I’m a 75 year old man. Your videos have helped me to become much more mobile. I get many comments in public how well I move about. There are a number of your routines I do daily before I do anything else. Thank you.
So glad it has helped you. I'm 64 and can't imagine being able to go through this routine. How would you describe your condition when you started, if you don't mind me asking?
@rollingstone3017 I am somewhere between you two, and i think that if you can make short walks (1 kms) and take the stairs for more than one floor, you can easily but slowly start Liv's movements. (hoping for Liv's reaction...) once you start, you get addicted 😉
I would highly highly recommend this. She is combining some of the best yoga moves and PT exercise that many need. I've been through many PT programs and her exercises are solid.
I am in my mid 40s, skinny with very little muscles after many years of a VERY sedative lifestyle. Looking to get stronger and healtier before old age and your videos are amazing. I don't feel like the things I am doing is hurting me. I've looked at so many "so called" beginners videos and I simply cannot even do it. I know I am expeptoinally weak and untrained, but still. Thank you for making this content and helping me very much on my journey as I wobble along trying my best to do the things you do with ease, hoping I to some day can do it that easy 🤗
I agree. Almost 40, and only now starting to get serious about my health. Her videos are straightforward and comprehensible, and she is candid while seeming very friendly and approachable. I have ADHD as well, and get very distracted when the content is overly-produced/edited, and scripted.
Mobility training is the key to healthy joints and body. I've been doing mobility workouts with a brilliant youtuber Julia Reppel every day for the last 9 months and I am surprised at the results. Highly recommend.
I was where you were about 4 years ago. I slowly took Peloton and UA-cam classes regularly. I’m now slowly in the best shape of my life. I was skinny lazy fat into my late 30’s 😮
Hand on heart I found half of this really difficult, but I really got the feeling it was reaching the parts that don't normally get reached! Embarrassed by how difficult/impossible some of this was. Hoping that with repeated practice things will improve. Thank you for sharing your expertise so clearly.
This is such fabulous and smart work. I am 66 year old and am able to get up and down off the floor with my grandkids and move about so much more freely after doing your mobility work regularly. My knee pain has lessened by 50%. Turns out the knee pain was likely coming from tightness in the hips and hamstrings. I'm feeling better than ever. I will be returning here on a regular basis. Thank you very much!
Thanks for *actually* meeting beginners where they are! I'm a 60 yo woman who's been mostly sedentary with chronic illness. Some better days now, so I need to make the best of them and gain some strength and mobility! Excellent routine I can actually do (not perfectly but will work on it!)
I am an out-of-practice-yogi and chose this video for it’s PT vibes. I have been having issues getting on the mat for lack of attention span and the video absolutely flew by. Lots of yawns, big belly breaths and tension relief tears. I feel great! Thank you.
Really good and I'm grateful. Ltd ROM with ext rotation at shoulder cuff and it's good to know I need to work on it. Didn't realise how weak my glutes are going from knee lunge to full leg extension. Seems counterintuitive given I push heavy weights in strength training. Also good to know I need variation on stabilisers. I kept up with the programme for a first timer. Being 57 and menopausal I do mobility and strength to age gracefully, not fall on my face or arse and walk a swift straight line to a chocolate cake. Might look like a baby elephant while I'm doing it but afterward I feel like a butterfly and move like a beast 😉😂. Thanks for your help.
Absolutely heavenly. Thank you so much Liv. I could do most of these, but looking forward to actively working on the ones I couldn’t do by doing this full workout once a week
The internal and external leg rotation @ 17:08 of this video is the best movement I have felt for my hips. Thank you so much for making this video. My body felt so warm and relaxed after doing all of the movements in this video.
After breaking my ankle a few months ago this routine was challenging yet completely doable even with a very weak ankle. I’m confident over time this will help my ankle get as good as it can prior to injury. I loved this, excellent routine!
This felt incredible! I’m planning to incorporate this into my routine at least 3 times per week. Excited to see how my mobility improves. I was pleasantly surprised by my body’s ability to accomplish each of these moves…all thanks to regularly completing your videos for the past year. Adore you and appreciate the way you help us maintain proper form. Thank you!
At 56 with over 30 years of martial arts and yoga behind me I think I'm quite flexible. However the last few years a mix of wear and tear and old age is catching up with me. I've only been following you for the last few weeks and already the aches and pains are easing. Especially in the hips and back. Thank you
I was JUST thinking perhaps I should rest today/skip workout and stretch instead coz my body feels like it’s telling me that’s what it needs, and then I saw this in my subscription feed yess 🙌🏻
Thank you so much Liv! You are one of the best out there. I'm doing quite a lot many types of functional sport and exercises regularly ant thought my flexibility and range of motion is at least acceptable... Now, this simple and 'easy' routine exposed a fantasy world I'm living in. Some of those starting positions you represented here before even started the actual strech were already enough for me and I couldn't go any further. 😅 Realizing now how much I've work to do. I've been following you already about one year yet haven't still sucribed yet. Now I finally did it. All of your efforts and videos are so comprehensive, well structured and quided. They are gentle, precise and beginner friendly. I'm really grateful you're doing this and sharing your expertise. Keep up the good work. You definitely deserve all the success in your path. And I really love your british accent! So refreshing after listening and following so many influencers outside of UK. Greetings from Finland. 😊
Thanks for taking time to make this viedo. I am a big fan of you and the reason is you instruct all movement based on science. Thank you again Livi🙏🌺🌺🌺
A wonderful practice!!!! I will repeat this lesson of yours several times in the next few days, I immediately felt an improvement in my hips, ankles and back. ❤🧡💛💚💙💜 Thank you So much 🙏 Namaste
You’re a gorgeous inspiration for a healthy life. Thanks for each one of your videos. This specific one is my most liked routine for mobility. I have this video and several others from your channel stored in my iPhone (UA-cam Premium privilege) so that I can have your lessons even away from the city. Best regards from Mexico City.
I've been doing DDP yoga for over 6 years now. I love it and have found I've had great results from it in terms of weight loss, increased strength, better overall fitness and flexibility. However I have come to the point where I'm really scrambling at the margins to improve my flexibility with it and have come to realise that 2 areas where it hasn't been as good for me is mobility in the small muscles in my shoulders and my hip mobility in general, I'm bad in these areas because I used to slouch to try to hide my belly which has led to back and posture issues which is where my current focus is on. Thought this video was excellent, challenging throughout but it really showed me where my mobility is strong (any hamstring stretch) and where I'm not (see above). Definitely going to work more of these routines into my regimen to compliment what I'm already doing.
I've done this mobility workout a few times now, I find it very helpful, thank you very much. Good stretches with no nonsense! (There are elements of yoga that wind me up)
You’re the best. I love your sciencey approach, it is so lovable! It makes me love the exercises and trust the process - in a way I wouldn’t if there was no demonstration that the teacher understands the movements she’s making. (i write this prior to making the video; will edit after!!) Based in your previous works - yoga butt injury, and the slide shows, and the pictures of you smiling about your “greatest achievements”, I can say I am just so drawn to practice with you because of your understAnding of the Subject, I trust you, and feel motivated by you.
This makes a great cooldown stretch after a workout. Trying to get back into a more active lifestyle after being sedentary for years. I’ve always loved stretches because they always feel so satisfying, so a nice long stretching session after a quick beginner workout is perfect for me.
I'm obsessed with mobility classes right now after burning out over stretching during the pandemic, I'm going back to small (unimpressive) movements that provide longevity, as opposed to cool looking poses that hurt me and shorten lifespan of my body
Oh my WOW, Liv❣️ That was incredible. I’ve been incorporating your flexibility and mobility recommendations into pre-yoga stretch. This practice just took it up a notch.
This is very good mobility class. I felt good overall after doing this. And the individual movements in particular kept the overall class flowing very well. Was done in no time and felt very good. Thanks.
I saved this video when it first came out because I couldn't do it properly. So I started doing just deep squats and hold them at the bottom. Now these exercises are doable with the knowledge that I can perform the full range necessary for benefits. Thank you.
You're an amazing teacher Liv! I love your videos. I feel so good after that. The hardest for me was the forward bend into squat whilst holding my toes! I could hardly move at all but I tried!
This one is so good! -I struggle with my hip mobility a lot, I always find that after this workout I am more flexible and overall less stiff. Thank you so much!! ❤
Thank you so much for providing this as a free scientific resource. I have EDS/hyper mobility and it helped me check in with both sides equally/mindfully whilst accommodating/not overdoing it. All without needing a mirror or anything more than a yoga mat. This is awesome accessible work!
Came across this video this morning and was pleasantly surprised how good it was. Excellent work. Thank you. I also noticed your settees. Just what I'm looking for in white. 🥰
I enjeyed the stretch. Some more than other. One thing that I noticed is that when we did our arms up and down and my legs on the circular motiin, my range was a lot shorter, felt a lot tighter than I imaged I would be. I guess I need more stretches like these. Thank you
Thank you so much dear! I love watching your videos, because you are such an authentic and nice personality, as well as you offer a LOT of expertise material which I have tried and use regularly in my training. 🙏
This was simply amazing thank you so much! Had troubles with the last exercise because my hamstrings are super unflexible. The rest was really comforting:)
I’m sure a lot of people have told you your videos are great, but you really need to know what you are sharing is absolutely amazing, important and very informative. Well-done and keep it up. I also love your smile and humour as well, ohh and the angle of death dude as well, hilarious! 😂. Your an absolute pleasure to learn from and a gem. Thank you again and keep it up.
Wow, I am so happy I found you while searching for mobility videos, you’re a great teacher, great cues, great routine. I can tell already that not only are you beautiful on the outside, but on the inside too, instantly subscribed, and I look forward to trying more of your videos. Thank you.
This video is unreal. I’ve just come home from a tennis match with a bit of pain in the lower back and this has loosened it right up! Thanks, from Ireland 🇮🇪
I love the fact that you give us wonderful information without acting like most of the other "fitness" girls on here. Uou have no idea how much appreciated that is.
I’m a 75 year old man. Your videos have helped me to become much more mobile. I get many comments in public how well I move about. There are a number of your routines I do daily before I do anything else. Thank you.
So glad it has helped you. I'm 64 and can't imagine being able to go through this routine. How would you describe your condition when you started, if you don't mind me asking?
@rollingstone3017 I am somewhere between you two, and i think that if you can make short walks (1 kms) and take the stairs for more than one floor, you can easily but slowly start Liv's movements. (hoping for Liv's reaction...) once you start, you get addicted 😉
Can I ask which you do?
I would highly highly recommend this. She is combining some of the best yoga moves and PT exercise that many need. I've been through many PT programs and her exercises are solid.
I am in my mid 40s, skinny with very little muscles after many years of a VERY sedative lifestyle. Looking to get stronger and healtier before old age and your videos are amazing. I don't feel like the things I am doing is hurting me. I've looked at so many "so called" beginners videos and I simply cannot even do it. I know I am expeptoinally weak and untrained, but still. Thank you for making this content and helping me very much on my journey as I wobble along trying my best to do the things you do with ease, hoping I to some day can do it that easy 🤗
I agree. Almost 40, and only now starting to get serious about my health. Her videos are straightforward and comprehensible, and she is candid while seeming very friendly and approachable. I have ADHD as well, and get very distracted when the content is overly-produced/edited, and scripted.
Mobility training is the key to healthy joints and body. I've been doing mobility workouts with a brilliant youtuber Julia Reppel every day for the last 9 months and I am surprised at the results. Highly recommend.
❤ sending good vibes
I was where you were about 4 years ago. I slowly took Peloton and UA-cam classes regularly. I’m now slowly in the best shape of my life. I was skinny lazy fat into my late 30’s 😮
@OneCatShortOfCrazy - I think you meant "a very *_sedentary_* lifestyle, unless you took a lot of sedatives. 😊
What a very well behaved little puppy, throughout the entire video, no fuss, no interruption, no jumping down off sofa, or anything WOW, impressive.
Hand on heart I found half of this really difficult, but I really got the feeling it was reaching the parts that don't normally get reached! Embarrassed by how difficult/impossible some of this was. Hoping that with repeated practice things will improve. Thank you for sharing your expertise so clearly.
This is such fabulous and smart work. I am 66 year old and am able to get up and down off the floor with my grandkids and move about so much more freely after doing your mobility work regularly. My knee pain has lessened by 50%. Turns out the knee pain was likely coming from tightness in the hips and hamstrings. I'm feeling better than ever. I will be returning here on a regular basis. Thank you very much!
Thanks for *actually* meeting beginners where they are! I'm a 60 yo woman who's been mostly sedentary with chronic illness. Some better days now, so I need to make the best of them and gain some strength and mobility! Excellent routine I can actually do (not perfectly but will work on it!)
I am an out-of-practice-yogi and chose this video for it’s PT vibes. I have been having issues getting on the mat for lack of attention span and the video absolutely flew by. Lots of yawns, big belly breaths and tension relief tears. I feel great! Thank you.
I love this routine so much!! It felt so good to stretch muscles that I often neglect.
Solid. I love the addition of resistance in the end ranges.
My sport is long distance trail running. I have cycled through these exercises 3x and I feel great! Thank you !
Really good and I'm grateful. Ltd ROM with ext rotation at shoulder cuff and it's good to know I need to work on it. Didn't realise how weak my glutes are going from knee lunge to full leg extension. Seems counterintuitive given I push heavy weights in strength training. Also good to know I need variation on stabilisers. I kept up with the programme for a first timer. Being 57 and menopausal I do mobility and strength to age gracefully, not fall on my face or arse and walk a swift straight line to a chocolate cake. Might look like a baby elephant while I'm doing it but afterward I feel like a butterfly and move like a beast 😉😂. Thanks for your help.
Absolutely heavenly. Thank you so much Liv. I could do most of these, but looking forward to actively working on the ones I couldn’t do by doing this full workout once a week
I am in love with this routine. Each position flows to the next one in a natural, easy fashion. Just love it
The internal and external leg rotation @ 17:08 of this video is the best movement I have felt for my hips. Thank you so much for making this video. My body felt so warm and relaxed after doing all of the movements in this video.
After breaking my ankle a few months ago this routine was challenging yet completely doable even with a very weak ankle. I’m confident over time this will help my ankle get as good as it can prior to injury. I loved this, excellent routine!
This felt incredible! I’m planning to incorporate this into my routine at least 3 times per week. Excited to see how my mobility improves. I was pleasantly surprised by my body’s ability to accomplish each of these moves…all thanks to regularly completing your videos for the past year. Adore you and appreciate the way you help us maintain proper form. Thank you!
Is there any update? Did it work?
I love this routine so much that I need to be grateful with you every time that I go for it. Thank you very much from Mexico city.
At 56 with over 30 years of martial arts and yoga behind me I think I'm quite flexible. However the last few years a mix of wear and tear and old age is catching up with me. I've only been following you for the last few weeks and already the aches and pains are easing. Especially in the hips and back. Thank you
I was JUST thinking perhaps I should rest today/skip workout and stretch instead coz my body feels like it’s telling me that’s what it needs, and then I saw this in my subscription feed yess 🙌🏻
Thank you so much Liv! You are one of the best out there. I'm doing quite a lot many types of functional sport and exercises regularly ant thought my flexibility and range of motion is at least acceptable... Now, this simple and 'easy' routine exposed a fantasy world I'm living in. Some of those starting positions you represented here before even started the actual strech were already enough for me and I couldn't go any further. 😅 Realizing now how much I've work to do.
I've been following you already about one year yet haven't still sucribed yet. Now I finally did it. All of your efforts and videos are so comprehensive, well structured and quided. They are gentle, precise and beginner friendly. I'm really grateful you're doing this and sharing your expertise. Keep up the good work. You definitely deserve all the success in your path. And I really love your british accent! So refreshing after listening and following so many influencers outside of UK. Greetings from Finland. 😊
I love yr flex an mobility follow along vids. They help my whole body feel a lot lighter , less joint pain and able to train, walk even run pain free!
I never get bored with your routines. Always something new and different. Excellent.
This is so well done! I usually struggle to follow along with mobility/stretching videos but you explain things really clearly 😊
Thanks for taking time to make this viedo. I am a big fan of you and the reason is you instruct all movement based on science. Thank you again Livi🙏🌺🌺🌺
A wonderful practice!!!!
I will repeat this lesson of yours several times in the next few days, I immediately felt an improvement in my hips, ankles and back.
❤🧡💛💚💙💜
Thank you So much 🙏 Namaste
Just found your videos and I am so impressed. You are so clear with your instructions and the stretches really worked beautifully. Thank you 🙏🏼
I loved it! At the end i was like „wait, thats it already?“ I enjoyed it so much❤ thank you and please keep more of these routines coming!!
Beautiful! Love your teaching style, and lovely voice. Carry on in '25, cheers!
Easy to follow with specific instructions and even on each side. Love it and will try more routines!
Thanks a million, Liv. Excellent routine. Challenging but doable. Your instructions are so clear. 😊
I LOVED this! I can tell I need to do more of this type of work! Everything perfectly stretched with some challenge thrown in. Thank you!
You’re a gorgeous inspiration for a healthy life. Thanks for each one of your videos. This specific one is my most liked routine for mobility. I have this video and several others from your channel stored in my iPhone (UA-cam Premium privilege) so that I can have your lessons even away from the city. Best regards from Mexico City.
I've been doing DDP yoga for over 6 years now. I love it and have found I've had great results from it in terms of weight loss, increased strength, better overall fitness and flexibility. However I have come to the point where I'm really scrambling at the margins to improve my flexibility with it and have come to realise that 2 areas where it hasn't been as good for me is mobility in the small muscles in my shoulders and my hip mobility in general, I'm bad in these areas because I used to slouch to try to hide my belly which has led to back and posture issues which is where my current focus is on. Thought this video was excellent, challenging throughout but it really showed me where my mobility is strong (any hamstring stretch) and where I'm not (see above). Definitely going to work more of these routines into my regimen to compliment what I'm already doing.
I've done this mobility workout a few times now, I find it very helpful, thank you very much. Good stretches with no nonsense! (There are elements of yoga that wind me up)
You’re the best. I love your sciencey approach, it is so lovable! It makes me love the exercises and trust the process - in a way I wouldn’t if there was no demonstration that the teacher understands the movements she’s making. (i write this prior to making the video; will edit after!!) Based in your previous works - yoga butt injury, and the slide shows, and the pictures of you smiling about your “greatest achievements”, I can say I am just so drawn to practice with you because of your understAnding of the Subject, I trust you, and feel motivated by you.
This makes a great cooldown stretch after a workout. Trying to get back into a more active lifestyle after being sedentary for years. I’ve always loved stretches because they always feel so satisfying, so a nice long stretching session after a quick beginner workout is perfect for me.
I'm obsessed with mobility classes right now after burning out over stretching during the pandemic, I'm going back to small (unimpressive) movements that provide longevity, as opposed to cool looking poses that hurt me and shorten lifespan of my body
Perfectly suitable for my evening practice🫶
Oh my WOW, Liv❣️ That was incredible. I’ve been incorporating your flexibility and mobility recommendations into pre-yoga stretch. This practice just took it up a notch.
Thank you
You are a great coach
That was a great workout…
This is very good mobility class. I felt good overall after doing this. And the individual movements in particular kept the overall class flowing very well. Was done in no time and felt very good. Thanks.
Thank you! This one was surprisingly very helpful against lower back pain 😊
❤Thank you for the class. I have been doing it 5 days a week for a few months. It has helped immensely and very enjoyable.
Your exercises and your explanations are great and on point..... gonna use this as my morning stretching. Thanks so much! 🤗
Can’t wait to try this! It’s really good timing as I’m trying to work on adding fitness back to my life 😅
I did the hamstring exercises and i really felt good afterwards thanks for the video ,i just saw this ,i ‘m gonna try them!
Thank you so much for this routine! I love your videos where you explain it all, but this was so helpful to go through it with you!
Thank you very much for your master class. I am trying to get a squat, I am working on that. Cheers from Santiago, Chile, sud américa. March 7, 2024
Absolutely fantastic, thank you! This is perfect when I feel too lazy to exercise and too guility not too exercise. I love it.
Thank you very much. Your videos are excelent, Good detalil very complete. Good knowledge. Solid work.
I saved this video when it first came out because I couldn't do it properly. So I started doing just deep squats and hold them at the bottom. Now these exercises are doable with the knowledge that I can perform the full range necessary for benefits. Thank you.
Thank you, that's worth knowing. I'm gutted at how difficult it all seems to me on my first go!
You're an amazing teacher Liv! I love your videos. I feel so good after that. The hardest for me was the forward bend into squat whilst holding my toes! I could hardly move at all but I tried!
I did half and was exhausted. Amazing class. Post more🎉
Awesome class! My body feels great :) Definitely going to try more of your mobility classes. Thank you
thia is freaking bomb
it is literally the BEST mobility class I have found on UA-cam
thank you liv!! ❤
This one is so good! -I struggle with my hip mobility a lot, I always find that after this workout I am more flexible and overall less stiff. Thank you so much!! ❤
Thank you so much for providing this as a free scientific resource. I have EDS/hyper mobility and it helped me check in with both sides equally/mindfully whilst accommodating/not overdoing it. All without needing a mirror or anything more than a yoga mat. This is awesome accessible work!
This class is something that we can do regularly. Thanks, I so greatful that I found this masterclass. Thank you so much❤
Thanks for the routine! Definitely a good set of movements to add to my PT's list of things Good For Me :)
A few days ago I thought I would love to do a mobility practice, as my body needed that and there it is! Thank you Liv so much 💚🙏
Thank you so very much. I love your routines. I just subscribed and feel so good every morning that I gift myself with your videos to self care. ♥️
OOOOH I LOVE IIIIT! And you; you are my 2023 discovery and I am SOOO glad! ❤🎉❤
Thank you so much for these mobility moves...Liv, you are the BEST....!
I love her chocolate-colored doggo ❤ But I love her more. 🎉 Such an amazing style of teaching. I could hear her for hours. 🎵
Came across this video this morning and was pleasantly surprised how good it was.
Excellent work. Thank you.
I also noticed your settees. Just what I'm looking for in white. 🥰
Oh my goodness. This cracked me in all the right places. Loved it.
I enjeyed the stretch. Some more than other. One thing that I noticed is that when we did our arms up and down and my legs on the circular motiin, my range was a lot shorter, felt a lot tighter than I imaged I would be. I guess I need more stretches like these. Thank you
Your videos are scientifically explained… love the excercises
Hi! Just discovered your channel yesterday. Love your classes! Thank you so much ❤
I deeply love this routine. Thanks from Mexico City 😊
Now that was amazingly tough but so great at the same time.. I will definitely need to do this more!! Thank You Liv
Beautiful decorations 😊❤
Top marks to the doggo for the expert supervision!
Can’t wait to try this after a workout to increase my range of motion!
Thank you so much dear! I love watching your videos, because you are such an authentic and nice personality, as well as you offer a LOT of expertise material which I have tried and use regularly in my training. 🙏
This was simply amazing thank you so much! Had troubles with the last exercise because my hamstrings are super unflexible. The rest was really comforting:)
Loved it. Getting going on a cold winter morning in South Africa. Feeling good. Thank u❤
That was incredible! You are an awesome instructor!
Brilliant class And instructions as usual. Thanks Liv
I’m sure a lot of people have told you your videos are great, but you really need to know what you are sharing is absolutely amazing, important and very informative. Well-done and keep it up. I also love your smile and humour as well, ohh and the angle of death dude as well, hilarious! 😂. Your an absolute pleasure to learn from and a gem. Thank you again and keep it up.
Wow, I am so happy I found you while searching for mobility videos, you’re a great teacher, great cues, great routine. I can tell already that not only are you beautiful on the outside, but on the inside too, instantly subscribed, and I look forward to trying more of your videos. Thank you.
Thank you for a great mobility class! It is what my body is craving!
Wow this was so great! Especially loved your instruction so I knew I was positioned correctly! Felt so good! Thanks! 🎉😊❤
This video is unreal. I’ve just come home from a tennis match with a bit of pain in the lower back and this has loosened it right up! Thanks, from Ireland 🇮🇪
I barely noticed the puppy on the couch behind you, love it.
You are absolutely amazing. Love your videos, truly life changing ❤️🙏.
Wow these were amazing and I definitely needed them! Thank you 🙏💜🪷
All I can say is you rock and thank you so much for all of your videos. I will look into a membership😊
I'm so glad I found your chanel, thank you.
Amazing exercises and great coaching. Thank you!
Love this workout! Thanks 😊
ok wow. am 43 and usually have god mobility and this one challenged me. loved it and will do that few times a week. thank you
Loved, loved, loved this. Thank you!
Loved it! Thank you so much for sharing this 🧡
I just love your classes! ❤ Thank you so much
i love it so much. great help. thank you
Thank you for your delightful positive stretch, released mega low back stiffness.
I love the fact that you give us wonderful information without acting like most of the other "fitness" girls on here.
Uou have no idea how much appreciated that is.
Absolutely freaking brilliant!
This is a keeper.