What to know about Punishment in dog training? (oooh hotdogs!)

Long format discussion from 'Ooooh hotdogs' IG post.
What are the limitations to counter-conditioning? When is teaching and enforcing alternative behaviors the better approach?
Under what circumstances are punishers most effective, and why in other circumstances are they not as? What should we keep in mind when considering punishment as an operational procedure in our training? And how does mood and emotion impact its efficacy?

[@andriano22]

Punishment for the own happiness¿?????? Positive or negative what for, do you wanted to make a soldier for invade Mars¿??????? You don't need to condition anyone

[@joefish6546]

Very complicated, but i think in a nutshell, punishing such as an e collar nick won't overcome a behavior that has been established. But redirecting the behavior to something else will. For example train your reactive dog to come to a strict heal when they see another dog to try to override the explosive barking response.