RNA Splicing
Вставка
- Опубліковано 29 вер 2024
- A 3D animation shows the crucial RNA editing step called splicing
Originally created for Learn About Spinal Muscular Atrophy ( www.learnabouts... )
TRANSCRIPT:
As DNA is transcribed into RNA it needs to be edited to remove non-coding regions, or introns, shown in green. This editing process is called splicing, which involves removing the introns, leaving only the yellow, protein-coding regions, called exons.
RNA splicing begins with assembly of helper proteins at the intron/exon borders. These splicing factors act as beacons to guide small nuclear ribo proteins to form a splicing machine, called the spliceosome. The animation is showing this happening in real time. The spliceosome then brings the exons on either side of the intron very close together, ready to be cut. One end of the intron is cut and folded back on itself to join and form a loop. The spliceosome then cuts the RNA to release the loop and join the two exons together. The edited RNA and intron are released and the spliceosome disassembles.
This process is repeated for every intron in the RNA. Numerous spliceosomes, shown here in purple, assemble along the RNA. Each spliceosome removes one intron, releasing the loop before disassembling. In this example, three introns are removed from the RNA to leave the complete instructions for a protein.
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its incredible how cells can do this so insanely fast guided by nothing but chemistry
God
@@lucyalvarez1288 Primarily that...
Not guided by chemistry. Guided by base 4 digital code for proteins, and an operating system of gates, promoters, repressors, micro RNAs, mRNA splicing, histone wrapping, and epigenetics.
To call this chemistry is to miss the guidance from encoded and embedded intelligence.
And no digitally encoded information which also specifies its own decoding can arise from simple random processes any more than a 6 ft high model of the Eiffel Tower will self-assemble given monkeys rewarded for sticking 11 different shapes of Lego bricks (C,N,O,H,P, Fe, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co) together forever without a goal in mind or step by step instructions, regardless whether several colored bricks mean the same material.
@@glenliesegang233 Jagdpanzer E100 is good
@@glenliesegang233 I mean it still technically is chemistry but your point is valid
Of course there is a master mind behind all of this...
The animators ;)
another one
Abstract Pain cfvvhnmkj
All hail our mighty creator: Adobe Premiere!
what happen to the intron next? is it will be degraded?
Yes
This is so beautiful
interesting
🎂Phillip Allen Sharp 06-06-2022
한글자막 매너좀...
yapping
Love the real time animations and explanations! Would also love to see an "advanced" version of this with group I & II self-splicing introns too. tybg
I watch real time reruns.
Interesting. I would have thought it would be faster in real time (as in you wouldn't be able to see the process happening-that's how fast it would be)
I don't think this is real time. look at the RNA polymerase at the beginning. As much as I've heard the speed of RNA polymerase is something around 1000 bp/s this looks something like 50 bp/s
@@thedisintegrador I've read studies that say for DNA polymerase its like 10 bp/s so it's probably accurate for 50 bp/s for RNA polymerase
@@yakarotsennin3115 Maybe it depends on the conditions and the particular RNA polymerase. My info was perhaps on the bacterial one which doesnt need to bother with CTD phosphorylations, snRNPs, p-TEF-b etc...
@@thedisintegrador That’s true
@@yakarotsennin3115 the other thing being that you mentioned DNA polymerase which is something altogether different, since DNA pol is in the huge replisome complex which waits for the lagging strand so perhaps it is counted for??? I dunno, depends what the paper you read said, have a nice day :)
Romans 1:25 They exchanged the truth of God for a lie and worshiped and served the creation rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever!
I was feeling inside a cell with this animation xD
Bravo!
Absolutely remarkable. Thank you for the video.
What software was this made with? I like the style.
the intron will be degraded because it does not have a 5 'cap
Sorry for the google translation... :)
it has a 5' cap but the 5' cap isn't coated with the (was it adenosine) to protect it
why is every other comment religious where even am i
"I will praise You, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made; Marvelous are Your works, And that my soul knows very well." (Psalm 139:14 NKJ)
This sounds like an attempt to prove god by using the irreducible complexity fallacy...
@@xadadax1 Science and faith don't eliminate each other. But believing in literall interpretation of religious scripts does.
@@Iris_Bohemica very well said thanks
Everyone under this comment is a fool. Commenter, well done. THE ALMIGHTY be praised, FOREVER!
@@SamuelForjoe 💯 Bless the poor lost souls who watch this video and actually believe it could have happened randomly. It’s embarrassing.
What an awfully large and complex protein for the simple task of cutting a few carbon bonds
great video to teach !!
This is clear evidence of extraordinary design by an omnipotent and omniscient designer who is a personal God. The Christian Bible describes this God. I encourage you to pick up the Bible today and humbly seek to understand and know the Creator. A great place to begin is in the book of Genesis. Then read the Gospels. ~ Dr. Don Robertson, ex-atheist and evolutionist, now a Christian
Why is this evidence of the Christian god?
don't bother asking brother😂@@barackobama8031
Read the Quran
How to create abominations
Because creating animations is expensive?
this is so adorable tiny little enzymes and mrna awhh
Damn why so many comments about god here? I don't remember him slipping a note about RNA splicing into the new testament. Praise be to the hard-working scientists who worked out how this incredible process works and the animators for illustrating it for us.
The debate for deists is whether the God as described by humans is the same Superintelligence which engineered code, transcription, post-transcriptional modification, translation, post-translational modification, cooperative subunits, systems, operating system of switches, and construction of more cellular components from raw materials.
The debate for the materialist is how random unguided processes produced this.
I do not see a random process ever producing meaningful information, because the very definition of a random grouping of matter is "meaningless"
Something did this. And, that something cannot be nothing.
But you witness him creating this complex mechanism you are trying to understand.
So you praise the creator of the illustration . But not the creator of the thing that's being illustrated !
Romans 1:25 They exchanged the truth of God for a lie and worshiped and served the creation rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever!
it can be degraded or it will form a lasso and block exons from being transcribed thus leading to alternative RNA splicing
My trxt book says the first 2 snrps bind to the 5' splice site and brach site and this video says they first bind to the intron-exon boundaries !!
what happens to the cut off introns?
They get degraded very, very rapidly.
Is that so it does not transcribe a protein before it is signaled? Hence, the splitting?
yes, it is. a debranching enzyme does that.
Tell about shortly
What force causes the splicozomes to move toward an RNA strand? After all, to a splicozome, a cell is probably be the size of Rhode Island. What makes them show up precisely where and when they are needed?
additional factors- SR proteins and hnRNPs bind to exon sequences and intron sequences respectively on pre-mRNA sequence to help guide snRNPs to the splice sites
You may check wiki or/and check research reviews.
You need intelligence to make this animation. Not to mention the great wisdom that created what people call nature.
Are you insinuating that the symbiotic nature was not natural? That it did not form from nothing and a random coincidence?
Are you saying that nature did not come from a dead rock? 🤔😲
C S H! ETERNAL GOD!
Clear explanation!!
En español.
How do the ribosomes "see" or "know" where DNA or mRNA are?
+Dennis Santos The ribosomes randomly bounce around in the cytoplasm until the correct mRNA start codon binds to its receptor. Only the correct molecule can bind to the receptor because it takes a very specific set of intermolecular properties to bind correctly.
Tyler Nealy Amazing that these little machines are so efficient at what they do despite their random encounters with mRNA and the correct sequence of amino acids just floating about.
In the animations, they seem to move around with purpose.
Not disagreeing in any way with your explanation, just wondering out loud, expressing my awe of these little devices.
Dennis Santos
I agree, this chemistry is the most complex that we know of on this planet. At the end of the day the quantum behaviour of small molecule organic synthesis in a flask is not remotely understood, let alone extremely complex organic synthesis in a cell.
All just differential equations that govern the motion of particles: conservation of energy.
@@DennisSantos it goes even deeper, once a ribosome has connected with mRNA, depending on the strand it might be moved into the ER or kept in the cytosol depending on if the polypeptide/protein is used inside or outside the cell
Very nice 🌸🌸
thanx for uploading such a great videos!
where does this process happen in the cell?
+Abdulwahab y.s In the nucleus.
Fantastic video! Explains splicing very effectively so thank you for that!
Are you saying there has to be a god for this to happen?
yes
So there's no "junk" DNA.
Glory to God!
I think God has for us more to discover.
No, I'm saying there has to be a mind at work behind the scenes.
The 3D-animators
No doubt a mind is working behind the scenes.
MosheMYY THE GODS
how would that be necessary? it's simple natural selection getting more complex overtime
@@eVill420 Because there is clearly design, purpose and goal involved, something a mindless unintelligent process can't do. Natural selection is demonstrated everyday with sunshine, wind, rain, dirt all mixing together producing nothing.
Just do this, become natural selection yourself, don't use your intelligence and go to work. Cue us in on your progress in 5 years.
Natural selection, your god.
Yes, its all so elementary, so absurdly simple. I mean I could probably whip these exact nano machines together in my basement and have them do exactly as shown!
Newsflash: This is Gods work. Admire, but dont get ahead of yourself.