Yes, but some of the pre WWII maps and globes after the age of the Monsters have the big whales, big octopus, big squid, and sharks on them as they were new discoveries.
@@caseysmith544 I doubt these were just art work to fill up blank ocean space. Good point. The existence of the big squid wasn't really recognized until recent history, at least this is what I remember and I also remember trying to find out info on it and couldn't. Until I was in Sarasota and saw one that wasn't huge, but it wasn't that little guy either.
While these old maps are not as accurate as modern ones, I think it is interesting that they are so accurate. An interesting video would be on how ancient explorers drew such accurate maps since they had no aerial view at all.
Quick correction. The first two maps DO NOT represent the Tenotchitlan of the Aztec Empire and the Quzco of the Inca Empire, but the Tenotchtitlan and Quzco of the Spanish Empire; the same cities during the hispanic period . And you can see it from the architecture and also because of the year it was done, decades after the conquests.
Idk about the image of Tenochtitlan, but the one of Cusco is based on Pedro Sancho's description of Incaic Cusco, he was with Pizarro when they entered the city and he wrote the first detailed account of how the city looked like, specifically at the time of the Incas. However the image in question was made decades later in Europe, based on Sancho's account (because this was pretty much the only detailed description of Cusco for a very long time, even long after it was conquered), the image was made by someone who never saw the city in question, so he drew Sasayhuaman's three rows of megalithic walls and the city's "fence" (that Sancho describes around Cusco, maybe like something seen in Machu Picchu) like European walls, etc.
Fun fact of old spanish: the letter X was pronounced as 'sh', so conquistadors would say 'Meshico'. The sound later change to a modern J sound but original topographical names remained. That's why Mexico, still with an X, is pronounced Mejico today
@@flintsky7706???? That's why Spaniards used the X instead of any other letter, then. Fun fact: The first to create a grammar for each of the languages of the Americas were the Spaniards.
considering they sighted polar bears and narwhals and later giant squid and other rare but verified creatures, who is to say the monsters weren't just badly drawn extinct animals. we have barely explored the ocean and can't presume to know of every extinct species that has ever existed.
I like old maps as well. My favorite is an old 1850's one of Australia, which still had no lines on the coast of Victoria. Last of all major lines in the atlas we know today.
My undergrad was in cartography and spatial analysis. I don't work in that field anymore, and I was more of an old globe collector, but this takes me back to history classes on the topic. Nice video.
Great video, I have an old friend who used to say "Tierra del Fuego" when leaving. It sounded like "till we meet again" in some foreign language. It still gets a chuckle.
0:12 | 1578 A.D. - South America, by Dutch cartographer Cornelius de [Yoda?] 3:45 | 1651 A.D. - Virginia Colony, by [English] mapmaker John [Far?] 4:58 | 1539 A.D. - Scandinavian and Baltic Sea/Arctic Ocean, drawn by [various?] 5:41 | 1570 A.D. - Iceland and the Arctic Ocean, [auth?] 6:53 | 1624 A.D. - Atlas of the World, "Lumen Historiarum," [auth?] 7:23 | 1738 A.D. - Map of London circa 1560, [auth?] 7:49 | 1619 A.D. - [Zalum] Province of the Nederlands, drafted by Gerardus Mercator 8:19 | 1889 A.D. - Map showing the range of North American bison, found in William T. Hornaday's book "Extermination of the American Bison" 8:54 | 1636 A.D. - Map of Far East Asia, created by [Yota] Casandes 9:24 | 1507 A.D. - "America's Birth Certificate," First Map of the New World called by name, done by [unknown] German Cartographer Got lazy to go and found everything so I put things I couldn't figure out in brackets. Last one is probably findable at Library of Congress gov site
also done in chronological order cause neat, 9:24 | 1507 A.D. - "America's Birth Certificate," First Map of the New World called by name, done by [unknown] German Cartographer 4:58 | 1539 A.D. - Scandinavian and Baltic Sea/Arctic Ocean, drawn by [various?] 5:41 | 1570 A.D. - Iceland and the Arctic Ocean, [auth?] 0:12 | 1578 A.D. - South America, by Dutch cartographer Cornelius de [Yoda?] 7:49 | 1619 A.D. - [Zalum] Province of the Nederlands, drafted by Gerardus Mercator 6:53 | 1624 A.D. - Atlas of the World, "Lumen Historiarum," [auth?] 8:54 | 1636 A.D. - Map of Far East Asia, created by [Yota] Casandes 3:44 | 1651 A.D. - Virginia Colony, by [English] mapmaker John [Far?] 7:23 | 1738 A.D. - Map of London circa 1560, [auth?] 8:19 | 1889 A.D. - Map showing the range of North American bison, found in William T. Hornaday's book "Extermination of the American Bison"
Very nice video. You missed a very nice detail on the map shown around 9:20 though :) Japan is shown horizontally, in stead of vertically. This is because the Dutch had to go of Chinese map (which showed it as seen from mainland China and not orientated northward). The Dutch were told that they'd lose all access to Deshima (the only international trading town in Japan) if they circumnavigated Japan.
I've always loved looking at maps. Not sure why but it just seems so interesting to see what other countries are like. Thanks for scratching my itch! ❤✌🇨🇦
Another interesting feature is that the name of the seen portion of the continent is named "America", not "South America" or "Suramerica". That´s because the name América was given to the whole continent, from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego. But sadly this name has been appropriated by the USA. It is also quite interesting that "Chile" is a small region that does not Include Patagonia. This is a nice document against the recurrent and false complaint of chileans that Argentina stole Patagonia from them
The map of Virginia at 4:00 reminds me of the infamous New Yorker cover showing Manhattan in detail and then the rest of the country beyond the Hudson. "Here's Virginia. The Hudson River is just a little bit this way, and San Francisco is just a little bit the other way." :D
Most Sailors used Stars to Naviagte, perhaps the monsters were actually directional markers for constellations. Head towards the Drago, then the owl bear, you'll see this island eventually. Or perhaps to mark particualalry dangerous choppy, stormy waters.
Just depends. This video took me two and a half days. The "How a Map Mistake Led to the Founding of New York City" I believe took me 15 days of full-time work because of the research that went into it. On average they probably take me 7 days of full-time work.
There’s a whole bunch of maps with Antarctica surrounding the entire world too. You should show some of them too, beings that’s what most of the old maps looked like.
Bro just imagine if you read the description of aztecs cities “Decorations of flowers and human blood, multiple sacrifices of living men a day” Id wipe them out too if I were spanish
I love how anyone talking about lake Titicaca has to reference the Animaniacs song big mentioning that it's between Bolivia and Peru. Like, it's just necessary. lol
It's funny, I've tried watching this video multiple times. I can't get past the first map without going into a rabbit hole on Google and Wikipedia, then returning. Lmao
If you wanna see the more strange wild animals, keep care our nature. Lets them living healthy. Nice work of video keep going, greeting from Malaysia🇲🇾🌍
:15 for being over 400 years old I say that map is fairly accurate. Especially considering there are nonexistent sea serpents frolicking in the water on either side of the continent.
Mention the Peri Reis maps. Peri Reis was a Turkish admiral who has almost accurate maps of the world which depicted the contents accurately. It also showed Antarctica which is shown as divided land. It also depicted the Island os Atlantis ( A legend by pluto).
Can somebody explain how they got the US so accurate in 1889. Math and a lot of exploration and perfection over the years is my guess but I wanna know for sure.
I think you just answered your own question, math and continual exploration/trial and error. They had no way of ever seeing the land from the sky looking down
That's not just all they had. But if we are to believe history, it would have been by explorers, fur trappers and soldiers riding on steam boats or horses. These places weren't empty either, they could have just asked the thousands who lived in Montana at the time. Keep asking and researching and you will find your answers. Custer took a train to Bismarck, North Dakota in 1876 and if you study what happened at the Little Big Horn you would think they had few maps and had never been there before. They give us one paddle boat but even that one doesn't seem to know where to "ferry" the men and how long it should take. However the wounded and higher ups did steam back to Bismarck in record time.
Although I can’t ever be fooked commenting on UA-cam videos, I’m half cut- and feel the author of this video may benefit from this comment somehow through “total numbers of comments” or some shite like that. So… This is a very informative video. Love auld maps. Five stars.
5:58 I was just noticing in the Lower Right corner there is 3 pieces of Fruit , one of them is longer than the other 2 . a moment later the Narrator said something about Sea Men . . . . . is it just Me whose mind works that way ?
Early Antarctica maps were a guess because it was a common belief in western Europe that there was some land mass at the bottom, but no one saw it, atleast that we know, till the late 1800s
That Ziphus monster looks like the American flag, I know there's two monsters there but still, if you hadn't said owl head, I would of thought it was an Egale head 😅
I got a question... Is there a scientific reason the continents seem to balance themselves out over the globe? I mean, suppose Antarctica was not there. Then that means the center of mass of the earth would be slightly further north. This would make the ball of water that covers the earth shift just as much northward. This would then thin out the above-water northern continents, and since the ball of water is now further northward, maybe even some of the south pole floor, where you previously took away the antarctica landmass, now shows up as dry land (since the would-be southern-most edge of the now-more-northern water ball is now Below(further north of) where the southpole land extent is now), thusly RE-balancing out the dry lands across the world. The same affect you can see would occur no matter Where you removed or added extra land to. Does anyone know if the above logic holds up accurately, scientifically?
Modern maps just aren't as fun without the monsters!
Agreed!
Yes, but some of the pre WWII maps and globes after the age of the Monsters have the big whales, big octopus, big squid, and sharks on them as they were new discoveries.
@@caseysmith544 I doubt these were just art work to fill up blank ocean space. Good point. The existence of the big squid wasn't really recognized until recent history, at least this is what I remember and I also remember trying to find out info on it and couldn't. Until I was in Sarasota and saw one that wasn't huge, but it wasn't that little guy either.
Why do you call it a monster?
5:52
Well, that's a Seahorse. Can't really argue with that
True lol
While these old maps are not as accurate as modern ones, I think it is interesting that they are so accurate. An interesting video would be on how ancient explorers drew such accurate maps since they had no aerial view at all.
meth
i mean math
They did have balloons and flight, found in many Egyptian hieroglyphics, caves and more
@@studypartner9643 they also did a lot of DMT
@@Shiodiodia nice save bro
I get a kick of old maps of North America where California is depicted as an island
Makes you wonder if it could have been an island at one time.
@@michaelfoulkes9502 Sure but, not 400 years ago
@@davidlanger3295 actual yes according to native American legend . Socal has evidence of it.
@@jameshughes131 I don’t know where you got your information but, when I researched the subject, it was ONLY the Spanish who originated this idea
@@davidlanger3295 socal has areas below sea level that was filled 400 years ago. Not to mention floods 1900s turned Cali into water ways
Old maps are works of art and I sometimes think we lose sight of that in modern cartography.
Could you analyze maps of Eastern Europe, I find it so interesting that it was pretty unknown till the age of discovery too
That last map had interesting proportions! Almost like the curve of the earth viewed from an angle
Quick correction. The first two maps DO NOT represent the Tenotchitlan of the Aztec Empire and the Quzco of the Inca Empire, but the Tenotchtitlan and Quzco of the Spanish Empire; the same cities during the hispanic period . And you can see it from the architecture and also because of the year it was done, decades after the conquests.
Idk about the image of Tenochtitlan, but the one of Cusco is based on Pedro Sancho's description of Incaic Cusco, he was with Pizarro when they entered the city and he wrote the first detailed account of how the city looked like, specifically at the time of the Incas. However the image in question was made decades later in Europe, based on Sancho's account (because this was pretty much the only detailed description of Cusco for a very long time, even long after it was conquered), the image was made by someone who never saw the city in question, so he drew Sasayhuaman's three rows of megalithic walls and the city's "fence" (that Sancho describes around Cusco, maybe like something seen in Machu Picchu) like European walls, etc.
Excellent video, lost history glad you were able to dig it up
Fun fact of old spanish: the letter X was pronounced as 'sh', so conquistadors would say 'Meshico'. The sound later change to a modern J sound but original topographical names remained. That's why Mexico, still with an X, is pronounced Mejico today
Fun fact: the letter X was also pronounced as “SH” in Nahua and most indigenous languages. You fool.
@@flintsky7706????
That's why Spaniards used the X instead of any other letter, then.
Fun fact: The first to create a grammar for each of the languages of the Americas were the Spaniards.
Just love the beauty of the design of these old maps. Works of art. 👌
So cool! The drawings of the cities is very interesting
considering they sighted polar bears and narwhals and later giant squid and other rare but verified creatures, who is to say the monsters weren't just badly drawn extinct animals. we have barely explored the ocean and can't presume to know of every extinct species that has ever existed.
Very interesting. I enjoyed your video
I like old maps as well. My favorite is an old 1850's one of Australia, which still had no lines on the coast of Victoria. Last of all major lines in the atlas we know today.
My undergrad was in cartography and spatial analysis. I don't work in that field anymore, and I was more of an old globe collector, but this takes me back to history classes on the topic. Nice video.
From where do you collect maps I mean do U buy them and yes what if we what hight resolution old maps online??!
'Several monsters are drawn on the map..'
Gonna do that like a boss in my arcgis class🌚
Deserves extra credit
Thank you for the bison herd map and your commentary; I have never seen or heard of it and feel blessed today to find the info. Thank you so much.
I've always been very interested in maps, I can point out any country on a globe instantly. Also, I can recognize nearly every single flag
Same here.
Very greatful for actual human narrator!
Something very comforting about hearing a person sharing their personal perspective and knowledge!
new to the channel. but I can't get enough of it keep up the great job!
Happy you're here! I appreciate it!
The giant that pointed to the sky is very interesting
I love old maps and depictions.
Great video, I have an old friend who used to say "Tierra del Fuego" when leaving. It sounded like "till we meet again" in some foreign language. It still gets a chuckle.
0:12 | 1578 A.D. - South America, by Dutch cartographer Cornelius de [Yoda?]
3:45 | 1651 A.D. - Virginia Colony, by [English] mapmaker John [Far?]
4:58 | 1539 A.D. - Scandinavian and Baltic Sea/Arctic Ocean, drawn by [various?]
5:41 | 1570 A.D. - Iceland and the Arctic Ocean, [auth?]
6:53 | 1624 A.D. - Atlas of the World, "Lumen Historiarum," [auth?]
7:23 | 1738 A.D. - Map of London circa 1560, [auth?]
7:49 | 1619 A.D. - [Zalum] Province of the Nederlands, drafted by Gerardus Mercator
8:19 | 1889 A.D. - Map showing the range of North American bison, found in William T. Hornaday's book "Extermination of the American Bison"
8:54 | 1636 A.D. - Map of Far East Asia, created by [Yota] Casandes
9:24 | 1507 A.D. - "America's Birth Certificate," First Map of the New World called by name, done by [unknown] German Cartographer
Got lazy to go and found everything so I put things I couldn't figure out in brackets. Last one is probably findable at Library of Congress gov site
also done in chronological order cause neat,
9:24 | 1507 A.D. - "America's Birth Certificate," First Map of the New World called by name, done by [unknown] German Cartographer
4:58 | 1539 A.D. - Scandinavian and Baltic Sea/Arctic Ocean, drawn by [various?]
5:41 | 1570 A.D. - Iceland and the Arctic Ocean, [auth?]
0:12 | 1578 A.D. - South America, by Dutch cartographer Cornelius de [Yoda?]
7:49 | 1619 A.D. - [Zalum] Province of the Nederlands, drafted by Gerardus Mercator
6:53 | 1624 A.D. - Atlas of the World, "Lumen Historiarum," [auth?]
8:54 | 1636 A.D. - Map of Far East Asia, created by [Yota] Casandes
3:44 | 1651 A.D. - Virginia Colony, by [English] mapmaker John [Far?]
7:23 | 1738 A.D. - Map of London circa 1560, [auth?]
8:19 | 1889 A.D. - Map showing the range of North American bison, found in William T. Hornaday's book "Extermination of the American Bison"
I was like, "Yoda???"
Cornelius de Jode... Jode in Dutch must mean "Of the Jews"...
Very nice video. You missed a very nice detail on the map shown around 9:20 though :) Japan is shown horizontally, in stead of vertically. This is because the Dutch had to go of Chinese map (which showed it as seen from mainland China and not orientated northward). The Dutch were told that they'd lose all access to Deshima (the only international trading town in Japan) if they circumnavigated Japan.
I cant get enough of this stuff. I love it. Great video
Your best videos, I love old maps!
I've always loved looking at maps. Not sure why but it just seems so interesting to see what other countries are like. Thanks for scratching my itch! ❤✌🇨🇦
I have had an obsession with old maps my whole life. Thank you❤️
Me too. I collect 17th and 18th century Caribbean maps
I've had an obsession with ALL maps my whole life, and that will be 50 years next month 😮
@@davidlanger3295From where do U collect it?
pure gold.
Thank you for posting.
Thanks for watching!
Another interesting feature is that the name of the seen portion of the continent is named "America", not "South America" or "Suramerica". That´s because the name América was given to the whole continent, from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego. But sadly this name has been appropriated by the USA. It is also quite interesting that "Chile" is a small region that does not Include Patagonia. This is a nice document against the recurrent and false complaint of chileans that Argentina stole Patagonia from them
The map of Virginia at 4:00 reminds me of the infamous New Yorker cover showing Manhattan in detail and then the rest of the country beyond the Hudson. "Here's Virginia. The Hudson River is just a little bit this way, and San Francisco is just a little bit the other way." :D
Most Sailors used Stars to Naviagte, perhaps the monsters were actually directional markers for constellations. Head towards the Drago, then the owl bear, you'll see this island eventually. Or perhaps to mark particualalry dangerous choppy, stormy waters.
Funny thing about the Ziphius is that an actual fish kinda did the same. The Cookiecutter Shark actually made holes in submarines 70s
Chili and Perv, my favorite places.
Love it. Thank you!!
Excellent. Check out the Piri Reis map.
Terra Incognita/Parts Unknown (RIP Ultimate Warrior 🙏💪🏽) & Here be Dragons 🐉
🐾🐻
Great video as always.
I appreciate it
The title of this video too accurately describes my idea of a good time.
Letsgoooo another one
Wow the map it is very interesting THANK you very much for having time in showing it
How long does it usually take you to make a video from start to finish?
Just depends. This video took me two and a half days. The "How a Map Mistake Led to the Founding of New York City" I believe took me 15 days of full-time work because of the research that went into it. On average they probably take me 7 days of full-time work.
There’s a whole bunch of maps with Antarctica surrounding the entire world too. You should show some of them too, beings that’s what most of the old maps looked like.
I could do this for hours, days, months, years.
Maps and Flagstaff 😊😊😊
Any big video plans when you inevitably reach 100k subscribers?
I've been thinking about that. I have some ideas but nothing set in stone yet.
@@GeographyGeek the entire history of the world, geography edition:)
@@detectivepigeon5938 that might take awhile lol
@@GeographyGeek 200k special maybe? Or go continent by continent. That might make a good series
Do you have any maps from the time of Noah or from before the flood?
Bro just imagine if you read the description of aztecs cities
“Decorations of flowers and human blood, multiple sacrifices of living men a day”
Id wipe them out too if I were spanish
You may find our antique map collation of interest....
Imagine making a trip across the Atlantic thinking you can just cut through but the map they gave you was wrong
Have you noticed the disappearance or extinction of sea dragons? I've always read about it in historical books
Emperor's new groove
I love how anyone talking about lake Titicaca has to reference the Animaniacs song big mentioning that it's between Bolivia and Peru.
Like, it's just necessary. lol
It's funny, I've tried watching this video multiple times. I can't get past the first map without going into a rabbit hole on Google and Wikipedia, then returning. Lmao
I feel you lol. That’s me everyday. It’s why it takes me weeks to make a video.
If you wanna see the more strange wild animals, keep care our nature. Lets them living healthy. Nice work of video keep going, greeting from Malaysia🇲🇾🌍
Definitely need to bring monsters back into the game
it was useful for my old map activity
M8 that has to be the most tailored to me clickbait title ever
Lesss gooo
:15 for being over 400 years old I say that map is fairly accurate.
Especially considering there are nonexistent sea serpents frolicking in the water on either side of the continent.
Like just ONE minute long , good job
This was fun, thanks
Mention the Peri Reis maps. Peri Reis was a Turkish admiral who has almost accurate maps of the world which depicted the contents accurately. It also showed Antarctica which is shown as divided land. It also depicted the Island os Atlantis ( A legend by pluto).
That's Plato. 😂
Lake WHAT?!?!
Great video thank you 👍🏻
Thank you for watching!
Can somebody explain how they got the US so accurate in 1889. Math and a lot of exploration and perfection over the years is my guess but I wanna know for sure.
I think you just answered your own question, math and continual exploration/trial and error. They had no way of ever seeing the land from the sky looking down
That's not just all they had. But if we are to believe history, it would have been by explorers, fur trappers and soldiers riding on steam boats or horses. These places weren't empty either, they could have just asked the thousands who lived in Montana at the time. Keep asking and researching and you will find your answers. Custer took a train to Bismarck, North Dakota in 1876 and if you study what happened at the Little Big Horn you would think they had few maps and had never been there before. They give us one paddle boat but even that one doesn't seem to know where to "ferry" the men and how long it should take. However the wounded and higher ups did steam back to Bismarck in record time.
Not that surprising considering the french were using the repeating circle for accurate definitions of the meter almost a century before that.
@@maximipe Thank you for the info. I'm trying to learn what I can before the books are gone and the history is completely changed. Again.
Plane table survey since the 1500's at least
Although I can’t ever be fooked commenting on UA-cam videos, I’m half cut- and feel the author of this video may benefit from this comment somehow through “total numbers of comments” or some shite like that. So…
This is a very informative video. Love auld maps. Five stars.
3:54 is not year 1635 but j635 which means after Jesus year 635. Also at 3:59 says Anno i577 which means year 577
Thank you. I like maps too..
I wonder how they used to draw maps without seeing the places from height and without photos
Charles Hapgood. Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings
Interesting how they had knowledge of giants in South America.
Here’s a challenge. Do a video about Jamaica’s history and what’s happening.
Full of lazy People
Waldseemuller Map is the last one. When the U.S. bought that map, I thought is was one of three left. Is it the only one left?
If you count the globe gores there are actually a few more.
@@GeographyGeek Thank you for the reply.
When the giant was dancing around in Patagonia was he pointing his middle finger?
Giants huh? Interesting. Makes me wonder what old explorers were smoking.
Who really knows what the world looks like we truly never will know we never see it all
Change it to monster geek bruh
0:31 look where the equator is at?
5:58 I was just noticing in the Lower Right corner there is 3 pieces of Fruit , one of them is longer than the other 2 . a moment later the Narrator said something about Sea Men .
. . . . is it just Me whose mind works that way ?
i would love to get an accurate world map , cut all the pieces out and see how all the lands fit together like a puzzle 🤔🤔🤔
7:00 Have you seen the map that originated in 1709
Early Antarctica maps basically prove we've been lied to, for a loooong time.
...how?
What u mean
Lol
Early Antarctica maps were a guess because it was a common belief in western Europe that there was some land mass at the bottom, but no one saw it, atleast that we know, till the late 1800s
I saw an old map with NY above California 🤷🏽♀️. So confusing
Add mad youtube has become greedy
That Ziphus monster looks like the American flag, I know there's two monsters there but still, if you hadn't said owl head, I would of thought it was an Egale head 😅
0:23 ironic as that's where their from
Tartarieee @ 2nd map
I thought 10 mins of map yeah right! 10 mins later... Awe it's over.
Don’t worry! More old map videos to come. Thanks for watching!
Monsters And giants? What does that got to do with a map?
Where do you buy your maps?
RareMaps.com but I don’t own very many originals. It’s an expensive hobby.
O mundo antigo conhecido era pequeno e era aqui no nordeste do Brasil. Conheço a ilha ,Hy. Brazil
I got a question... Is there a scientific reason the continents seem to balance themselves out over the globe?
I mean, suppose Antarctica was not there. Then that means the center of mass of the earth would be slightly further north. This would make the ball of water that covers the earth shift just as much northward. This would then thin out the above-water northern continents, and since the ball of water is now further northward, maybe even some of the south pole floor, where you previously took away the antarctica landmass, now shows up as dry land (since the would-be southern-most edge of the now-more-northern water ball is now Below(further north of) where the southpole land extent is now), thusly RE-balancing out the dry lands across the world.
The same affect you can see would occur no matter Where you removed or added extra land to.
Does anyone know if the above logic holds up accurately, scientifically?
ah, i want to draw maps like these. how can i learn it? i would appreciate it if anyone helps.
The way you say potato. Makes me feel so American with you. We’re Kin.
No more than humans knew at that time in history, I doubt if it's important .
How do you know they wernt accurate and the sea monsters did actually existed an was bigger than islands
Don't you DARE utter the name Montezu-
Please add English subtitle
Pause more, Cuzco went too fast