The Japanese Invasion of Manchuria of 1931-1932 | The Jiangqiao Campaign
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- Опубліковано 8 лип 2024
- This episode covers he Jiangqiao Campaign of of 1931, part of the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.
During the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the Kwantung army led by Ishiwara Kanji performed a false flag operation known as the Mukden incident. After this the Imperial Japanese Army gradually conquered vast spans of Manchuria through violence and political coercion. After the Mukden incident, the Kwantung Army attacked and captured Kirin. After this numerous major cities began collaborating with the Japanese such as Liaoyang, Yingkou, Fushun, Mukden, Siping, Dandong, Changchun, Jilin, Jiaohe and Dunhua.
Yet many Chinese would also resist the Japanese invasion, this was seen in Heilongjiang province. General Ma Zhanshan led the forces of Heilongjiang to perform a resistance, begining at the Nenjiang Bridge. Once the Japanese increased their forces, the battle moved to Qiqihar. Ma Zhanshan ultimately lost against the Japanese, but became a national hero in the process. Through his struggle more and more Chinese began to join resistance movements all over Manchuria.
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Timestamp
00:00 The Mukden Incident
01:30 Patreon
01:55 Operation against Kirin
03:30 Collaborationists
05:30 Resistance at Nenjiang Bridge
09:28 The battle of Qiqihar
11:56 Conclusion
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I am a huge fan of your content. I subscribe to your UA-cam channel as well as your podcast including the King’s and General’s Century of Humiliation play by play.
Just one note to make your content even better is for your Chinese pronunciation, maybe u could put the Chinese words into google translate and phonetically pronounce them. I think u are trying to pronounce the tones and it’s off key.
Or u could pronounce the Chinese words without tones which is acceptable because it is how English speakers say it.
Big fan of your content! Keep it up! 😊
I've missed these videos. They cover background to the Pacific War that is not seen elsewhere.
Pre-invasion Manchuria is little discussed. Though 'under warlord control' suggests a turbulent place, Manchuria under Zhang Zuolin was a booming region, becoming China's most industrialised one, and it received a lot of development investment and assistance from Japan.
Stage setting pre-history. Under the Qing (the Manchu conquerors-cum-colonisers of Ming), Han were forbidden to migrate to the Qing's Manchurian homeland as well as the homeland of their Mongol ally. This lasted until the mid 19th century upon encroachment by the Russians in Mongolia and Manchuria as Russia expanded to the Sea of Okhotsk - today's Vladivostok was little more than a Manchurian village. Bodies were needed to populate these relatively open spaces for Qing to protect the realm. A famine later in northern China resulted in even more Han migration to Manchuria. These migrations, and the one that would follow after the establishment of the Chinese Republic, utterly changed the ethnic composition of Manchuria, making the Manchu a small minority in their own homeland. Japan's aspirations to seize part of Manchuria were thwarted after the First Sino-Japanese War when France, Germany, and Russia pressured Tokyo to give up the Liaodong Peninsula it won in exchange for silver. After the Japanese departed Qing leased it to Russia, enraging Japan. In 1904 the Japanese and Russians went to war over Korea and Manchuria, and though the naval battle walkover is most remembered, the ground campaign in Manchuria was brutal, bloody, and expensive for Japan. (Wartime censorship prevented the Japanese press from reporting the ground campaign's carnage.) It was Tokyo that secretly asked Theodore Roosevelt to call for a peace conference because the IJA was a spent force and Japan was in financial trouble. The tsar wanted to continue the war (he suspected the IJA ceasing offensive ops revealed it had been overextended and severely weakened by casualties) by deploying Russia's massive western army to the east, but his French creditors refused to extend Russia any more loans. As part of the peace treaty Japan was awarded the Kwantung Leased Territory on the Liaodong Peninsula and the South Manchuria Railway in southern Manchuria. Thereafter, Japan conceived 'the Manchuria-Mongolia problem' (満蒙問題 in Japanese), a set of issues concerning Japan's protection of its special interests in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia. These were expressed in Japan's Twenty-One Demands of 1915. After negotiation with the Chinese Republic, these were reduced to thirteen and China agreed.
After the fall of the Qing emperor a dispute raged amongst Chinese nationalists about Manchuria: was it Chinese or barbarian? The independence slogan 'Drive out the foreigners' was about chiefly the Qing. Sun Yat-sen, who despised the Manchu ('Extirpate the Tartar [Manchu] Slaves, Restore the Chinese Race'), recommended ceding Manchuria to Japan in 1905 and again in 1912. Manchu nobles aimed at establishing an independent Manchu nation
after the abdication of the Emperor Puyi and massacres of Manchu by Han broke out throughout China. Han settlers in Manchuria disliked both ideas. Further, the Mongolian princes were dissatisfied with Han rule that 'jeopardised the supremacy of the Mongol feudal lords' and
were alarmed by the influx of Chinese settlers. They decided to exit the Chinese Republic by obtaining Russian support and declaring independence of (Outer) Mongolia. The fate of Inner Mongolia was up in the air. Inner Mongolian princes argued that their long-term interest lay in joining with Outer Mongolian princes in forming a new independent nation. Other princes urged Mongolians to form a nation independent of both Outer Mongolia and China. To counter Mongolia expanding south to unify with its co-ethnics, the Chinese Republic began to absorb Inner Mongolia through colonisation by ethnic Han and railway
construction. Then the army was sent. Eventually the Chinese and Russians agreed to split Mongolia, which left many Mongolians in the Chinese half dissatisfied. Inner Mongolia would become a hotbed of separatism. It wasn't the only place.
Under Zhang's rule millions of Han migrated to Manchuria to fill the labour shortfall as he built the institutions and industry to support his own conquest of China. The Kwantung Army sent advisors, troops, and funds without Tokyo's knowledge to its allies in Manchuria and Northern China. By engineering the defeats of both Guo Songling and Zhili factions, the Kwantung Army gained confidence in its ability to intervene in Manchurian/Chinese domestic politics as it pleased, and to do so in defiance of instructions by senior IJA leader and government. In the late 1920s tensions arose over what the Japanese thought were Zhang's shortcomings dealing with Chinese rivals on the mainland. He was assassinated and his son, Zhang Xueliang, took over. Zhang the younger did not share his father's desire to conquer China. Manchurian industry was restructured away from war material and to consumer goods, ones that competed against Japan's manufactures. He started building rail lines to rival Japanese-owned South Manchurian Railway, that had been developed beyond a mere railroad into a Kwantung Army-run industrial conglomerate. And, very concerning from the Kwantung Army's perspective, he aligned with Chiang's Nationalist forces against other pro-Japanese warlords, in particular those in northern China (Inner Mongolia) that was a key objective for Japan. With the takeover of Manchuria by Japan in 1931 what Zhang (and his son) built was expropriated by the Japanese.
An excellent, in-depth history of Manchuria's development under the Zhangs is the PhD dissertation by Hai Zhao, 'Manchurian Atlas:
Competitive Geopolitics, Planned Industrialization, and the Rise of
Heavy Industrial State in Northeast China, 1918-1954' - Chapters 1 and 2 are relevant. Also good, but not as good as Zhao's IMO is _War and Geopolitics in Interwar Manchuria: Zhang Zuolin and the Fengtian Clique during the Northern Expedition_ by Kwong Chi Man.
Manchuria was a laboratory of _gekokujo_ (下克上 ) - domination of a senior by a junior, i.e. insubordination, that we often see by field-grade and junior general officers in the 1920s, '30s, and '40s.
Awesome film. Comment only for algorithm.
Great Episode!
It's wild to think this is the first new video in the larger series covering the Pacific War chronologically. Then again, the Second World War is nothing if not vast. One could spend multiple lifetimes studying it, heh.
Been fascinated by WW2 since I was a kid, learn something new everyday haha.
No way new china post
wasn’t til they got the Soviet Union when Stalin sent thousands of troops to fight them off and eventually Manchuria fell into Soviet hands in 1945!
The Manchuria war of 1945 was a literal steam rolling event. The IJA were absolutely shocked by it....and it often goes overlooked that it was "most likely" the largest reason Japan chose to surrender.
What series or movie are these clips from?
Two Chinese tv series, the first is "Young Marshall" about Zhang Xueliang, the second is "battle of Jiangciao" which is loosely about Ma Zhanshan