Punnett Squares and Sex-Linked Traits (UPDATED)
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- Опубліковано 16 тра 2024
- Explore how to solve Punnett squares that involve sex-linked traits, specifically focusing on X-linked traits. Video has a resource available here www.amoebasisters.com/handouts This 2023 UPDATED sex-linked traits Amoeba Sisters video has more detail and improved art from the old 2015 Punnett squares and sex-linked traits Amoeba Sisters video.
OLD VIDEO: • Punnett Squares and Se...
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Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
0:49 Sex Chromosomes
2:25 Solving Sex Linked Punnett Square Problem
5:40 Five Things to Keep in Mind
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TEXTBOOK REFERENCES
Clark, Mary Ann, et al. “12.2 Characteristics and Traits - Biology 2e | OpenStax.” Openstax.org, 28 Mar. 2018, openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/12-2-characteristics-and-traits.
Urry, Lisa A, et al. Campbell Biology. 11th ed., New York, Ny, Pearson Education, Inc, 2017.
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ADDITIONAL DETAIL INFORMATION
*More info on Hemophilia: www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia...
*More about red-green colorblindness & other forms of colorblindness: my.clevelandclinic.org/health...
*Biological sex described by NIH & Yale School of Medicine:
NIH: orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender
Yale School of Medicine: medicine.yale.edu/news-articl...
*Footnote about "male" & "female" terminology from NIH at BOTTOM of orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender/se...
^^Above sources also explain difference of sex & gender.
*This video is about traits on sex chromosomes. In most cases, females have XX chromosomes & males have XY chromosomes BUT as video mentions, this is not always the case.
Examples:
XXY: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disord...
XYY: medlineplus.gov/genetics/cond...
X: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disord...
Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene:
medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene...
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FURTHER EXPLORATION
1. How did X and Y sex chromosomes get their names?
From Arizona State University's "Embryo Project Encyclopedia" embryo.asu.edu/pages/sex-dete...
2. Preeclampsia was mentioned as an example that many disorders may have a genetic component yet are NOT single gene traits (and thus can't be easily worked on a Punnett square). In addition, many disorders may involve autosomes and other external factors. As mentioned, the cause of preeclampsia is currently not well understood though gene involvement is being studied.
*Genetic Risk Factors: jamanetwork.com/journals/jama...
*Recent News regarding Preeclampsia:
FDA clearance of Preeclampsia risk assessment assays: www.preeclampsia.org/the-news...
*Preeclampsia Foundation's Page of Research News: www.preeclampsia.org/the-news...
3. Sex chromosomes in other animals can vary & may not be able to be worked in same type of Punnett square:
Sex chromosomes in birds? Written by a professor of genetics:
theconversation.com/how-birds...
Platypus:
www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas...
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MUSIC:
Intro music designed and performed by Jeremiah Cheshire.
End music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the UA-cam audio library.
TRANSLATIONS:
Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal
We gladly accept subtitle translations from our community. We also have videos using an artificial voice via aloud.area120.google.com to increase accessibility.
Visit www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-...
We've updated our old 2015 video with improved art and detail! In addition, we've also updated the handout to match. You can find all of our resources on: docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1b3kmAzFEjWgoMKCrkeNCKFYunWk04IuLY93jI4OY0gY/edit?usp=sharing As our video mentions, our video description has more details and further exploration links - we're additionally pasting it into this pinned comment:
*TEXTBOOK REFERENCES*
Clark, Mary Ann, et al. “12.2 Characteristics and Traits - Biology 2e | OpenStax.” Openstax.org, 28 Mar. 2018, openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/12-2-characteristics-and-traits.
Urry, Lisa A, et al. Campbell Biology. 11th ed., New York, Ny, Pearson Education, Inc, 2017.
----------------------------------------
*ADDITIONAL DETAIL INFORMATION*
*More info on Hemophilia: www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/facts.html
*More about red-green colorblindness & other forms of colorblindness: my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/11604-color-blindness
*Biological sex described by NIH & Yale School of Medicine:
NIH: orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender
Yale School of Medicine: medicine.yale.edu/news-article/what-do-we-mean-by-sex-and-gender/
*Footnote about "male" & "female" terminology from NIH at BOTTOM of orwh.od.nih.gov/sex-gender/sex-and-gender-in-health-and-disease
^^Above sources also explain difference of sex & gender.
*This video is about traits on sex chromosomes. In most cases, females have XX chromosomes & males have XY chromosomes BUT as video mentions, this is not always the case.
Examples:
XXY: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Klinefelter-Syndrome
XYY: medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/47xyy-syndrome/
X: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Turner-Syndrome
Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene:
medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/sry/
----------------------------------------
*FURTHER EXPLORATION*
1. How did X and Y sex chromosomes get their names?
From Arizona State University's "Embryo Project Encyclopedia" embryo.asu.edu/pages/sex-determination-humans
2. Preeclampsia was mentioned as an example that many disorders may have a genetic component yet are NOT single gene traits (and thus can't be easily worked on a Punnett square). In addition, many disorders may involve autosomes and other external factors. As mentioned, the cause of preeclampsia is currently not well understood though gene involvement is being studied.
*Genetic Risk Factors: jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2805948
*Recent News regarding Preeclampsia:
FDA clearance of Preeclampsia risk assessment assays: www.preeclampsia.org/the-news/research/thermo-fisher-scientific-gets-fda-clearance-for-preeclampsia-risk-assessment-assays
*Preeclampsia Foundation's Page of Research News: www.preeclampsia.org/the-news/research-news
3. Sex chromosomes in other animals can vary & may not be able to be worked in same type of Punnett square:
Sex chromosomes in birds? Written by a professor of genetics:
theconversation.com/how-birds-become-male-or-female-and-occasionally-both-112061
Platypus:
www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0405702101
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Amœba Sisters: Congratulations on successfully sailing between Scylla and Charybdis!
This is super helpful for my nursing pediatrics class! Thanks for covering both X-linked recessive AND dominant in the same video!
Amoeba sisters I miss you so much 😭😭😭😭😭😭 You guys carried me through bio and now I am STRUGGLING in Chem because none of those videos are as good as yours. I’m begging you to make Chem vids. 😭🙏
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For females with XX chromosomes, each cell randomly and permanently chooses one X chromosome to activate and silences the other. If there is an X-linked trait on one of the X chromosomes, the cells that have that X chromosome activated will be affected, but the cells that have the other X chromosome activated will not. In males with XY chromosomes, all the cells will have the only X chromosome activated, and will be affected by any X-linked traits present.
love your work keep it up❤
Ameoba sisters love your amazing content!
My 8th grade science teacher loved you last year
thanks so much this was so helpful am gonna ace that test tomorrow😅🙂
Love it!
OMG, I had preeclampsia, too! So scary. Nice updates!!
Average amoeba sisters dub (Tysm for allowing me to pass class without having to talk to anyone 🙏)
best videos ever
It's easier when they explain it!!!
Wonderful! I wonder I you guys will ever do a vid on gene editing? Like crispr or something...
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Would you please make a video on cell culture
Hi there, I'm not sure if you'll read this but I'm trying to create a novel and in this work, I have a set of non-identical twins one with very white almost blonde hair and the other with very dark black hair.
I was wondering if this was possible and if so, what would the parents possibly look like?
One probably has white blonde hair and the other has Dark hair.
Yeah, that’s possible. Hair color is polygenic (multiple genes affect hair color) and multifactorial (non-genetic factors such as the environment). So, we can’t really put it on a pedigree-it’s much more complicated. But, for an overly simplified example, assume hair color is decided by a single autosomal trait (it’s not in real life) where black hair is dominant over white hair. Then, one parent that is heterozygous for the hair color character (and thus has the black hair phenotype) and another parent that is homozygous recessive (so has white hair), will produce offspring with a 50% chance of white hair, and 50% chance of black hair.
Also, two parents who are heterozygous for the black hair trait, can also produce children with pure white hair if they were both heterozygous.
@@SolaSky thanks so much!!
Is this an example of the mothers curse? Or does mothers curse only apply to mitochondria.
And you saved me
Based channel
But for females with X^h and X^h is a lethal combination ryt?
Hey, really ridiculous comment, but I was kind of confused about the joke at the end of the video. I think it was supposed to be a Y chromosome pretending to be an X chromosome, but it ended up the Y chromosome trying to be a Y chromosome. Was there a mistake, or did I just not understand it?
The Y chromosome is trying to make itself into the shape of the letter "Y", emphasizing that the name "Y" (or "X") doesn't have anything to do with its shape.
If I remember correctly, the Y chromosome only makes a male a male. If a male got the damaged X chromosome, they would have that problem because all the Y chromosome does is make a male a male. Since females have 2 X chromosomes, all long as they have one X chromosome that's healthy paired with the damaged chromosome, they'll be a carrier of the trait but might not show it.
👍
@@Felix_Able not only maleness, but if the gene exists on the X without a respective allele on the Y then yes, it would be activated, however the Y can have genes dominant over the X so can lead to certain traits
"Would you like to know one of the most under appreciated pieces of cytoplasm out there? Platelets."
Platelets are a component of the blood. They are not pieces of cytoplasm - the gel-like liquid inside cells.
Hi, there! While cytoplasm does include a gel-like portion (specifically the cytosol of the cytoplasm), the cytoplasm actually consists of all the inner parts of the cell except for the nucleus (if the cell has a nucleus). This is why platelets are often referred to as a "cytoplasmic fragments" or "fragments of cytoplasm."
Here are some sources to support the use of the word cytoplasm with defining platelets:
*Platelet defined from Openstax, a peer-reviewed open source textbook based at Rice University:
openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/18-4-leukocytes-and-platelets
*Platelet also defined and described:
www.jthjournal.org/article/S1538-7836(22)15116-0/fulltext
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Why am I not as smart as these two.....
4:13
5:18 I guessed it to be 25%
Can you do a video about Parasites?
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why am i not subscribed
That freak, the Platypus
I love you
I have hemophilia
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1:52
Ah yes, intersex.
the voice is different this time...
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Oh grow up
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