Chromosomes and Karyotypes
Вставка
- Опубліковано 20 тра 2024
- Explore chromosomes and karyotypes with the Amoeba Sisters! This video explains chromosome structure, how chromosomes are counted, why chromosomes are important, and how they can be arranged in a karyotype! This video also tackles a few misconceptions about how chromosomes.
Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
1:15 What makes up a chromosome?
2:18 Understanding replicated vs. unreplicated chromosome
3:28 Introducing a Karyotype
4:01 Potential Misconception with Karyotype
5:28 XX and XY Chromosomes
* As we mention in our video about Punnett squares with sex-linked traits, we want to add this here too: there is more detail to sex determination than just sex chromosomes and more combinations possible than XX and XY combinations. We have some further reading links you can check out linked in the other video and we also want to paste in some of the examples from that description here:
XXY: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disord...
XYY: medlineplus.gov/genetics/cond...
X: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disord...
Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene:
medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene...
Vocabulary includes chromosome, centromere, sister chromatids, chromatin, nucleosome, haploid, diploid, homologous chromosomes, gametes, autosomes, and sex chromosomes!
Reference: OpenStax, Biology. OpenStax CNX. Mar 21, 2018 cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e....
Special thanks to Dr. Brian Davis for his expertise in verifying that a typical karyotype would show 2 chromatids per chromosome. (This has been a misconception we've seen in the classroom from many diagrams)
A real life karyotype from NIH (in public domain) commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... can be excellent for viewing alongside this video.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. For more information about The Amoeba Sisters, visit:
www.amoebasisters.com/about-us...
⭐We have a menu of our resources that complement our videos! Visit docs.google.com/spreadsheets/...
We cover the basics in biology concepts at the secondary level. If you are looking to discover more about biology and go into depth beyond these basics, our recommended reference is the FREE, peer reviewed, open source OpenStax biology textbook: openstax.org/details/books/bi...
Support Us? www.amoebasisters.com/support-us
Our Resources:
Biology Playlist: • Amoeba Sisters Biology...
GIFs: www.amoebasisters.com/gifs.html
Handouts: www.amoebasisters.com/handout...
Comics: www.amoebasisters.com/paramec...
Unlectured Series: www.amoebasisters.com/unlectured
Connect with us!
Website: www.AmoebaSisters.com
Twitter: / amoebasisters
Facebook: / amoebasisters
Tumblr: / www
Pinterest: / amoebasisters
Instagram: / amoebasistersofficial
Visit our Redbubble store at www.amoebasisters.com/store
TIPS FOR VIEWING EDU UA-cam VIDEOS:
Want to learn tips for viewing edu UA-cam videos including changing the speed, language, viewing the transcript, etc? www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-...
MUSIC:
Music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the UA-cam audio library ua-cam.com/users/audiolibrary...
COMMUNITY:
We take pride in our AWESOME community, and we welcome feedback and discussion. However, please remember that this is an education channel. See UA-cam's community guidelines and how UA-cam handles comments that are reported by the community. We also reserve the right to remove comments.
TRANSLATIONS:
Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal
While we don't allow dubbing of our videos, we do gladly accept subtitle translations from our community. Some translated subtitles on our videos were translated by the community using UA-cam's community-contributed subtitle feature. After the feature was discontinued by UA-cam, we have another option for submitting translated subtitles here: www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-... We want to thank our amazing community for the generosity of their time in continuing to create translated subtitles. If you have a concern about community contributed contributions, please contact us.
![The Cell Cycle (and cancer) [Updated]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/QVCjdNxJreE/mqdefault.jpg)
We make pinned comments for clarifications or corrections. Some updated versions of textbooks are using a more detailed definition of molecular sequences making up the centromere - which means that when you have a chromosome with replicated chromatids - you could consider it to have two centromeres (one per sister chromatid) although they are bound together in a region. Many textbooks still refer to a single centromere on a chromosome with two fully attached sister chromatids - as they are considering the complex where the centromeres are attached - and then they show fully separated sister chromatids with their own centromere. While we have done this as well by illustrating one centromere per eukaryotic chromosome, we think it is important to understand this complex is where they are joined with cohesin in the case of sister chromatids - as well as also understanding how the definition of centromere has changed. You can see a conversation about this here: twitter.com/AmoebaSisters/status/1192621868605419520 It would have been better for us to have said "centromere region" - and again, when sister chromatids are attached at the centromere region, it is still counted as one chromosome. If we update this video, we'll probably feature this information about the centromere and we'd like to improve our drawing to show the bound centromeres.
--------
Other things to note: just as we mention in our video about Punnett squares with sex-linked traits, we want to add this here too: there is more detail to sex determination than just sex chromosomes and more combinations possible than XX and XY combinations. We have some further reading links you can check out linked in the other video and we also want to paste in some of the examples from that description here:
XXY: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Klinefelter-Syndrome
XYY: medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/47xyy-syndrome/
X: www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Turner-Syndrome
Info about SRY gene & also conditions related to variants in SRY gene:
medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/sry/
--------
We appreciate the comment that there was a point in the video where one of our chromosomes had sister chromatids that didn't match in our illustration! It has been corrected. (Sister chromatids should be identical)
--------
This is not our only playlist about chromosomes- we have a heredity playlist here! ua-cam.com/play/PLwL0Myd7Dk1FVxYPO_bVbk8oOD5EZ2o5W.html Also, you can find resources that go with our videos here www.amoebasisters.com/handouts
Did you guys fix the video ? I can't see any difference (except the highlight) in those chromatids .
I love your videos but i have to keep pausing and rewinding to think because it's too fast.😥
? 0
My teacher makes his salary off these videos
butter than having salary while she/he is setting in the chair
DNDwiggins 😂 me too
😂😂😂😂😂
Especially now bro since quarantine
@@jakegonski4591 Learning an entire bio unit from the Amoeba sisters lmao
Amoeba sisters and crash course are literally the reason im making it through college!!
@@ashwikasingh4967 same
class 10th boards
And ninja nerdddd
When a 7-minute youtube video teaches you more than your teacher can in 50 minutes
Facts
Not 50 minutes, make it 2 months
fr
perhaps you didn't listen in those 50 minutes. I use these videos in class often. But there is no denying that students don't always pay attention in class. Many of my students love these videos, and many have asked me not to show them as they understand my way of explaining better - I now use both formats to hopefully reach more students.
Stating the truth there
I am a 5th year medical student .. karyotyping was always confusing me ..and i was so shy to ask my professors ...thank u for clarifying this
So then maybe you can help clarify it to me... a karyotype is the shape of the chromosomes or how they look?
@@badenclosson8195 A karyotype is a chart that shows the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.
@@badenclosson8195 so you would need a karyotype - for example - to confirm that you had a trisomy, or maybe a monosomy or things like that, also to check for other types of mutations
Is it important to study cytology in medical?
shouldve got it down by 9th grade freshman year, like i did. *smirks
Amoeba Sisters University... I would attend. Y'all have taught me so much I might as well get my degree from y'all instead
Tessa SAME
LITERALLY
My teacher plays your videos in class whenever we start a new topic
Im Legit
mines too
Im Legit same
me as teacher lol
if only every teacher did lmao but nah instead we gotta listen to dum lectures that boring and uneducating af lmao
@@sanctuary6054 if im a teacher ever imma give a list of youtube videos i used to learn from on the topic so even if im shit they always have youtube
I've got to say...I began biology at the start of this year and absolutely dreaded it! Just recently I found the Amoeba Sisters and found biology more entertaining and found myself wanting to learn more. This channel has done a phenomenal job helping people understand complex studies and teaching in a family-friendly environment. Keep up the great work!
Ikr!
I really love how simplified yet accurate and fun these videos always are. Thank you.
I have been struggling with the whole cell phase in general and genetics with chromosomes and Karyotypes. Your videos have helped me so much this semester because you easily explain everything in a very simplistic way that makes sense and is clear to understand! I am so grateful for you guys, thank you so much for your amazing videos!
I have a final today. These videos have helped me immensely to gain an idea of what’s going on, then my required readings make more sense than they would had I not found this channel. The drawings are also great. Thank you.
Thank you SOOO much for this!!! I have literally spend my entire life trying to figure out why two sister chromatids are still a chromosome, and you explained it so simply. These videos are the best!
It's been an 1hour since I discovered this channel.....and now I am a fan .
GREAT WORK AMOEBA SISTERS
God I cannot put in words how much I love your videos! They help me understand complicated concepts so much! Please never stop making such videos!
Thank you! I ironically have my test on this in... about 40 minutes. Quick and easy to understand review! Life saver♡
Stargazorlily how did it go?
how did it go lmao
Its good
Ayo how did it go?
I finally found a video that explains this subject perfectly! Thank you!
So i found this channel..
AND IT’S LIKE STUMBLING ON A GOLD MINE!!
YIPEE!!!!!
I love your videos. I am actually taking a Human Heredity class and this helps a lot. I am a visual learner so this is perfect and much nicer than powerpoints!
love these videos. thanks for clearing up some things for me in a fun and enjoyable way! keep it up!
I already knew all of this, but I'm gonna compliment on a very good video! Very easy to understand explanations about how all of this works and how to understand it, that someone who didn't know much about it before could follow along. A perfect video to show kids in school, and from the comments it looks like plenty of teachers have!
Everyone of these videos I watch, I always write new ones down. Thank you, amoeba sisters!😊
i love the way u share ur stories with us, and it makes me happy we both had the same misconceptions. plus the way u teach is so enthusiastic. u don't sound dead or like a robot and speak really slowly and it helps me process the informations. sending lots of love :)
This is the most useful channel existed in history of youtube!!!!! I wish this can expand to different topics. Either way, keep up the good work!!!!!
Great work Ma'am! After spending more than 4 days on internet I found this kind of video exactly explaining my queries. Thanks a ton! I thought only I was having these kind of doubts regarding no. of chromatids during metaphase and issues with 2n chromosome. This become further difficult to understand when you are not a bio student. Excellent work again! Thanks a lot!
These were the exact doubts I was having since many years and I didn't get answer in any one of the youtube videos but I got it from you so thank you so much
In this pandemic,you've come as a UA-cam angel to save lives,,thank you
woah, you literally single handedly made me invested into biology, great stuff!
Thank you!!! This really helped to clear up a lot of confusion about chromosome shape.
Thank you! You hit all of the things that have confused me throughout my biology classes (like when things are called chromosomes vs. chromatids)!
I'm a teacher and this video made me so happy. Really appreciate all the hard work you've put here to give quality education to all students of biology :-)
Thank you for these videos Amoeba Sisters! They really help me with my Biology Class. 😊
this was super helpful! Im a very visual learner and my professor is all talkie and no pictures. I needed this
Love you from the bottom of my heart . 😍😍got this clear after a long time
Hooray for the Amoeba Sisters! My students love you.
Just got to say amoeba sisters is saving my life🙏
Ok I definitely fell in love with those videos. Thank you so much!!!
you are trully incredible, i am sure that almost 90% of students dont undestand de graphic of the karyotype because the problem on the counting of chromosomes, you have clear a doubt that i have had for years, thanks
Today began my personal journey of learning more about DNA coding. Thank you for creating videos of which are easy to watch, follow, and understand.
I've literally done all of my exam revision with youtube...
When a video teaches you more than your teacher does
This video rocks!! thank you guys this is exactly the information I need for my bio exam! :D
You ladies are amazing!!! Thank you Thank you! I’m a teacher and this really helps me better explain to my students!!!
Thank you so much for these videos. The explanations and animations are great. They have helped me better understand my human genetics class.
I really love this channel, very unique, simple way of explaining biology
This channel is simply THE BEST!!!!
Amazingly explained chromosomes and how they are counted! Thanks so much!
i just love you ♥ you answered all my questions that no one did before
GOD. You totally understand the questions that made me so confused.
University professors should adopt your videos to play in lectures.
I like these videos 10x better than Crash Course
Man, both are great
I don't know why a lot of y'all want to make everything a competition... both are amazing in their own way.
Me stumbling across this channel like
I was looking for help..
But friggn found the Amoeba Sisters
dis do be the best discovery ive ever made
I actually stumbled upon this channel by accident, but I'm SO glad I did. You explain stuff SO much better than my college Biology teacher. Subscribed!
P.S. I love the animations
hey @ryan emery, are you a college student? like you mean UNI? & if you don't mind me asking can I know what are you studying?
First to not say "I got this channel from my class"🤣🤣🤣
Awesome explanation👍🏻
This video explained so much in a short amount of time and was easy to understand.Thank you
Thank you guys so much!
I'm starting reading materials from a high school book, but a lot of the information is confusing or partial. Just like the way they described chromosomes!
My teacher plays your videos in class. Great channel and a quick and easy to learn.
I have never laughed so hard to an educational video. I died when it started talking about eyes making stomach acid. This channel is awesome. XD
this is so fun to watch while learning, the illustration itself is so helpful to visualise and understand while it also gives entertainment.
my teachers would explain this lesson in like 50 minutes. it's insane how you explained everything so well in just 7 minutes
i litterally love you, i was so confused about chromosomes and chromatids and this popped up
Thanks I have a test on this next week and u really helped me out on the studying!
I have watched this entire play list a good 5 times now
You're doing a great job 👍 I've no words to say how helpful this is... tq amoeba sisters😇😇
thank you for making this complicated topic really easy to understand!!!
I LOVE YOU GUYS, THIS VIDEO READ MY MIND. IM HONESTLY IN AWE
your videos are very informative. specially when you talk about misconceptions.
I am a neet aspirants and can u believe me..bec of these online classes I can't understand a word but if I do score good in neet I am definitely gonna recommend others of this channel..this channel deserves so much more ❤️
THANK YOU x 1 000 000 for addressing the annoying tendency of showing chromosomes only as they exist after DNA replication and not how they are "most of the time" in the cell. Thank you for all your excellent video content.
watching this for my bio final in 3 days. literally life saving
Best explanation I have found on this subject.
thank you so much for this video..... I have been always confused about chromosomes for years..Our teacher don't pick up common misconceptions...but you did..It was really helpful !!! :)))))
Thank you so much for this animated vedio..I could clear most of my doubts
I have you on Notification, but it didn't tell me about this or any of your other videos :-(
(/cries)
Anyway, cool video, loved it!
This is the video I really need to solve my problem. I was sooooo confused about the numbers of chromosomes. But one thing I'd like to add is the reason after the duplicated chromosome is still consided one chromosome is because it still contains only one set of infomation. ( read it from our textbook.) Thanks Amoeba Sisters. This really helps
ABSOLUTELY!!!...ABSOLUTELY!!! LOVE YOUR VIDEOS. you wouldn't believe the amt of difficulties I went through regarding this representation of chromosomes in karyotype. thank you for existing🥰🥰
Amazing way to explain complex topics .... thanks for yr effort . ♥️♥️
Love your videos amoeba sisters you just cleared all my confusions about chromosomes
Love your channel and teaching style
May Allah bless you ❤❤❤❤❤
Mel and I found this content very helpful!
It looks like you're the only one that understands my confusions and misconception. I had a lot of confusion regarding these monad and dyad chromosomes. You solved it, as always.
Oh! I am in love with you 😍😍.
Thanks a lot.
thats wierd
I LOVE ITTT THIS IS JUST JUST AMAZINGLY SIMPLE. I GOT EVERYTHING ❤❤
4:02 I am so thankful for this!!! My god you're my hero
Thank you.... One of the best vids
Love your videos. I’ve been watching alll morning!
These channel is awesome in one word.
i really like your videos, they are funny but most of all they explain stuff really well
Thank you so much
guys. You are fantastic. You clear my biggest doubt thank you soooooo much😘😘
Y’all are literally saving me
I was really confused before this video but now i am feeling like a free bird ........ You made my day i was low because of the topic.........you made it really simple and....you solved my all doubt in just one video........
Love from a neet assperent
you are a god send thanks for making this video !!
Thankuuuuuuu , for so long I was confused between chromatids & chromosomes 🙏🙏🙏
Wauw THANK YOU, I did not understand how to read this karyotype at all, I thought that the pair's where the sisters for way to long.... This video rocks!
Thanks a lot, Ameoba sisters. I can't explain in words how much I have benefited, Now only I understood fully about Chromosome and chromatid count. very nice explanation
ugh thank you. I was so confused why karyotypes only showed one chromatid!!
Dude,this makes studying biology even more fun because of this illustrations. I'm studying Cytogenetics,Anatomy & Physio, Bio-chemistry and Bio-statistics because University are mostly online now. Pdf's makes me sleepy sometimes.
I LOVE UR VIDEOS!!! I always earn so much from u guys it’s honestly amazing! Thanks to you I’m passing my bio lectures
This was the most important video ever
i’m too adhd to focus in class these things save my life thank you so much
these animations are top-tier damn
Finally someone explains to me why even though GNA is double in quantity, the number of chromosomes is the same! In my book, one might think that chromosomes are always double. Now I know that they can be single and now I understand! Thanks!
Thank you for this explanation 🙏
amazing wow every question i had was answered
Omg absolutely love your videos there so easy to follow and understand and the drawings are so cute