Backcountry Water Treatment, Part 6: Ultraviolet Disinfection
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- Опубліковано 13 лип 2024
- This video is Part 6 in a series on Backcountry Water Treatment methods.
It is a discussion of Ultraviolet light’s germicidal capacity and the disinfection capabilities of available UV products, including the Steripen. Topics include the relative effectiveness against different pathogen types (cyst, bacteria, viruses), the effect of water condition on performance, safety hazards involved with UV devices, and issues regarding proper use for making water as safe as possible.
View the full Backcountry Water Treatment series here:
• Backcountry Water Trea...
Index
00:11 Introduction
00:51 Ultraviolet Light
01:58 UV Disinfection Overview
02:43 Turbidity
04:11 Electronic Device Issues
05:05 Battery Life
06:31 Mercury Arc Lamps
08:39 Pathogen Reduction
10:57 Cryptosporidium
11:24 Lamp Brightness
12:26 Water Temperature
12:52 Residual Protection
14:00 Dark Repair
14:56 Excystation vs Infectivity
15:48 Steripen Performance
16:29 Effect of Turbidity
18:02 EPA Standard and Proxy Organisms
20:53 Adenovirus
23:34 Repeated UV Doses
24:27 Low Battery Voltage
26:01 Published Steripen Study
27:53 Intensity vs Time
29:25 Bottle Type and Agitation
32:23 Proper Agitation
34:50 EPA Standard is a Minimum
35:52 Home Experiment
37:36 UV Light Exposure
40:23 UV LED Bottles
41:52 Stagnation Tests
43:43 Summary
Oddly enough I emailed Steripen's customer service last week after noticing that I can't find any in stock. Here was the reply,
"Thank you for your email.
The supply chain issues that are effecting a lot of industries are also effecting the Steripens.
We are hoping we will have more Steripens in stock to get to our outdoor retailers, but I don't know exactly when.
Late August at the earliest most likely.
It is the computer chips and some other components that are the problem.
Depending on the model you are looking for, some of them are more readily available than others.
Steripen is not being discontinued."
Good to know! Thanks!
They also have a high failure rate judging by the reviews I read on REI
Your series is a college-level yet very accessible and understandable course on water-borne pathogens and how backpackers can best protect against them. I’m not aware of any other resource like yours in any medium: lecture or writing. THANK YOU for doing this.
Thank you very much! That means a lot.
You Sir have earned your Engineering Doctorate in Skepticism. So glad to have found your channel. At first, I thought I would skip through the long vids, but it's impossible not to appreciate every detail you have uncovered that takes the “marketing” terms we are fed from manufacturers and agencies to see the truth. Thank you for your “rabbit hole” dedication to bringing real information to light.
Thanks so much! I fully understand how the length is not for everybody. No harm in skipping around, but there are at least a few who want all the dirty details 😉
This is the most relaxing and palatable way of getting this information while also diving into the science behind it. 10/10 love it and hope to see more
Thank you! That is very kind.
Your info is unparalleled. Thank you for putting this out there and doing the extensive research you do. I work in water treatment and I have been able to learn from your content. Also, I’d say that this is a series that all backpackers and even overseas travelers should watch. Being skeptical about your gear is smart. Gaining knowledge on “why” one product works or not is indispensable.
Thanks! That’s generous of you and I do appreciate it!
Awesome video, you laid everything out, no bs. When in the Backcountry I like the piece of mind of having fail-safes and backups. I could see it going in a kit with a saywer a charcoal filter, and chems as backup. Using a 3 stage setup with UV as the last stage, it could theoretically give you removal of bacteria, cysts, viruses, metals, plastics, and chemicals. This would give you flexibility as to what water you could drink. With a battery bank and a portable solar panel you can extend the life considerably or indefinitely until the unit goes bad. The biggest benefit for me, since I'm paranoid, is the piece of mind. With filters you wouldn't know if it was actually working in the field, it could freeze accidentally or it has a manufacturer defect. Chemicals take time and without a watch you might not wait enough, or waste time waiting. With UV you literally see it working, (with safety glasses of course). This is the biggest pro of one of these for me. Yeah it may be a pain, it may be dead, it may break, but I will know that it's not working. I can adjust accordingly without risking drinking contaminated water without knowing. This is more of a survivalist take on it rather than ultralight.
Agreed! There’s some nice aspects to UV, for sure, and it could work really well in a system lie you describe.
I found this channel when Mark Young gave you a "shout out" on his UA-cam outdoor channel. He rightly stated, "you can go as deep as you want into the subject of water treatment, probably more than most of us will ever need to know." After watching the series, I am happy to say that this is true and that I appreciate your effort in gathering, compiling, and presenting so much information in one place. For us, there is enormous value in what you have created. I relocated to the Republic of the Philippine Islands eleven years ago. Water, water everywhere; however you dare not drink a drop unless you test first or treat. Water issues are exacerbated by flood emergencies during and after typhoons. I can go on and on, but I am sure any reader with knowledge of SE Asia has some idea about the challenges of contaminated water and insect-borne disease in this region. Next step, whack the subscribe button and let my friends and acquaintances know about this excellent information source.
Thank you so much! I really am glad if any of it can help, and I appreciate your kinds words!
Yours is one of the few channels that I am willing to sit through an hour "lecture". I always learn something new. Thank you.
Thanks very much! I really mean it at the end when I always say I appreciate your time. It means a lot in this busy world.
As someone who is trying to get into back country back packing, I find these very informative videos to be of the most valuable sources!
Thank you for all your hard work in assembling this information and presenting it to the community. Cheers!
You are most welcome!
As someone planning a hike across all of Japan, I greatly appreciate your videos, the amount of work you've put into them, and your attention to detail. I'll give you a shout out when I'm on the trail! 👣
Comment for the Algo. This channel is awesome, there is nothing like it, you should watch it.
Thanks! 😁
It cracks me up that the series on water treatment was so often encroached upon by the sound of water from the outside. Wonderful series. I've been (nervous about) but in love with my Steripen + chemical backup until now. I may need to revisit that as a system...I think.
This channel is like no other in quality and the information it offers thank you, and keep up the good work!
Thank you! Very kind, and I really appreciate it.
I’ve used a SteriPen Ultra on several kayak camping trips, filtering clear lake water in the Adirondacks. Even when used by itself my partner and I stayed free of whatever pathogens may have affected us otherwise. However, on the last couple of trips I have started to prefilter with a Sawyer mini just to be safe. I’d like to note that the SteriPen has never failed to operate properly, but understanding it’s limitations is a must. I keep it in my emergency “go bag” at home, along with the Sawyer.
Thank you, Gear Skeptic, for your outstanding contribution to wilderness safety and nutrition! 🪶
Your video on caloric density and what actually is ultralight food was amazing! This one on UV treatments is well researched and eye opening. I’ve never used a UV treatment system. Not sure if I would. Thanks for another thorough video to help us sift through the mine field of gear out there!
Thanks!
It’s entirely criminal you ‘only’ have 16k followers.
I’ve watched every minute of your videos and they utterly fantastic. So useful!
Well done and keep it up! Just about to see if you have a patreon page for some more support.
Thank you! I like to say that a small, but well-curated audience is best!
No Patreon, but the thought is appreciated!
It seemed wen people did reviews in the past they gave it steller reviews. This sounds more practical. NICE JOG.
Just wanted to say I've been through most of your videos now and they are excellent, as someone with a chemistry background it can be so frustrating being presented with all the uncited pseudoscience out there and I appreciate all the time you put into doing proper research.
Thank you! That really means a lot!
Quality over quantity.
I can't wait to see where this channel will be a year from now!
One of the very few times I've rung the bell to make sure I don't miss anything.
Thanks! I do appreciate it. At this rate, a year from now is just a few more videos 😳
Thank you for another wonderful episode in the series!
Great timing. I've watched all of your vids in the last fortnight! 🏞🇦🇺
Dude please keep putting out the videos I live for this knowledge
As ever, a brilliant piece of investigation into the efficacy of various water treatments - thanks 😃
Great work! Thank you for putting in the hard work and making this topic accessible for everyone. This series taught me a ton about water quality.
Great to see a new video! Will dedicate some time to this tonight, looking forward to it :)) thanks again for producing some great content mate
Wow. Comprehensive as usual.
Thanks much!
OUTSTANDING! THANKS.
You’re most welcome!
Thank you for another great informative video. I did miss your opening montage though!
Been looking forward to this vid!
Some of our high country in Australia has wild brumbies and always hesitant with water source.
thanks for your curiosity, your effort, and sharing your findings.
My pleasure! I always hope it helps.
This was an exceptional series! Very thorough and comprehensive. I only wish I had seen it prior to making a recent filter purchase.
Sweet!
it's a start to a great day when gear skeptic posts!
😁
I absolutely love your work - Thank You! It is very much appreciated.
Thank you, and I appreciate you saying so!
WooHoo New Video 😍👏🏼👏🏼👏🏼😁
I really don't know of another source that brings such debated topics in the digestible way it is presented. I salute you for taking away urban legends and sometimes plain stupidity. I thoroughly enjoyed the series and the info they provide. Keep up the good work :)
Thank you! I really appreciate that.
How do you only have 7656 views as of this date? Wow. You hooked me to all your videos. Fascinating and I’m learning something at the same time. Since I have a UV pen, Sawyer, Quckdraw and a Grayl as well as Aqua tabs before watching any of these I guess I am covered. Each has its own best use.
You are one of the best youtube channels I know. Amazing series. Watched some of your videos twice because it’s so detailed and I don’t want to miss any writing notes along the way.
I was wondering if you’re going to make another video comparing different products and combinations of methods. A spreadsheet with a couple of leading products and there log redactions for each pathogen would be absolutely amazing.
Love your content please keep up with the great work!!
Another great vid here. Been working on some UVC ideas. Maybe even commercially viable. But one thing i always bring if I'm in canyon country is a flocculant. I have used Alum to great effect but recently switched to “Water Wizard for River Runners”. Its Polyaluminum Chloride (PACL) or “PAC” for short. I always carry a collapsible bucket, small squirt from the syringe, stir and wait about 20 minutes and it will turn the Dirty Devil clear!
Good to know! I do want to experiment with those eventually.
Brilliant. Thanks so much for taking the time and effort to do the thinking and research the rest of us should do but don’t have the time. 🤓👍🇦🇺
You’re most welcome!
your videos are on another level of quality, they are amazing! thank you so much for all this information! I would love to see a video about the P&G Puri Bag, and their performance in the infamous cow puddle.
Interesting! I had not seen the Puri Bag. I will definitely go read up on it. Thanks much!
Poor Wyatt. Very much liked the presentation and depth of information. OK, what is Part 7 going to be about. Thanks!
Good video, well done. Bit of critical feedback and some information missing though. The guidelines used to establish the performance of the steripen only (or used to) refers to NTU. The drinking water guideline, US EPA UV DGM, clearly refers to UVT as the superior parameter, and that statstical and comprehensive testing must be performed to use NTU as a surragate for UVT. NTU on its own is meanginless. In Australia, we have lots of trees and plants that readily release tannins ( dissolved organics) into the water, which makes the UVT abysmally low.
As a practical example of how significant UVT affected by dissolved organics, i like to campare a glass of tap water with a glass of sprite (or clear sugered soft drink). Both will have low colour and low NTU. However, One will have an acceptable UVT, the other will be so low, it makes UV treatment very difficult.
Typo in "expsoure" at 47:55 in FYI. Good video. Thank you.
Bah. I always miss at least one!
I really appreciate your thorough videos. I'm curious of the make/model of your small virus filter. I don't recognize it.
Lots of good info in this series. Does anyone have a table that would summarize the individual products or classes of products? The first take away is there isn't a silver bullet for a single lightweight product that handles viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Not a fan of gravity systems. Leaning toward combining chlorine dioxide & microfilter. Cheers!
As with the previous 5 videos in the series, an excellent presentation. I've superficialy encountered all of these methods in the course of my career without ever considering their suitability at the time for backpacking use. I very much appreciate the systematic analysis and comparative evaluation which gives me the basis to make rational choices according to the attitude to risk. Many thanks for all your hard work.
Thanks much!
One thing I picked up from commenters: they point out that as it gets below freezing, the relative merit of UV increases. Hollow fiber filters can be in danger of freeze damage, and the reaction rate for chemical treatment becomes excessively long. So, some begin to prefer UV in that environment.
@@GearSkeptic Useful information.
In my working environment it was recontamination of the liquids after sterilisation that was the primary issue. Clean air environments, autoclaved clothing, sterile gloves and plentiful supplies of disinfectant and 70% ethanol might be hard to find on the trail. To my mind the principles of aseptic technique become even more important.
7:13 As an Army vet this is so true 🤣 At the TOC's SCIF ECP they'd check your CAC, and if the SM didn't have it they'd be SOL, unless your PL was there to vouch for you. Glad I have my DD-214 now
As a non-American, non-English speaker and unfamiliar with the military terminology, I had to ask ChatGPT (4) to clarify your comment. 😛 Here it is for other interested:
“As an Army veteran this is so true 😂 At the Tactical Operations Center’s Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility Entry Control Point they’d check your Common Access Card, and if the Service Member didn’t have it they’d be Shit Out of Luck, unless your Platoon Leader was there to vouch for you. Glad I have my Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty now.”
Thank you. Very interesting and some new information for me. E.g. I didn't know about the mercury. I've been using Steripen Ultralight for years. I've been very happy with it. It's practical and it really is light because my backup is water purification tablets (2 grams) and first of all: fire. I also carry a powerbank for my camera gear regardless. And the risk of getting sick here in Finland is quite low anyway. Some backpackers drink straight from the lakes and rivers although the health officials recommend against it.
I stir the water in a metal pot or kettle. I'm assuming that the light bounces a bit from the reflective surfaces before escaping which should make it more effective. And the shapes of the containers are quite optimal for high intensity of the light. But in any case, I'm not too worried about the effectiveness.
Filters with activated carbon adsorb viruses as well. That's why a couple of backpacking filters on the market are claimed to be water *purifiers* and not just filters even though they do not filter smaller particles than the Sawyer Squeeze. And Sawyer does have a water purifier that I have not tried yet, it's the *S3 dual filter system* . The key feature is it's *adsorption* that removes particles that are smaller than the filter matrix via ion exchange. I'm not an expert, just putting this on the table for people to look into.
I notice that norovirus is not on any of the list talked about and that is the virus of concern on the PCT in the state of Washington at the present time although no one has scientifically identified it on the PCT but there was an outbreak in Northern Washington that was identified as coming from eating raw clams just a couple of months ago and it might be the same source as it can survive on surfaces for 2-3 months depending on material and temperature. Norovirus is the #1 suspect considering the previous outbreak and the symptoms and length of infection and maybe historical outbreaks in the area(?) I would not worry to much about extra zapping if no one on a busy trail is getting sick . . .
If there is only a 100 miles section of the trail that is suspect do not use it on non-suspect water in order to save the bulb and the battery. Pretty much everyone carries an extra 20,000mA battery.
Aluminum bottles REFLECT UV light so it might be best to use aluminum bottles that are unpainted on the inside. Acrylic absorbs the most UV and plastic bottles might only absorb 50%. Get a UV camera to test. If so then wrapping the bottle in Aluminum foil would help.
Check out this video by Veritasium where he uses a UV camera on plastic soda bottles and they do not absorb UV light unless something in the bottle is absorbing it. ua-cam.com/video/V9K6gjR07Po/v-deo.html . . . Physics Girl has a similarly edutaining video as well.
Check out Part 4 in the water treatment series for information on viral threats tested in the backcountry, and Part 5 discusses carbon filters and adsorption, including the Sawyer S3.
@@GearSkeptic Apparently I already had because when I found it, it started from the end (I am subscribed after-all) so I started again from the beginning and and as I watched I remember seeing it all before . . . it's both informative and entertaining and even funny at times. The only reason I revisiting this is because of the incidences in Washington that causing at least one business to close his service to PCT hikers because so many of them are sick. So far though everyone has recovered over a few days . . . and of course that got a few conversation going . . .
Another great video. Throughout this whole series you have mentioned that you may want to use an additional method or use a method twice if the water source is of worse quality. I would be really interested in a video that breaks down how to judge the approximate contamination level of water while out in the back country. You have mentioned that having cows or beavers nearby the source can cause increased contamination. What other things can a backpacker lookout for when searching for quality water?
That’s a great question! Without testing ability or field information (like word from the ranger’s office that a particular area is compromised), I think you mostly have to rely on visual clues and the surrounding environment.
The rough guidelines I’d use to engage secondary measures would be:
Cloudy water (pre-filter)
Presence of grazing animals, possibility of fecal contamination (viral precautions like chemical, UV, or heat backup)
Presence of runoff from urban, farm, or factory (activated carbon post-filtration for chemicals)
Some cisterns maintained for hikers can have dead animals floating (viral precautions)
Basically, if the water seems untainted by runoff, doesn’t show evidence of being infected by animals, and looks clear/smells fine (which is actually a lot of what you come across in the wilderness), I just use a bacterial-level micro filter like my Sawyer. That could, technically, still fail you because viruses might be present in otherwise pristine-looking water, but it seems like an acceptable compromise and so far hasn’t gotten me sick.
Hope that helps!
I purchased a steripen for "winter use". For me, that means trips where daytime temperatures may be below freezing. I'm OK with the idea of sleeping with my Befree/squeeze during the shoulder season, but once it gets to freezing all day long, I don't want to have to keep up with keeping it warm.
I don't get enough snow to melt for water and from your other videos, all the chemicals take substantially longer to work at near freezing temperatures which concerns me.
I've played around with the steripen accessories including a green funnel and prefilter that sites on top of the nalgene, but I found these awfully heavy for what little they do. One option I've considered is using something like a millbank bag to pre-filter the water. It wasn't hard to find a food grade 5 micron filter that I might be able to turn into something like that. If I were on the CDT full of nasty cow ponds, I might consider something like the Puribag and flocculant, but I just can't see myself taking the time to actually use it unless the source was really awful looking.
Yah, for me the problem with flocculents is having to sit still to let it settle. At least chemicals work on the go.
That’s an interesting point about freezing temps.
Maybe for a pre-filter bag, check out nut milk bags. The come in a variety of sizes and are made with a very sturdy nylon mesh (washable, reusable). For even finer micron options, the essential oils craft has press bags. I’m looking into those for how well they might fit into a system.
@@GearSkeptic I know of at least one hiker that was using a filter intended for making biodiesel, but that was some years ago and I don't remember the specifics.
The Larq bottle might provide persistent protection with the 6 second treatment every 2 hour after using the Adventure setting.
This is a diligently researched and analyzed video series. However, it begs the question, what is your personal protocol for water treatment in various situations? Could you please share it with us?
Because my trips are almost always national or state parks that remain fairly wild, I don’t typically bring carbon filters or worry about chemicals.
For the strictly biological, I just carry a Sawyer Mini and some Katadyn tablets (for if the water looks skeezy).
i hope some company can develop a submersible uv led that fits through traditional water bottles
Really fantastic video. Did your previous videos on chemical water treatment address the impact on ones gut biome?
Thanks!
No, it did not cover that. In all the research, I never actually saw anything on that particular topic.
@@GearSkeptic what made me think about that is you or someone mentioning the chemical treatment continues to work even after the recommended wait time. Makes sense it would impact gut flora.
Wow… I came across your channel yesterday and have been binging your channel… you are amazingly thorough… if you want another rabbit hole to go down you could look at pretreatment of questionable water with things like flocculation solutions.
Thanks! I've looked a little bit a flocculants. The problem I have with them for the moving hiker is that they require quite a bit of still time to let the solution settle.
Not sure if this came up in the video, but my only reason for ever buying the steripen was to use it in freezing temperatures in place of a filter to avoid to risk of my filter freezing.
Looks like the steripen is slightly less effective in colder temperatures, but should be fine as long as the water source isn't too turbid or terribly contaminated.
I've only used it on one winter trip so far, but it worked fine.
Other than the winter time, yeah, it's probably not preferable to a filter in most cases, due to all the cons you mentioned.
I like that point. Chemical gets slower in cold a lot faster than UV. So, the closer to freezing you get, the better UV looks.
Just be careful with your batteries. Lithium cells are much better in the cold than alkaline (in case you got a Classic).
Love the series, but when is part 7, the one with the summary and bundling options based on risk tolerance?
Not sure. Working on stove efficiency right now. Probably need to wait until everything is not frozen to get back to water filters.
@@GearSkeptic looking forward to it.
Thanks for all the excellent videos!
I always bring Aquatabs for backup
Every video I watch on this channel i
think: what did this guy do before he ( one can only assume) retired,? Current best guess is mechanical engineer in some pharmaceutical or other clean process production context.
I'm disappointed someone else has watched this before me. Thanks, @gearskeptic
The video Personal Hygiene For Soldiers U.S. Army says boil water for 10 minutes. Why can't you just get on board. Thank you for all effort you put into this.
Cuz I’m “that guy” around the campfire! 🥸
The use-case for me when it comes to UV systems is as a reliable solution for pretty short trips, places I can easily take water, but would like a solution that should I need to employ it, doesn't need maintenance when I get home. I have a couple trips I do every year where this is a possibility, there is tank water available should I need it, but I'd like to treat it. I can use one of my filters, but then I need back-flush/drying time. This is a concern when the relative humidity isn't going to drop below 80% for a few months. It's also an easy solution in the case of a boil-water advisory. In fact in Australia, UV-based home water treatment isn't rare. Not the most common, but I've seen a few around.
That’s a good point! You’ve got me thinking about bringing the pen on day hikes. I’ve experienced that reluctance to get my filter wet for just a short trip. And, battery life approaches being a non-issue. Thanks!
Regarding inverting the bottle with the Steripen, I did this and had my pen fail after about 100 days of use. When I returned it to Katadyn I got an email back saying the device was full of water and very corroded inside. It had never been submerged or rained on. Water could have only come from leaking past the rubber stopper.
Ah, good to know. Thanks!
If it sounds too cool to be true then it usually is. Only used mine once on a short trip.
Some people have said they find UV more appropriate as the temperature gets very cold. Filters can freeze and chemicals begin to take an extremely long time.
Providing you’re using lithium batteries for the cold, it’s an interesting idea. But, I don’t carry mine regularly.
Tell us more of what the Lord hath said from the top of the mountain !
..
Always impressive .. I am but your vassal hoping to gleam some knowledge from your cogent depths
☺️
What about water distillation?
Is it possible to remove all harmful materials(pesticide, heavy metals, chemicals, viruses...) from water on hiking that is also practical?
There was an incident years ago in my country where vinyl chloride(number 1 cancer inducing chemical in eu) got into a deep water reservoir which was used by a local mineral water packaging plant. Which really questions my decision on what sources of body of water worth to use as a source and treatment that worth using on hiking.
I’ve done some looking, but haven’t found a practical option for backpacking. The metal vessels required tend to be large and heavy, and it is a very energy-intensive process that requires a huge amount of heat for a very small amount of water.
Do you know if there's a way for the average person to test what pathogens are in a a container of water from a source in the back country before and after one filters/purifies it?
I don’t. There are home tests, but the bacterial part takes 48 hours to get results.
OK. first, don't try to treat mud. 1 Filter the muddy water through your t shirt until clear / cloudy . 2 Then a micro fiber filter , 3a chemical treatment , 3b then carbon filter to remove the taste OR 4 heat treatment until pasteurized, .
At the muddy dam, I would dig a small hole 3 ft or more from the water edge to below the waterline and remove all the water. When it refills I would empty it again, and again until the water is clear Then collect and filter and treat the water.
I watched this and had a moment of sadness when I realized that I have run through all of your content. Since you have sciencified everything, I wonder if you'd consider a series on the point of efficiency of other backpacking choices, like base weight's effect on speed and calorie burn. I'm sure you could apply some fuzzy math to arrive at a percentage of TBW before pack weight affects performance. Or, as your name indicates, a series of shorter videos looking at the claims of a broader category of backpacking equipment with a skeptical eye. Sleep pads and the R values that everyone relies on, for example.
All good ideas! I do have some research started on calorie burn including the effects of pack weight, speed, and altitude change, as well as temperature.
I’ve also got ideas for stove fuel efficiency, first aid supplies, and camp tools (among others). So many topics! It just takes me a long time…
@@GearSkeptic Totally fair. Your articles flow like thesis level analysis, which anyone who has any experience with that would knows takes a long, long time to research and compile information on, let alone the analysis and organization phase.
48:30 Wait, what is that "71 gram filter"?!
I watched/listened to all six hours of your discussion, but didn't catch which filter that is.
Probably just me, but I lost your conclusion in all of the detail.
It's the Aquamira Frontier Max RED line filter, discussed in the Part 5 video on activated carbon filters.
@@GearSkeptic Thanks. I found it at 22:55 in Part 5.
So do you use this with Cl02? Or are you planning a Part 7 to discuss best practices?
I always bring a sheet of tablets as a backup, but mainly rely on a Sawyer microfilter. I put a Platypus carbon filter in my kit for post-filtration treatment, mainly for taste if necessary.
If I knew I had both chemical and viral concerns, I’d swap the Sawyer for the Aquamira, and keep some tablets for backup anyway. There is always heat, too, if I run out of other options.
@@GearSkeptic Excellent. Thanks again.
In your research, did you happen to find a good way to remove fluorine from tap water? I know it's slightly off-topic, but you've done a ton of research, so thought I'd ask.
I've mostly found expensive three-stage filters, but never really found a setup that I am likely to use. I'd love something small and portable. Like a Brita, but better.
Nope. Nothing for fluoride.
Sound issue?
No
@@awatt think I was ahead of the curve and YT hadn't completely processed. Working now.
@@medscript88
Sometimes I can't get the sound and there are many comments. UA-cam is weird at times
I thought you might mean the low fan noise in the background. It was 110 degrees in my shop, and I was melting!
4:20 Looks like it should be ribbed for the microbes' pleasure
I think you have one area still unexplored: oxygen water treatment. See you in 3 months.😉
😏
Why not just put your bottle of water in the Sun? Natural UV, and you don't need gadgets that use batteries.
For those times when there is no sun, or you don’t want to wait all day for a drink of water.
@@GearSkeptic if you are so unprepared that you haven't prepared for hydration, it's doubtful you will survive.
I think it's a great idea assuming you plan ahead, have a very clear water bottle and the water isn't too cloudy.
@@azteacher26 dehydration is more of an issue than worrying about terbidity.