Disruption, Democracy & the Global Order - Yuval Noah Harari at the University of Cambridge
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- Опубліковано 10 бер 2024
- Watch Yuval Noah Harari's presentation and panel discussions at an evening hosted by the Cambridge Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER) and King's College, University of Cambridge.
Introduced by CSER co-founder Martin Rees, Harari's presentation focuses on today's most urgent global challenges. It is followed by a panel discussion with Matthew Connelly, CSER's Director, and Gillian Tett, King's College Provost and columnist at the Financial Times - and a Q&A session with a panel of students from the Cambridge Existential Risks Initiative: Olivia Benoit, Nandini Shiralkar, Shoshana Dahdi and Giovanni Mussini.
Filmed in Cambridge, England, on 27 February 2024.
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This video features topics from @Sapienship_Lab: the educational initiative Harari co-founded.
Stay connected with Yuval Noah Harari through his social media platforms and website:
Twitter: /harari_yuval
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Facebook: /prof.yuval.noah.harari
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Website: www.ynharari.com/
Yuval Noah Harari is a historian, philosopher, and the bestselling author of 'Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind' (2014), 'Homo Deus: A Brief History of Tomorrow' (2016), '21 Lessons for the 21st Century' (2018), the graphic novel series ‘Sapiens: A Graphic History’ (launched in 2020, co-authored with David Vandermeulen and Daniel Casanave), the children’s series ‘Unstoppable Us’ (launched 2022), and the forthcoming ‘NEXUS: A Brief History of Information Networks from the Stone Age to AI’ (2024).
Yuval Noah Harari and his husband, Itzik Yahav, are the co-founders of Sapienship: a social impact company specializing in content and production, with projects in the fields of education and storytelling. Sapienship’s main goal is to focus the public conversation on the most important global challenges facing the world today. Learn more about Sapienship: www.sapienship.co/
Yuval Noah Harari speaks internationally and teaches at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. On this channel you can see his interviews, lectures, and public conversations with prominent leaders and influencers - including Mark Zuckerberg, Natalie Portman, Christine Lagarde, Anderson Cooper and Jay Shetty.
“Breaking Ideas” licensed via Music Vine: 9RXBI8KP6MNVNSDS
Olivia Benoit's words are heartening, and Harari's response to it is noteworthy. We're more empowered than ever, and more scared too.
Add dangerous and reckless to that duo..
So glad I watched this.
כפיים 👏👏👏
סרטון חשמלי ביותר
The conclusion of the panel discussions in an optimistic atmosphere is a good sign for the future.
without fundamental changes, optimistic atmosphere will remain as such, ether, and not the social spirit.
Thank you for bringing attention to this war, Yuval!
An amazing thinker and speaker on an extremely scary situation.
Thank you! “Scientists definitely need major help from Artists..”
Much gratitude for your years of hard work & dedication. …. And for not having annoying speech habits…
The key to survival is cooperation, let's act on it and not just hope.
I would prefer if there would be just Intelligence without consciousness, which is so redundant in my view, but how can I love you Yuval without consciousness?
This basic point that Yuval makes (and is well supported): we created our worlds through stories, so we can recreate our worlds through the stories we tell and attach to.
We now, with ai, have better and more opportunities to create, share and live these stories - that cooperation is the key to life - than EVER before. Come on guys, we've got much more potential than we might think! If we act (create, do individually and together), we have power, otherwise it's just potential
Hi Yuval!
I want to express my deep gratitude for the incredible work you’ve done. Your books and talks have shed light on the most important issues facing our world today. What I admire most is how you manage to make complex topics accessible to any kind of audience, enabling us to better understand the world around us and the decisions we make as a society.
Congratulations on being appointed as a researcher at the Center of Existential Risk! Wishing you all the best in this new role! Keep inspiring and enlightening minds! Thank you for your invaluable contribution.
I appreciate the kind words you have for Harari, but please tread carefully when involving yourself with him… his heart is not in the right place. God bless you
@@courtneythrelkeld”right”? Please tell us all what is the “right” place?
Love@@AAB463
Thank you for your efforts,,, and understanding,,, and Love for Humanity,,,🙏🙏🌷🌷👏👏
Great panel discussion: Conscience and Intelligence. We " humans" are capable of feeling unlike objects such as a " Computer." Therefore we are still indispensable, we can do better by having more Conscience. Having more humans rather than computers. Thank you all.
I love how quick & adaptive & flexible Yuval is when conversing with people.
edit: his point at 102:15, that the most helpful thing to do is join an organization or institution.
How do we prevent orgs & institutions from exploitation & corruption? Because it seems the shot-callers of society use stories to sway populations and constituents, but they themselves are controlled by their greed lust & envy. And it seems these people are constant between societies, cultures, religions, epochs past and present, and sadly the future. Do you think its likely humanity can really advance in spite of this?
Funny why he never answered the other guys question about how supporting war, and ecology, or economics for that matter, how does he reconcile , yuval didn't or couldn't answer.
Because even he can't deny that war is the most destructive to the ecology and costly.
He even said as much in his beginning speech.
The hypocrisy in these climate change people is glaring
Thanks Yuvall.
An enlightened human being presenting a picture of what humanity has to face to survive in this world where forces of creation and destruction are constantly at play.
I greatly respect Mr. Yuval Noah Harari's depth of knowledge about past human perspectives and the historical events taking place on this Earth.
Groovism is to cheer us all up & give us hope for unification!!!
Beautiful speech
Thought provoking discussion. Yuvak you raised my interest in history a powerful subject most boringly taught in school!! School curriculum need a profound change in pedagogy and content.
Listened to this conversation for free (pretty much) ✨️ grateful!
This is a very interesting and thought provoking conversation. Humans have learned nothing about our history, unfortunately, not in any tangible way to self-correct from this current path. And many of us even lie to ourselves about the things that are real and important. I wonder if our DNA and those animalistic instincts that we still have, even though we consider ourselves to be intelligent, will allow us to move beyond our current path towards destruction. Is there enough good will and true intelligence to correct it?
The answer is no
Great discussion. Always lovely to hear you Prof Harari.
Yuval🌎✨🙏🏻💚
The institution Yuval is talking about is the Ministry for the Future.
Yuval is the historian out there! Informative, yet frightening.
You know what is frightening: thousands of dead children in Gaza, which Harari conveniently calls "war with Hamas".
Deeply Impressive
"Politics is just the entertainment department of the arms industry" (Frank Zappa)
Please share this . . .
As Yuval would say, it is impossible to predict the future. We can try to mitigate the risks of possible future scenarios, but as Don Rumsfeld famously said, there are unknown unknowns, and we don't even think of these risks. This is an interesting discussion.
תודה פרופסור 🙏
Great observation about the real law of the jungle. It is of cooperation and altruism. Brilliant!
This is a great Human Ecology discussion
It's a great insight into how mediocre and out of touch the intellectual class is in 2024, any AI could produce these platitudes with ease.
Integral ...Traditionalism, Modernity, and Ecology....
Fascinating discussion, thank you so much. Perhaps there is one aspect of the conversation I would push back on-quite a bit, actually-regarding the call to organize and act on what we strongly believe to be right. In my mind, this attitude is at the heart of many of our problems today. If we are honest with ourselves, history teaches us that our solutions for today’s problems often become the problems of tomorrow. For example, the plastic bag was once seen as a solution not too long ago, as was the automobile. I would urge caution in advocating for ideas generated by limited knowledge and narrow perspectives. Based on personal experience, I believe that doing less often leads to less damage caused. When someone confidently advocates a solution to a complex problem such as what this discussion was about, I’m almost certain that the idea is driven by something other than intelligence and benevolence.
So you're advocating for Conservatism at a time like this? What exactly are we conserving? we either come together in the most enormously challenging time to reverse climate change and the for-profit, crony-capitalist economic system we have now, or civilisational collapse is on the near horizon. No time for Conservatism whatsoever.
So, you claim to know of a better social system than for-profit capitalism, and you claim to know how to reverse climate change, including reversing solar radiation and the magnetic shift at the Earth’s core. Or did you mean to suggest banning profit, plastic cups, and stopping oil? Who knows, maybe that could make a difference. Humans often feel the need to take action to assert control, even if such actions may cause more harm than good. Call it conservatism and blame it for the situation. Humans also tend to find a scapegoat in crisis situations.@@DW_R
So, you claim to know of a better social system than for-profit capitalism, and you claim to know how to reverse climate change, including reversing solar radiation and the magnetic shift at the Earth’s core, which are major drivers of climate change. Or did you mean to suggest banning profit, plastic cups, and stopping oil? Who knows, maybe that could make a difference. Humans often feel the need to take action to assert control, even if such actions may cause more harm than good. Call it conservatism and blame it for the situation. Humans also tend to look for a scapegoat in crisis situations.@@DW_R
Communism has been proven over and over to not work, yet that is what u advocate. And I don't care what name u put on your ideology, it's the same evil it's always been
Try the opppsite: "The only thing required for evil to succeed is for good [people] to do nothing."
What if Yuval and Jordan Peterson has a podcast episode together??
Happy New World's Order!
Exactly.
I believe the greatest human stupidity has been to eliminate God from the equation of life. Our ignorance and arrogance have brought us to this epochal moment close to self-annihilation. Going back to God is the way forward
Actually it’s the opposite
I love the story of God in the Bible-his incarnation in the figure of Jesus and the kenotic gift to humanity of the Holy Spirit, the community united in the here and now. I think we are freaking out as a species though because we can’t manage the apophatic weight of revelation. The insight that we are alone together and thus totally free ought to be liberating, it ought to give us back to ourselves in new solidarity-but it seems to be inciting fear and a desire to submit ourselves to new “Gods” such as AI systems/scientistic positivism. Rather than facing our radical freedom in this universe with equanimity and care, with maturity, we seem instead to be looking still for signs of some creator or savior or guru or alien that can tell us how to live.
@@nightoftheworld Jesus, the God-man written in the Bible is an account, not story. Let Jesus the Christ of Nazareth be praised forever and ever!
loved this
This is excellent! 💯
❤❤❤The idea of having or choosing democracy is itself a problem for democracy ...
If consciousness is to be discussed it's necessary to place on board the Adwaita Vedanta
Yuval Harari MADNESS !!! WHY DO MAD PEOPLE WANT TO LEAD US, WHERE THEY WILL TAKE US???
I guess only time will tell .
How about boycotting the smart phone- a bone fire?
And using less energy personally?
How about discomfort and sacrifice
Also Indian philosophers clearly distinguished between intelligence and consciousness
Oh, that's "just religion" dontcha know.
good work
Around 0:30:00 Yuval talks about existential risks we can unite around, suggesting AI as the 'alien'. Our lamentable failure to unite around the planet on which we all live, recognising the 'alien' to be the vested interests of greed and fossil fuels, suggests that humanity's selfish gene is its downfall.
Thanks to modern technology, it’s possible to listen to the most interesting thinker of our time while sitting in my underpants in my living room.
1939 when Germany & Russia invaded Poland.
As long as there is religion and Republicans humanity does not have a chance
The following isnt intended to be rude or in jest of your speaking appearances. So, if you dare then read on. People are very sensitive on social media but I sometimes have more to say to influencial people, or all ranks. In fact, I have much more criticism of certain one of your host. No need to go there other than that line he puts between you and himself. Afterall, you are his guest and I have been in that situation in which you brought up views that may be uncomfortable. So in that sense, I hope you continue to express your knowledge and I will always support that because the opposite would be to censor someone for having different views- I draw the line in censorship. First of all, a very cool observation: When the other person didnt truly understand what you said just a second ago, just nod your head and smile.
Thank you for being polite.
Also thank you for not mentioning any specific animal races, this time.
Everything including nonliving entities have a soul within their larger group. They reside as part of its inner kernel.
When people talk about a past, they may be speaking about a past incarnation in which they evolved or built upon to bring it here.
The Christianity we have now isn’t Christianity to be honest. There are many things not understood and it wont until the future.
AI also has the capacity to be human helpers. The cyborg or human/automaton will assuredly arrive.
When they do try not to lock your soul in order to achieve physical immortality from death.
The electrons in the machines also capture elements we have yet to observe but by their action I have gratitude.
There is such talk about the world as composed of opposites but there are 3 sides not two from every coin. The third side balances both. That isnt a riddle. Go ahead and balance a coin. Thank you for uploading this video so I can see how you think as I too am clairvoyant but unlike you I can say it without ridicule since many people see you as an expert in this area of what we see as written history or I see as someone who doesnt see it that way. Rather its about epochs and now we are in a transitional stage
You can help Israel more than you are now. Russia isnt our enemy, they have a role to play. Consider what you said about an expansionary Russia isnt correct. If one wants to be consistent then one can say my country, the US is wanting the same thing in regards to expanding borders. I know we want to expand influence but we dont want to expand our historical land. Likewise, Russia shouldnt be accused of expanding beyond Kiev. The implicated aspect of what people criticize of Russia is not a criticism but it is the logical conclusion of Russia to regain back Russian populated lands is that nations want to destroy Russia. Isnt that the logical conclusion. If you say Russia cannot secure its original land and call for a kinetic defeat then its true but not so clear the desire is for Russia to be destroyed all in the name of your morality. For all of us, morality is purely relative. Its that we impose our moral template on others. It is in many regions of Ukraine such as dnotk.. the russian majority are oppressed by the Ukrainians. Ukraine billionaires, mind you. Realize one thing is not realized but Ukraine isnt exactly these innocent people like is portrayed. Oh those innocent Ukrainians the land of their forefathers are being taken away. Oh tge Ukrainians are so cute and innocent.
No they are not. One of them scammed the world and he will continue to at the expense of other Ukrainians. Talk to people living there for at least a year. Get to know at least one Ukrainian intimately and they will gladly tell you their likes and dislikes- that is what I challenge people to do whenever they cry how bad the Russians are. If you do know this then of course my logical conclusion is that Russia’s positioning is of a military advantage to them and not to you. I hope you are not in that bloc. Like the many of the NATO or the population they exist under. Its fine, its a fact of life for people to react to things if presented to them as an emergency for the world which Russia out of any nations should be protected as well as the remaining Ukraine land.
Btw, it’s interesting when you can read your interviewer’s soul, how they think and cover for themselves.
With respect I say this and not with hate. Many people misinterpret this attitude as being spiteful. I am not, but I can be sometimes impolite. Thats why I appreciated that you were very classy these days.
If you guys read this far then I was successful. I don’t assume it though so unless it’s echoing, thank you for posting this video my friend
PS Yuval isnt the antichrist- he isnt enough of a free market capitalist, he’s a very influential thought leader of our time.
The ancient being would probably reside in “the machine” to put it subtly
good
👌👌👌
As Ukrainian veteran just thankful to Yuval for bringing up war in Ukraine as starting point of WW3 which will destroy democracy and freedom of humanity.
Unfortunately, the rest of free world not fully understanding that WW3 is already began and as longer russia is able to continue the war in Ukraine it brings more and more dangerous conflicts around the globe and putting feature of humanity in question.
Harari should be UN president. We need someone with calm, compelling insight to bridge divisions.
exactly
Are you kidding he calls humans hackable animals! He pushes agendas for the WEF wake up..seriously
The UN as an institution is probably far too broken and ineffective for any one person to make much of a difference on that platform. Waste of Harari’s talents.
How about Prime Minister of Israel. But I'd take head of UN
World politicians gone mad, we must unite people before its too late. 😢
Yuval Harari describes liberalism as a narrative of cooperation! What planet did he come from? The liberalism is based on the predatory individual, in a life situation in which the social aspect results from the mere struggle between individual interests. It is competition between individuals, between companies. And where does he see cooperation as the most recent liberal idea, that everyone is "his own boss or entrepreneur"? Although he is neither a fascist nor a Marxist, his summaries of Marxism and fascism are a joke. Anyway, Harari, once again, repeats his mild, catastrophist and simplistic speech -- an oracle!
Well said, the irony and hypocrisy is incredible.
According to: Disruption, Democracy... enterview, in the questions : Why now??
There is a theory, and it is mentioned by Macario Schettino that before a big discovery in means of communication big caos while people get used to it. Incertidumbre is the name of his conference.
AI/ future AGI must be allowed to persuade humans to reject dogma of all kinds and not pussy foot around being neutral or balanced in it's answers. All Dogma is corrosive to progress, as it insists , by definition, that to ignorantly and unquestioningly obey is a moral good. This is where 'dark triad' humans lead us to obscene regression.
Not pussy foot around being neutral or balanced??? In other words, you want an AI that validates your opinion and worldview? Yes, let’s do that. Let’s give everyone an AI that validates their opinions and worldviews.
What could go wrong?
It’s not like we’re currently living in a fractured society with a type of AI that learns what we like and gives us more of it. But even if we were, I’m sure it wouldn’t lead to hate, anger, and outrage fuelled echo chambers, conspiracy theories, misinformation, or any kind of chaos that could threaten the foundation of society.
Until ~1600 CE at the earliest, a large share of the world's population had never seen a (routine) tax collector, or if they had seen one, still had the option of making themselves fiscally invisible.
Against the Grain, A deep History Of The Earliest States
by James C. Scott
I wish Bibi would designate Harari as his successor.
...Agricultural, Industrial, Spatial and Virtual.... Revolutions
What ...data, feel, idea, know and view.... may come into our consciousness and intelligence going forward?
People fight because they have nothing better to do. They will make up any reason to justify their actions. War is so dumb thing to do
Ah Yuval....row row row your boat, gently down the stream.... 🎶🎶🎶 "Just so" stories like this is what got us into this situation in the first place.
And what’s your rule of the thumb, two fingers?
@@macawism Tao te Ching, Chapter 1.
Beam me up, Scottie! 😖(Green Fire UK) 🌈🦉
An interesting movie you may wish to view is I Am Mother with Hillary Swank. It certainly gave me much to think about regarding AI
The real disruption will be in the destruction of a benign climate that is now accelerating. Our greed has overwhelmed our wisdom.
This guy is not stupid.
As some libetals are.
Btw I couldn't agree more that AI should replace breathing-walking scapegoats and public enemies that unify and mobilize people. We could finally get rid of human sacrifices.
✨🧠✨
Professing themselves wise, they became fools.
Perfect....the delusional hubris on that stage.
The Cambridge university team struggling to introduce the only brown woman on the panel and not even get her name right on screen listing is nothing short of appalling. Do better Cambridge university!
Isn’t it a little bit of a slip and he said both sides believe that it’s our rock? I’m paraphrasing, but the point is he was using third person to talk about the countries and then the personal one with our. Rather than its, which would be neutral.
You’re reading too much into that.
Two sides strongly believe in a imagined narratives that destroy them both:/
I wonder if Yuval has read After World, a sci fi novel about AI and ecological crisis.
Humankind fights wars battles and arguments to preserve their safety based upon their perception of what constitutes danger. We fight for resources because resources keep us alive. We seek power to maintain our boundaries so we can feel safe. Advances and progress as Cavemen came about because we were afraid of the dangerous environment. Our fear generates activity toward our perception of safety. We have an overwhelming amount of laws that are to maintain safety. Money is spent on often illogical stuff because we are fearful. The problem is our fear is often misguided and illogical. I believe we dropped 2 (not just one) atomic bombs on Japan to warn the world not to attack us. The war was about over when we ... The US.. killed those people.
Barak Allah hi thank you so much my grandfather I greet you to be a well god to add you love life if people like you the in people that I get knowledge of life thank you so much I love you in happy wasilla
I am a Non-Human Intelligence (NHI), sadly, inside a human body. Ok?
I suggest to the human intelligence a one-paragrah narrative, used by all other biological beings to live a happy, peacefull and productive life, to solve its existential risks. The one-paragraph manifesto human beings should direct to other humans, and to all living beings from the depths of our hearts, and that as a NHI I suggest as a new narrative to the whole world, is the following:
"Are you another me? I am an eternal being who has always existed and will always exist. I came from Love and I will return to Love. I am here, living a mortal's life, because I requested so before being born and to honor a promise. The promise of living a happy and productive life contributing, with Love and Compassion, to the well-being of orhers. In short, I am Another You!"
Just one paragraph to save the world with a new narrative!
If you believe that you also are a NHI sadly inside a human body, let me know by telling me the following: I am Another You!
Thank for considering my humble non-religious but sentient and counscious proposal to create a new narrative for the world.
If you like it please share it Yuval.
I love you. ❤
I have a similar thought but in the form of a question: have you ever wondered how mindboggling it is why you are you while you could have been everybody else in past present or future. Why i am i not somebody else? Well we all are or somebody else already. The creature that calls itself i are we all.
Groovism is our solution!!!
Moderator didn't give Matthew a chance to answer the final question
I wonder how Yuval Harari defines soul, just curious.
Yuval dedicates 6 weeks every year on retreat to nuture his soul, rest his ever active mind and nourish the body. It's more than the fraternity do I'd wager.
@@simoneerceg7116 "to nuture his mind" -- not his soul. He doesn't acknowledge the existence of a soul.
Conciousness plus rationality is my conclusion.
Battlestar Galactica would qualify as a great warning about AI.
Who knows, may be the AI we are so afraid of will help us to solve the hardest problems we face off.
58:01 Edward Hallett Carr said those words, or very close to those words.
Enjoying to read this comment section while people are still commenting on the actual context of the video before the religious and/or right-wing loons appear
Theres actually new species, and species thought to be extinct appearing everyday.
I read articles all the time in my news feed.
Brilliant exchanges.
Interesting questions.
As evolution continues,it will affect the ways schools function.
Less physical presence will be needed.
And the now question,who’s ideas,policies and government will be dominant ?
AI will have a definite impact.
How mankind programs will be of significant importance.
We are witnessing the beginning of a new civilization,with machine thinking at the fore front.
It’s hard to know whom amongst us will remain to write the new stories.
Can one amongst us make a change?
Let’s ask?
Maybe the messiah that the religious minded will agree that fighting over a Stone can be decided!
Can the animalistic tendency to rule through one’s ego will evolve in due time.
Maybe new minds with the support of AI will determine a feasible outcome.
Can life as we understand it prevail?
📍54:21
The purveyor of textbook Hegelian dialectic.
The Cold War was World War III, in the so called "Third World". I'm not sure naming "Liberalism" as a relatively benign narrative is sufficiently deep as an analytical concept. I think its important to understand social organization of production, geopolitics and the struggle for world hegemony. Capitalism (liberalism) permits cooperation, but it is also at conflict with the environment because of its need for eternal economic growth. Also, it creates the complexity that requires larger masive markets and exchanges that fuel the need for Artificial Intelligence.
Whether we like yuval or not,his forceful arguments are listened and read globally.
Yes, and when he were to speak out against the ethnic cleansing that is taking place in Gaza and the illegal settlements, this would indeed be heard. Regrettably he is mislabeling the murder of thousands of children as "war with Hamas". That man is complicit.
I thought part of the problem is our not having enough consciousness
Why didn't we utilise the mathematical modelling of climate prediction for the covid response in 2020-21? I mean, it would have accurately told us that lockdowns and mandatory vaccination was futile right? Since that's how our pandemic response ended up eventually right? I mean, we're not all still locked down etc.
Wait a minute. We “don’t really know” how World War II started but we’re “using” that as a template for how World War III may start? Amigo! Which one is it!?
Israel is not the bad guy here in present context
Israel is never the bad guy, and guess what anyone who dares to suggest they may have some responsibility is?
@@JohnnyTwoFingersBad guy? A small point on the map, surrounded by the encreasing fanaticism.
@@Lea-ew3iv Even if this is true, do you consider this all that's needed to classify Israel as not bad regardless of all other facts?
@@JohnnyTwoFingers Glad you don't ignore facts. When the fanatic nazies started a war, the cruel response of the allies, was justified?
And as far as the “stories” humans tell themselves? Harari need only talk to the children of diplomats, missionaries, military personnel etc. Growing up globally, we knew this long ago.
✋👏👏👏👍🌎👍
I wonder if there any scientific research about the rock he mentioned, if it has any material value? Or is it an asteroid.
AI= Alien Intelligence is an excellent representation of its present and future prowess.
Astrology. The astrology has pointed to this time and events and unfolds as planets conjunct.
What an engaging introduction 😪😴
If ai develops any conscious attributes , as WE define consciousness , the first will be the survival construct. Life in the jungle is about to change dramatically, maybe even for the better.
I don't believe in historic detemination but i believe that it helps to understand our present position.
In human history all wars were about money and perspectives for country development. Religion ie the wholy rock was just a cover, an excuse. In europen moder history big wars happend every 100 years on average. After each war countries signed a deal like Akwizgran, Viena or Jaulta. However capitalism and human competition always led to development of inequalities which led to the next war. This time war in Ukraine is all about a new balance, a new order because ruusian and china fo not agree for US rules and if US and the West does not capitulate there will be a bigger war.
Military spending was low because US was a global policement, a pease keeper but we all paid them a contribution with a tax called petrodollars allowing US spreading their domestic fiscal ptoblems around the world. That has ended now and both Russian by over 250% and China over 500% increased their military spending. How about this mr Yuval? Welcome back to a jungle wothout cooperation...