not random chances at the essence..where is the beginning of evolution?..even the simplest lifeform has genes that is complex at the molecular level..how did that happen through random chances..or maybe evolution was the grand design all along..
A enzima é que nem uma roda d' água... O gradiente de prótons no espaço intermembrana é o rio... Ele roda a parte de baixo da enzima, e força a entrada de íons pra dentro da matriz mitocondrial. Lá eles se acoplam nas subunidades beta, juntamente com a molécula de ADP. ADP + Fosfato inorgânico= ATP É o motor da vida!! 😂👍
When the protons separate they also cause a drastic change in protein structure and the chemical bond between both is released as more kinetic energy. Once the hydrogen is freed it leaves through the matrix board channel. This energy is transfered into the protein shaft that moves the beta proteins that basically press the adp and phosphate together. Open where the molecule and atom flow in and get attached, then it grips them tightly and presses them together.
There are many examples that speak against intelligent design, like in human anatomy (see wikipedia 'argument from poor design'). So why would anyone who can create something so complex, screw up so badly in other (far less complex) areas? Explain that to me ;)
@@jamaly77 First off thank you for giving me the Wikipedia reference to give me something to work off (: not many people cite stuff that's worthy these days lol But to start I'd like to say that hypothetically, if God did make man in his likeness, and then let people procreate for a BOATLOAD of generations after the fall of man, surely in the passing down of genetic information over and over and over and over again, some stuff would mess up.. Everything decays at some rate that is affirmed by science. The fact that we are still able to pop kids out and have them turn into people that can think live and breath like you and me is INCREDIBLE. But as for the arguments from poor design. If you read that again you will notice something that stood out to me immediately.. everything in that is related to humans is either a "rarely" or a "barely" idea The fact that *some* babies need C sections would not prove that birth itself is poorly designed, it would make sense that perfect information has degraded to no longer be as efficient as it was after so many generations of humans infected with sin (please note that's my opinion:) For the wisdom teeth portion, it says in the bible (I have to use this as my source lol but don't discount this soley for that) that people lived to be around 900 years old pre-flood. If that is the case then humans would've had a lot of time to grow and change. If wisdom teeth now cause problems, it doesn't necessarily mean they did for our ancestors. "Barely used nerves and muscles" once again, just because we don't need them now doesn't mean we didn't used to. I mean yeah muscles around the ears probably didn't do too much but I don't think anything 'good' would come out of losing em. The muscles in the foot being useless now could be a product of micro-evolution, (which is a proven force in nature, we have seen it) because of shoes and not needing to chase prey on foot as much. The appendix is a poor argument against creation because you are more susceptible to diseases without it, and we probably used to eat a lot of wild things that could've needed that extra push from the immune system and intestines. But that last bit is just my thought For the argument of our eyes having blood vessels in the front whereas cephalopods have them in the back.. we live on land where the only thing we have to protect our eyes from the sun is the air it has to pass through, if those blood vessels were not there to stop the bulk of the days from hitting our retinas, we would go blind relatively quickly. You don't want a squids eyeball trust me. The whale bones argument about then having vestigal old leg bones from then having used to walk on land, is debunked very quickly when you learn that those bones are there for muscles to connect to, and hold their massive whale cocks when theyre mating lol. They need those bones to have an anchor point for their reproductive system. Why that is still in that wiki idk bc that's a fact jack ;) lol You could argue all day that the body has flaws, mine does, yours does, everyone pretty much does. But I don't see how that would take away from intelligent design. The video you just watched INSANE. Like how does all that work without any of those things having brains. It just does it. It's a machine. And the whole ATP stuff is just a drop in the infinite bucket of incredible things that work together. Watch videos on reproductive systems and on how the atmosphere works and magnetic fields and all that jazz, it's just not logical to think that all came from nothing from nowhere and just kinda happened. Sorry if these ideas and stuff aren't well put together or organized I'm just kinda sitting in bed and typing on my phone but you know how that goes :)
@@thatguyjohnny8235 God didn't create man in his likeness. Most probably, God is a collection of Subatomic particles. They created themselves in their own likeness at the beginning of the Universe. The rest is history.
thus, the attachment of the incoming phosphate group is forced attached to the end of the phosphate chain of the ADP by a mechanical force that is transferred from the bottom wheel through helices to make final tails (R) of amino acids move like arms in the upper part. Thanks.
@@HuFlungDung2 You are conflating two separate theories. Abiogenesis requires evolution, but evolution does not require abiogenesis. You claim that it does not exist, yet the alternate hypothesis is the unfalsifiable idea of an unobservable entity that simple drags the question further back. Who created God? The creationist simply hand-waves the requirement for proof whilst in the same breath requesting proof of abiogenesis.
@@xero2715 Without abiogenisis, evolution as the origin of biological function is dead. Arguing that you can make a case for luck to create living entities is foolishness. Intelligent design cannot arise without information which directs the creation of living entities.
Please tell me if I'm incorrect in my interpretation but the top part acts like a mechanical mechanism that has a specific set of moments in a specific order in the beta subunits it adds an inorganic phosphate changing ADP into ATP. The top mechanism is powered by the c ring rotating.
Sorry for asking... but could you make a video let in us know how did you all manage to know all this... ? I mean how many years to figure this out? which tools you use ? techniques etc? Thanks
you should be proficient in cell theory in in under two years...to understand cell biology with respect to fully understanding cellular dynamics and fundamental biochemistry, 4 years... to become a molecular and Cellular Biologist, or other specialties like a Forensic Pathologist, Hematologist, Oncologists or Biochemist... you're looking at 8 year plus another 4+ years -- depending on the fellowship, and even then, it's ongoing -- forever leaning new things everyday
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How about a course on how to discern and verify the accuracy of the model ?
@@paddlefar9175 I would like to have a new house with a parking garage for the new car too for free.😁
This might be the coolest thing I have seen in a very long time.
This is crazy stuff! :)
This course changed my life, thanks 🙏
This was something that always baffled and frustrated me in college bio, for which my professor didn't have an answer. "Why does ATP synthase rotate? Wouldn't that cause a loss of energy? What purpose does it serve?". But your explanation cleared that up marvelously after nearly a decade. Thank you.
When you study Electron Transport Chain, 2 forces make that C-Protein rotate. First is the Concentration Gradient, Second is the Electrical Gradient (Negative Inside in the matrix, and positive on the intermembrane). Those 2 forces make the C-Protein rotate just like how Air rotates windmills, and Water rotates motors in dams. In the process they clamp ADP and Phosphate to become ATP. Simple.
well in my book (German version of "Fundamentals of Biochemistry - Life at the Molecular Level. Fith edition" by Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet and Charlotte W. Pratt) the reason for the rotation of the c-ring, im parafracing and translating here, is due to a conformational change in the c subunits caused by binding a proton. And possibly some electrostatic forces.
@@Nobbu thats right thats what the other reply said aswell, voet possibly the best biochemistry book imo
You sound like a physics major.
@@hadrielvalentino may you explain to me the concentration and electrical gradient?
This seriously show the fierce fight life has to put against entropy.
@Electro_blob 2 it could, but it's so unprobable that id rather believe a sentient space pizza engineered it.
@Electro_blob 2 A bunch of space gas (plasma) didn't turn into this. At *least* 99.9999999% of it is still space plasma or rocks. Entropy on Earth may have gone down, but the entropy of the rest of the universe has steadily been increasing. Life has been on a treadmill running from it for three billion years.
@David Vega Blasphemy!! We all know that the true heavenly Italian food is his noodliness!
lol life isnt fighting against the entropy of the universe. Life is something the Universe itself is doing.
@@lordoftheflings life is about survival. maximum entropy means no more life. which means in a way life IS about fighting entropy.
@@lordoftheflings Yeah, the Universe did kinda create life, but it's also trying to constantly destroy it. Like humanity.
This thing spins at 130 times per second! In some species it even goes at more than 700 RPS!
Proton minigun
7800 RPM, like a high-performance engine.
Only? I was expecting it to go around at millions or billions rotations a second
@@_John_P i was expecting it to turn 1rph
@@eien7228 Why?
Man: *Invents turbines to produce energy* "Ha Ha ! I'm so smart !"
4 Billion old cell:
4 Billion old Cell ? NEVER!! Blindly believing Lies!
I always loved the mechanism of ATP synthase, probably one of the first times I truly understood how incredibly complex and exact every mechanism in us has to be. Incredible to think we exist only because so incomprehensibly many small chemical interactions just so happen to be thermodynamically favorable.
No offense but you understand shit. There is nothing chemical about chemistry, its interactions or ATP synth. Its ALL electric. Its the "protons" in the simulations, little space for papa Hydrogen. For some miracle it does briefly mention CHARGE activation and hell yeah, notice how there is no OXYGEN anywhere!! For the next time they bluff you its AIR you breath, when its really the electric connection to the mighty BLACK (electric) SUN. Remember the AETHER Einstein erased only to change nothing but to put his stupid name upon...the freaking space-time! Told ya.... little truth and it sounds utterly insane to thee :D. Still better then the official crap, thermodynamics vs gravity driven universe :D
Yes, Jep! And while these one-in-a-million fortuitously thermodynamically favorable structures were miraculously synthesized by blind chance, something probably even more complex conveniently destroyed all the evolutionaly mistakes that logic demands occurred a million or billion times for each fortuitous chemical mechanism that came along.
@@robertecarpenter and Jep- Is it perhaps not so blind that something so complex and fortuitous occurs billions of times with precision? The implication is a process designed intelligently and deliberately. But I am replying with a straight response. Perhaps you were being sarcastic and wanted to rhetorically indicate the same thing. 😁
@@thomascutlip6711
yes, Thomas. I was being sarcastic. to think that billions of fortuitous mutations could accidently form something as complex as the TP Synthase motor, is ludicrous. That means that trillions of detrimental mutations would also have occurred. Did they just magically vanish? Did some guiding hand dispose of them while gathering and directing the good mutations toward a goal? I agree with you 100%. This incredible, irreducible complexity cries out for an inexpressibly intelligent Creator.
@@robertecarpenter 1) That means that trillions of detrimental mutations would also have occurred. Did they just magically vanish?
No, they simply were not successful, so probably died.
2) Did some guiding hand dispose of them while gathering and directing the good mutations toward a goal?
No, the bad ones simply were not as good at surviving, therefore died. The good ones were betters, so they lived.
This is one of the most beautiful videos on the internet; not sure why more people haven't seen it. Fantastic work and thank you for making the world a smarter place!
Amazing how ‘mechanical’ it essentially is. How could it not be.
I always saw cells like that: tiny bio-machines
It literally is a molecular machine. A molecule that interconverts chemical energy and mechanical movement.
Only in the last few decades chemistry has started to create artificial, synthesized molecular machines. The pioneers of this area won the Nobel prize a few years ago. It's a really fascinating subject.
By design
I cannot fathom what steps this went through to evolve like this.
@@jackb3493 a whole lot of failure for a whole lot of years
This is so awe-inspiring. I wish they had animations like this when I was in High School.
Did you say highschool???? You think this is highschool stuff?
@@justinbishop54 bruh 😭 i wish this wasn’t high school stuff for me, we had one week to make a video project of how ATP synthase works
I am watching this in my 10th grade😅
@@bijaya1109 8th
It acts like a turbine! A proton-powered turbine!
About 33 times per second. About 2000 rpm... Nice
@@mkrzyzowski 130 rps. In some species, it can spin more than 700 times per second.
@@jascrandom9855 Wow. Pritty fast. I expect those spieces live fast and die fast. Is not that?
@@mkrzyzowski No idea.
This is happening at the quantum level so it's not like you can draw analogies to our macroscopic world. The molecules wiggle around as fast as quantum mechanics wants them to.
Hi there! Quick note - the bonds that hold the phosphate groups together in ATP are phosphoanhydride bonds, not phosphodiester bonds! Thanks for making this lovely animation, it's very helpful for teaching biology!
thank you
The first phosphate that attaches to the sugar is by an ester bond. The consequent 2 other bonds would be anhydride bond.
@@praneeroop a phosphoester bond not phosphodiester bond though
Gorgeous illustration, wasn't it? This is the best kind of biochem animation. Super.
Thanks for !
This is deeply complicated and beautiful. My eds mashed
it's complicated but not difficult, it helps to compartmentalize the subject matter...personally, i watch the video -- the 1st time, in its entirety, then i replay it... hear a point, pause and reflect, making certain i understand each point right down to the the verbrasity ...then cont when you feel you understand it. i'm auditing the course and although i already have a background in science, i find the course stimulating; especially when i pass each test with flying colors
@@Carlzday yeah I agree it's not actually a complicated concept it's just an in depth explanation you could have learned this in high school
This video cured your erectile dysfunction ?
Always loved this thing. The fact that our main energy packets are made by basically motors rotating really fast is amazing
This tiny engine is 99% efficient by the way
Why 99?
@@lennintapia6761 heat, you can't be 100% efficient
Tell me when it gets to 100 and we're immortal
Holy shit!
Is there a catylizt?..this surprised me..are many bio - systems that effecient ? I'm used to 30-40 % ..
Ive learned parts of this but have never really seen it all in one place, honestly one of the coolest things ive seen in a while
Hats off! You just cleared my three years old confusion within 5 minutes.
Visual learning is something on another level🔥
I make a point of trying to understand something outside of my knowledge base at least once a week. I find it helps me in myriad ways, not least of which is in being a better teacher and student. I think this was a very well put together video. I didn't struggle as much as I expected to in comprehension, and was reminded of physics basics I hadn't thought of in quite some time. Thank you for putting this together!
@@paddlefar9175 But chemistry is dictated by the physics.
Biology is Chemistry with context
Chemistry is Physics with context
Physics is Maths with context
Maths is logic with context
Not F-zero. Its Fo, for Oligomycin sensitivity!
Just scrolled through the comments to see if anyone had already pointed that out. Thanks to you!
I guess if you want to know if there is possibly anything wrong with anything you made → subject it to the criticism on the interwebs. xD
I wish I understood this stuff a lot more 😭😭😭 I feel so uneducated 😭🤐😔
I have just discovered this video today, and I am awed and amazed at how fantastic the biochemical machinations that we have in our cells... words cannot describe it completely, but this is one of the coolest things I have see. Thank you for this!
i'm surprised wheels exist in nature
There is some really damn cool animations of DNA duplication and protein synthesis that are even better. made than this. I. really recommend looking that up.
This is amazing, just like how amazing and complex life is.
Just wonderful! I remember learning the Krebs cycle at med school but this is unbelievable stuff. Amazing work!
I really like the lipid hydrophobic tails here.. eye catching I must say.
This is what i call a nerd comment section. My deepest admiration
Thank you for the animation it is marvelous, it is quite difficult to see only a image in the books, but, now, I can understand how the ATP is synthesized.
The animation abs simulation is amazing. Please do more simulations like this esp with what’s going on in the organelles during sugar uptakes or lack of oxygen etc
Life is motion... the motion of an ATP turbine.
No all living organism have these
@@sklefenz Nothing in his comment suggested otherwise.
@@sklefenz not all organisms are as complex
@silent-lee It's still at 69 lmao
When you get a glimpse of GRAND ENGINEERING by a Higher Power.
Goes to show how absolutely OP mitochondria are. The mechanics and physics behind how this works is crazy.
Looking at life on various levels... I think I am beginning to understand how a bunch of dead stuff can constitute a living thing.
All chemistry is fundamentally electrical in nature as it is entirely due to charges of the atoms in molecules and the exchange of electrons or positive ions.
Chemistry is just atomic physics. Not sure why they're split into separate arbitrary "fields".
@@dolebiscuit I think of it more like a nested hierarchy, simply because knowledge itself is such a vast 'field', that it can be sub-divided quite a lot just to make it manageable for us to comprehend.
For example, the entire 'field' of biology is contained within just a subset of organic chemistry.
increasingly interested, so much easier to learn at the level i need when i understand a more in depth version of the process, great video
This is keeping me alive.
As an engineer, is amazing watching all the mechanisms in play in life. There are things to learn just for every field of engineering. And in most of the cases, life beats human engineered systems. We can see in biology applications for the following engineering areas (the list can be much longer!): electrical engineering, computer engineering, mechanical engineering, thermodynamics, control systems, communication systems and protocols, artificial intelligence, programming languages (DNA), algorithms, sensors, computer vision, memory management and hierarchy, structural engineering, actuators for both power and finesse, motors, hydraulics, fluid dynamics and piping systems, valves, safety systems, redundancy, cameras, energy production and management, waste management, automatic maintenance, force sensors, digital signal processing, audio processing, natural language processing, and so on. Machines do not appear by accident.
Evolution had hundreds of millions of years to find through trial and error what works the best.
@@DoctressCalibrator You need way more faith in the religion of evolution than intelligent design.
@@46I37 Sounds like something someone without any knowledge of evolution would say.
@@DoctressCalibrator well, I've design complex electronics systems for 30 years, and that requires meticulous intelligence. These systems are orders of magnitude more complex in design complexity. No way that's happening through random mutation. Irreducible complexity is the first of many nails in the coffin of evolution.
@46l37 And how many years of experience do you have studying the evolution? I'll take a wild guess at the number being "zero". If it actually was intelligent design, would we be seeing incredibly stupid ways evolution had gone to because of heredity? Recurrent laryngeal nerve, for example, or our own spine and thigh joints? Why is RNA used in the rhibosome, when everything else catalyst-related is built out of much more reliable and stable proteins, leading to significantly increased difficulty in assembly and reduced durability of rhibosomes compared to their theoretical protein-based counterparts? Look at how huge it is compared to any purely protein-based enzyme complexes like ATP-synthase, DNA and RNA polymerase, or even the chaperone complex. Yet despite its blatant issues, not only is it the primary protein-assembling enzyme system for all cellular life we know, it's quite possibly the most conservative element of translatable DNA code.
How, precisely, is your lack of knowledge in the field of biology allows for such arrogance that you're willing to utterly dismiss some 3.5 billion years of biochemical change before we get to the common ancestors of these molecular systems, or centuries of work done by people before your field of work even appeared with the invention of the transistor, and continually done to this day? Good old Dannig-Krueger strikes again, it would seem, and knowledge from a tangentially related field leads to belief that you somehow know MORE than generations of people who dedicated their entire careers to it. Know what it looks like? Waltzing into an engineering meeting for CPU production, and telling them that they are idiots for working on an x86 processor because it's "CISC". There are *incredible* amounts of utter, *utter* stupidity that got retained in the evolution process simply because there's no Ctrl-Z, on all organisation levels, from molecular to organism. But no, no way these molecular mechanisms could appear in the over 4 *billion years* that life existed for in some form, sure.
EDIT: Wrong reply tag.
Amazing seeing this in action. This visualization has really cleared a lot up for me.
How the hell did this evolve???
Look up the bacterial flagellar motor 😅
Oh, Please!
Time magic of course
through billions of years of trial and error and even now it is imperfect
@@Auricalioshow is it imperfect hahah
سبحان الله الخالق الذي خلق فأبدع✨
Professor Kang is lit
I'm ignorant to all of this on an academic level, but still feel rather-informed and found this fascinating.
Hay 👏👏👏
4 billion years of planning, cooking, trying, fitting, building, molding, hacking, developing, and machining ... result is this tiny machine what drives EVERYTHING living on planet Earth.
Minus the viruses... which is fascinating!
i always wonder how humans are able to discover this...
What i want to say: It blows my mind
Something I’ve been thinking about. Thanks very much
Beautiful Design
And designed it is.
Awesome. Thanks for doing so much work to illustrate this so clearly.
What an absolute perfect piece of engineering
do you believe in evolution after that?
@@ВасянНирванов you can read my article on habr about that: Эволюция - религия современности
I agree. It's not so much what the thing does but that it knows what and how it suppose to do these things.
@@kyleebrahim8061 it doesn't "know" it does because if it didn't it wouldn't exist. life is self asembling and therefore inevitable on earth-like planets and with milions of years of trial and error natural selection all but guarantees complex life
@@dr.cheeze5382 there's no proof for self assembling life but if you have it and it attains to the human species I'll be open to it and if you can name an earth like plant while you're at it
It's crazy to think how just given certain conditions and enough time THIS will emerge on the lifeless planet.
Abiogenesis will always be more beautiful and awe-inspiring than "Magic put us here."
@@wcookiv What magic? It would be magic either way whether God is real or not. The possibility of grounds of Being can be ascertained of existing and that in itself is magic no matter what belief you have.
Absolutely LOVE this!
For an biologist like me, this protein is one of the most beautifull thing existing.
Great video. Especially when it squeeze ATP compound. I known other part well but this is great machine.
Ok, so who can tell me with a straight face that all this just evolved by itself, through a purely random, undirected, creator-less process?
From my knowledge it’s been proven that this is now how proteins and cell stuff works.
Proteins aren’t solid either.
Evolution isn't random chance... It's small steps, building upon each other. What works is kept, what doesn't gets lost in history.
Similarly to how human inventions work, really. A cavman didn't wake up some day and decide to create an F-35 fighter jet. The caveman might have, through chance, stumbled upon fire. And someone else finds a way to mak firee hotter, and that was kept. And someone else finds that you can melt metal with fire, and that was kept. Then other people find ways to make better metals, other people learn to make sharp objects out of them, other people attach them on sticks, next person makes a wheel or a bow etc...
Evolution works in the same way. All it does really is keep the good "ideas" (random mutations) that spawn - but thee same way that a bunch of tiny steps can lead from fire and wheels to and F-35, a bunch of tiny steps can create increasingly complex organisms. And natural selection simply does the important job of keeping the stuff worth keeping, which allows new "innovations" to be preserved (as they increase survival), spread and be itterated upon to create something new.
Beautifully created 👍
I got recomended this and I honestly was intrigued even tho I didnt understand a single thing but, I came to know how this functions so I'll go brag to someone about this
Thank you so much for the simulation! I really enjoy science videos and this is a great place to learn more :)
(i'm doing AP bio right now btw)
わかりやすい！
The amount of chemistry and research behind this vid (and without even mentioning the incredible image processing technology) is just staggering. But even more amazing is trying to understand how all this came about through blind random chemical evolution. Foisting these miracles off on supernatural or extra terrestrial intelligence is ridiculous, but it's hard to escape the feeling that there are other vital organizing principles at work here of which we're completely ignorant. The idea of shaking a bag full of gears and springs until a working clock falls out is really not all that far off from what Nature's done here.
It's not really that crazy to imagine. Humans already use evolutionary algorithms in ML and they learn pretty wild stuff. If we imagine that one of the most significant evolutionary pressures would be energy metabolism, then it makes sense that evolution would learn it complex machinery to make it as efficient as it can.
There are five million trillion trillion bacteria on Earth right now. In a sense, the nature is running the largest parallel learning algorithm at scales it's hard to even comprehend.
Plus, a lot of the stuff we, humans, use is pretty ancient, even our psychology relies on ancient biological machinery. Once a useful building block is found it is used for many things and eventually more complex building blocks are found.
This is why we can study facts about human memory on creatures as different from us as fruit flies, or find that c elegans has neurotransmitters like dopamine or serotonin.
Imagine shaking a bag full of gears for at least 14 billion years, what about 500 trillion years if it could be possible for these to escape relapse in reformation of universes
"Foisting these miracles off on supernatural or extra terrestrial intelligence is ridiculous."
Actually, 'foisting' this on a supernatural intelligence is the simple, occam's razor answer. It takes incredible mental gymnastics (and many years of indoctrination) to so easily credit evolution with this. If you can realistically lay out the step-by-step evolution of such a system (and every other highly complex system), along with reasonable evidence that your 'just-so' stories actually took place, only then can you start to say that evolutionary explanations get anywhere close to being as plausible as supernatural explanations. Paul wrote 2000 years ago that creation makes it obvious that there is a God. 150+ years of mind-blowing scientific discovery could not more powerfully reinforce such a notion.
@@MyLuggage12345 No, it's not. Because then you still have the same problem of apperance of that supernatural intelligence, you just push it on another level. You don't want to believe that biological machinery appeared by itself and want to believe that it was created, yet you believe that God - the thing presumably a lot more complex and powerful that this biological machinery as to be able to create it - appeared out of nowhere by itself.
Moreover, if you go the creation route, why not say that there exist a Supergod too, which created God which created the universe? Or Меgagod which created Supergod which created God, which created the universe? This is how spawning unnecessary entities looks like.
It's just easier to say that the universe appeared by itself or always existed, than spawning additional entities which would also have to either always exist or appear by themselves.
Whether or not random evolution produced life in all its manifestations, the marvelous thing is not that life appeared, but that life is possible. To expand on this point: the marvelous thing about reality is not its contents, but its inherent (essentially unknown) possibilities. I think that, if there is a God, theologians miss the mark by designating him/her/it as pure actuality. Far greater (infinite?) is pure potentiality, which likely is not constrained by what science presently tells us about the universe. Bottom line: I designate the infinite potential of the universe as God; whether he/she/it is also intelligent as we define the term, and is monitoring and/or directing events, is beyond our ken.
Nature never ceases to amaze me
very intelligent design
Biology has no need for that hypothesis.
@@joelbny This is essentially the logic of saying "Self-executing programmer code has no need for hypothesis of an original programmer"
This should have shown up in my feed yesterday before my final! 😢
The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell.
Utterly fascinating, great animation and explanation, wonderful being able to visualise enzymatic processes like that. Many thanks.
Amazing video... clarified quite a lot for me! Thanks!
I suppose one way to look at it is that we (our conscience) are just nothing more than a secondary, an effect basically while our bodies and everything that makes it all up are really the primary and cause of what we are.
How to build a Proton Minigun
what a fucking time to be alive ; kudos and thanks to everyone involved in this ; wonderful video =]
I find the mechanism of electrostatic interactions in the active site the most awe inspiring
Could you explain it? I’m interested to learn about that
@@captainhd9741 I don’t understand it either, that’s why I’m baffled that scientists were able to figure it out
@@toku_u Whatever you said, it sounds hella cool
That's really beautiful
Whoever programmed life, is probably the greatest programmer ever lived. Whether that programmer is a living being or not.... Such diversity, yet everything works in perfect harmony with each other.
Why this comment got no more likes??
@silent-lee You do not understand what abiogenesis or evolution is, so you mock it.
@silent-lee life is way more Complex than iPhone
@@xero2715we understand, we simply reject, same thing you do with God, no need to be aggressive about it, simply different lines of reasoning
Pretty colors. Looks like an ever lasting gobstopper
I have no idea why I'm watching this.
Watch it again with 2 years of updated wisdom 🙃👁️
Amazing! It blows my mind that people can actually work this out!
How can anyone believe something this complex is the mere product of chance?! This is clear proof of a magnificent designer.
Cells knew how to perfect movement, rotation, engines, etc... Before Humans.
@@idlehour Cells don't 'know' anything more than a tamagotchi.
"It just works."
get out todd, enough internet today for you.
Ahhhh, muchas gracias por la animación. 😍😍😍
Doing my final year degree course i read the description of the electron transport chain mechanism over and over again. Brain just wasn’t getting it. Watched something similar to this. Ah!!! I get it.
Yes, it is similar to learning that Moon does rotate yet we only side the fixed side. Explaining it in text with illustrations makes it difficult to comprehend, but using physical models works.
Well that's not at all awe inspiring.... ☺️
That's cool and everything but did you know that *the mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell* ??
atp synthase is on the mitochondria I believe
New England Yes its located on the inner membrane of the mitochondria, if I remember correctly.
Hi
"The F-Zero complex is embedded in the membrane." Of course! It all makes sense now!
I was wondering why this kept showing up in my recommendations.
I've seen these simulations before, but this was the FIRST to show how the F1 actually promotes the formation of the ADP/Pi ---ATP transition state. J.B.S. Haldane would be proud.
mind blowing cell energy display
The more you understand the more amazed you getting. The complexity is is incredible, so is the fine tuning. And this is only part of the whole, mostly single dimensional. And this miracle just happened accidentally a few insist.
Thank you very much for this wonderful video.
This is incredible....anyone thinking this just happens by chance isnt thinking clearly. This needs many many things to happen at once...then also the ATP has to actually be useful with a purpose in what its powering.
By chance? Why by chance? It’s a strange concept. Should have stop a just happens. Better yet leave just out and just let it happen.
the only people that say anything about 'chance' or 'randomness' are the creationists/ intelligent design proponents. evolution is not a random process.
@@WaterspoutsOfTheDeep logic, chaos, rationality, irrationality... these are all concepts thought up and named by homo sapiens. are we even talking about evolution anymore?
@@WaterspoutsOfTheDeep that's basically what i asked you.
present a coherent argument or question and we can move on.
If evolution is not a random process..are you implying that it's a controlled process?..how is it controlled?..what is controlling it?..how is the evolution theory not random chances at the essence..where is the beginning of evolution?..even the simplest lifeform has genes that is complex at the molecular level..how did that happen through random chances..or maybe evolution was the grand design all along..
AMAIZING!
All glory to Jesus alone for His beautiful creation!! Bless His mighty name 🤩🙌🏾
Thank you Gus Fring!
Intelligent design at its best. Evolution cant explain a molecular machine like this, which is irreducible complex.
I had to leaf through scores of comments before I found this: it's the first thing that comes to my mind when I watch.
I'm waiting for this to break in to the episode of Malcom in the Middle with the cellular mitosis bit.
Infelizmente não SEI inglês.
Não entendi quase nada.
Mas ao mesmo tempo parece que compreendi quase tudo.
Incrível, magnífico.
A enzima é que nem uma roda d' água... O gradiente de prótons no espaço intermembrana é o rio...
Ele roda a parte de baixo da enzima, e força a entrada de íons pra dentro da matriz mitocondrial. Lá eles se acoplam nas subunidades beta, juntamente com a molécula de ADP.
ADP + Fosfato inorgânico= ATP
É o motor da vida!! 😂👍
When the protons separate they also cause a drastic change in protein structure and the chemical bond between both is released as more kinetic energy. Once the hydrogen is freed it leaves through the matrix board channel. This energy is transfered into the protein shaft that moves the beta proteins that basically press the adp and phosphate together. Open where the molecule and atom flow in and get attached, then it grips them tightly and presses them together.
I cannot believe there is not a creator who intelligently designed this
A few billion years is a long time for chemistry to get its shit together
There are many examples that speak against intelligent design, like in human anatomy (see wikipedia 'argument from poor design'). So why would anyone who can create something so complex, screw up so badly in other (far less complex) areas? Explain that to me ;)
@@jamaly77 First off thank you for giving me the Wikipedia reference to give me something to work off (: not many people cite stuff that's worthy these days lol
But to start I'd like to say that hypothetically, if God did make man in his likeness, and then let people procreate for a BOATLOAD of generations after the fall of man, surely in the passing down of genetic information over and over and over and over again, some stuff would mess up.. Everything decays at some rate that is affirmed by science. The fact that we are still able to pop kids out and have them turn into people that can think live and breath like you and me is INCREDIBLE.
But as for the arguments from poor design.
If you read that again you will notice something that stood out to me immediately.. everything in that is related to humans is either a "rarely" or a "barely" idea
The fact that *some* babies need C sections would not prove that birth itself is poorly designed, it would make sense that perfect information has degraded to no longer be as efficient as it was after so many generations of humans infected with sin (please note that's my opinion:)
For the wisdom teeth portion, it says in the bible (I have to use this as my source lol but don't discount this soley for that) that people lived to be around 900 years old pre-flood. If that is the case then humans would've had a lot of time to grow and change. If wisdom teeth now cause problems, it doesn't necessarily mean they did for our ancestors.
"Barely used nerves and muscles" once again, just because we don't need them now doesn't mean we didn't used to. I mean yeah muscles around the ears probably didn't do too much but I don't think anything 'good' would come out of losing em. The muscles in the foot being useless now could be a product of micro-evolution, (which is a proven force in nature, we have seen it) because of shoes and not needing to chase prey on foot as much.
The appendix is a poor argument against creation because you are more susceptible to diseases without it, and we probably used to eat a lot of wild things that could've needed that extra push from the immune system and intestines. But that last bit is just my thought
For the argument of our eyes having blood vessels in the front whereas cephalopods have them in the back.. we live on land where the only thing we have to protect our eyes from the sun is the air it has to pass through, if those blood vessels were not there to stop the bulk of the days from hitting our retinas, we would go blind relatively quickly. You don't want a squids eyeball trust me.
The whale bones argument about then having vestigal old leg bones from then having used to walk on land, is debunked very quickly when you learn that those bones are there for muscles to connect to, and hold their massive whale cocks when theyre mating lol. They need those bones to have an anchor point for their reproductive system. Why that is still in that wiki idk bc that's a fact jack ;) lol
You could argue all day that the body has flaws, mine does, yours does, everyone pretty much does. But I don't see how that would take away from intelligent design. The video you just watched INSANE. Like how does all that work without any of those things having brains. It just does it. It's a machine. And the whole ATP stuff is just a drop in the infinite bucket of incredible things that work together. Watch videos on reproductive systems and on how the atmosphere works and magnetic fields and all that jazz, it's just not logical to think that all came from nothing from nowhere and just kinda happened.
Sorry if these ideas and stuff aren't well put together or organized I'm just kinda sitting in bed and typing on my phone but you know how that goes :)
@@bandrewsonp5379 Although I don’t believe in creationism, these type of things do question my understanding of evolutionary biology.
@@thatguyjohnny8235 God didn't create man in his likeness. Most probably, God is a collection of Subatomic particles. They created themselves in their own likeness at the beginning of the Universe. The rest is history.
when are we going to have ATP powered cars and rockets
thus, the attachment of the incoming phosphate group is forced attached to the end of the phosphate chain of the ADP by a mechanical force that is transferred from the bottom wheel through helices to make final tails (R) of amino acids move like arms in the upper part. Thanks.
'Prey' by Michael Crichton. I don't know why but this reminded me of that novel, which I read many years ago...
Wow...
Marvelous. Thank you.
Videos like these make me question how all of this was created by chaos and randomness
The answer is surprisingly simple - it wasn’t created chaos and randomness.
Looks well designed.
I will soon start my PhD in molecular medicine and I still find it so incredible how such things evolved! I mean look at this!
MrNiceguy... "... I still find it so incredible how such things evolved... " ... have you calculating the odds? I'm curious. Thanks.
Enjoy your PhD man, its an awesome time!
They didn't evolve. Watch Dr. James Tour's videos on abiogenisis, rather the lack of feasibility of it taking place.
@@HuFlungDung2 You are conflating two separate theories. Abiogenesis requires evolution, but evolution does not require abiogenesis. You claim that it does not exist, yet the alternate hypothesis is the unfalsifiable idea of an unobservable entity that simple drags the question further back. Who created God? The creationist simply hand-waves the requirement for proof whilst in the same breath requesting proof of abiogenesis.
@@xero2715 Without abiogenisis, evolution as the origin of biological function is dead. Arguing that you can make a case for luck to create living entities is foolishness. Intelligent design cannot arise without information which directs the creation of living entities.
Please tell me if I'm incorrect in my interpretation but the top part acts like a mechanical mechanism that has a specific set of moments in a specific order in the beta subunits it adds an inorganic phosphate changing ADP into ATP. The top mechanism is powered by the c ring rotating.
Sorry for asking... but could you make a video let in us know how did you all manage to know all this... ? I mean how many years to figure this out? which tools you use ? techniques etc? Thanks
you should be proficient in cell theory in in under two years...to understand cell biology with respect to fully understanding cellular dynamics and fundamental biochemistry, 4 years... to become a molecular and Cellular Biologist, or other specialties like a Forensic Pathologist, Hematologist, Oncologists or Biochemist... you're looking at 8 year plus another 4+ years -- depending on the fellowship, and even then, it's ongoing -- forever leaning new things everyday
It's so crazy how u can see hexagonal, the fibonacci sequence is everywhere ,honeycomb ,leaves ,the milkyway ,math ,its all connected just look around