How to Speak Proto-Indo-European (corrections in the description)
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- Опубліковано 26 жов 2012
- CORRECTIONS:
1: What I'm doing for the "x" sound isn't very accurate at all. It should sound softer.
2: We don't actually know whether PIE long and short vowels differed ONLY in length. They might have also been pronounced a little bit differently.
3: "vocalized" is not the word I mean here. The word for it is "voiced."
4: Voiced aspirated plosives aren't actually produced with an unvoiced interval, they're produced with a "breathy voiced" interval. What I mean by "breathy voiced" is a little complicated, but the point is it's technically neither voiced nor unvoiced.
More accurate PIE sample starts at 8:54.
This video teaches you how to recite a short story in Proto-Indo-European. For more on learning Proto-Indo-European, check out these guys: dnghu.org/
How the Basques managed to preserve their non-Indo-European language is totally puzzling to me.
Mad props to them. Although I once had to buy firewood from a guy who only spoke Basque with a few words of French thrown in and it was _no fun!_ 😅
Kaixo, nire izena polita da!
I would have thought that such a small speaking population, for such a very long time, the language would've gone extinct! It's kind of sad too.
There are smaller speaking populations, look at the Maltese, Icelanders or Faroer...but they're living on islands.
Mountains?
Hungarian and Finnish and Estonian is even more surprising. Years of being oppressed, forced to not speak their native language, and being mostly surrounded by different cultures, yet they came out with almost no influence from other languages
Wow, “Reks” meaning King sounds so like “Rex” (Latin) “Raaja” (Hindi) “Roi” (French) “Rey” (Spanish) and “Ri” (Irish)
Spanish and French are both descendants of Latin so "rey" and "roi" are just "updated" versions of the latin word "rex".
and "Rex" in Penghripusch
also deibos being a cognat of dios
In irish its rí with a sineadh fáda
And Rich, Reign, Royal, Regal, and Right
1. Indo-european: "suxnus moi gnyotam!"
Lithuanian: "sunus man gims!"
Samogitian-lithuanian: "sunus mon gyms!"
2. Indo-eu: "ixgeswo deiwom Weruno"
Lith: "melskis(?) dievui Verunai"
3. Indo-eu: "kludhi moi, pter Werune!"
Lithuanian: "klausyk manes, teve Verunai!"
4. Indo-eu: "deiwos Werunos kmta diwos egwet"
Lith: dievas Veruna krenta is(?) dangaus(diwos)
5. Indo-eu: "Tod estu, weukmet loukos deiwos Werunos"
Lith: "Te(gu)(gul) esti (buna), atsako(?) sviesus(?) dievas Veruna"
Some words are still more or less similar during thousands of years and not so difficult to understand if you read and compare them.
Cool
Because lithuanian is the oldest european language while the others have evolved
We still use
Deiva - Deity
Varuna - Name of a deity
Patni - wife
LIthuanian is artificial language, created in 19 century.
@@user-mw7zq2bt5k The first written records for the Lithuanian language were found in the 16th century AD. So calling it the oldest language is an over the top statement. We cannot know how old it really is, since there are no records before this point.
Some of the vast number of similarities between Sanskrit and lithuanian
Lithuanian - Sanskrit - English
sūnus- sunus - son
vyras - vira - man
avis - avis - sheep
dūmas - dhumas - smoke
padas - padas - sole
ugnis - agnis - fire
Just for the heck of it, a few Germanic siblings:
Gothic: sunus
Gothic: wair, English: werewolf (literally "man-wolf")
Gothic: awis, German: Aue (although with a different meaning)
Gothic: dauns
Gothic: fotus (through p -> f)
@Lucy Ferro the same (almost) in Russian:
syn - сын (syn, the same)
mężczyzna - мужчина (muzhchina, pronounced as mushshina)
owca - овца (owca, the same again)
dym - дым (dym, the same)
podeszwa - подошва (podoshwa)
ogień - огонь (ogon')
@@alwaysdreaming9604 I became speechless seeing the similarities. I'm Bengali language speaker which originated from Sanskrit.
@@souvikgoswami9824 hello mate. I'm Marathi speaker.
@@user-vo8ep8jz8cglad to hear that. But I'm worried about MARATHI language which declined 78 to 70 percent in MH and Hindi increased 6 to 12 percent in MH. Everyone should use his or her mothertongue. They are un luckiest person who thinks instead of mother tongue other language use is trends and he had to follow it. Our mother tongue our pride. जय महाराष्ट्र ।।
And to answer your other question, my understanding is that Lithuanian, like PIE and Attic Greek, isn't fully tonal like Chinese but rather has a system of pitch accent. This is to say that whereas in Chinese all syllables in all words must have one of several tones, in Lithuanian and the others SOME syllables in SOME words were differentiated using pitch and volume. Notably, in Lithuanian volume is actually the more noticeable property, so "pitch accent" is rather misleading.
RE YOU TRYING TO TALK ABOUT sUPRASEGMENTAL ELEMENTS? iF YOU ARE GOING TO DELVE INTO LINGUISTICS USE THE SCIENCE OF LINGUISTICS AND TIGHT PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTIONS
I love languanges.
+Exchange93 People in Georgia speak English, nice try, guy.
Exchange93 There's no such thing as Georgian. People in Georgia speak English.
Haven't you seen the Walking Dead?
+ilvonful
Not sure if sarcasm or not. Either way, Georgia is a real country in the Caucasus with a real language. It neighbors Russia, Armenia and Turkey.
Oh, and Azerbaijan as well.
Patrick Burke
Try all you want but i know it in my heart Georgia is a US State
nice try troll
Basque, Estonian, Finnish and Hungarian are the only languages in Europe that have no connections with indoeuropean languages.
+Juutube989 i think there are probably a few others, but you named all the major ones
+Juutube989
maltese
+Juutube989 And Sami
+Nordic Countries are the best Oh, then what the heck Finnish is?
Rovi3 Finnish, Estonian and Sami are part of the Finno-ugric language family.
Finland is a bilingual country though (Finnish and Swedish). And the Samis have no official country but are spread all over the northern Fennoscandia.
Weruno = Varuna
A god of hindus.
Damn, the similarities!
Werunos also reminds me of the god Uranus. Wonder if that's a coincidence or not
+Oliver Smith
Kwi = Qui (latin)
"suxnum" reminds me to "Sou" in my dialect (austro- bavarian german) that is a word vor "son", in high- german "Sohn"
+uditt lamba In the Indian languages e and o merged with a, for example the word for "six" has an "e" sound in most European languages (German sechs, Czech šest, Latin sex, Greek hexi, Lithuanian šeši), so it's possible that the word "Weruno" is reconstructed from Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages (the ending "s" in "Werunos" turned into a "h" sound in Sanskrit and disappeared in the Indo-Aryan languages)
Ronald Dorry
Even the sanskrit and greek counting is very similar sounding.
Perun is Slavic thunder god!
Dude you seem to be getting a lot of crap for your voice. I think sound just fine. I don't care about the voice, I care about the content, and you have some very interesting content. :)
youssarian91 :) Thanks!
+Xidnaf Work on your Ts and Ds, you state that they are supposed to be dental and you utter everything except a dental T or D.
+Xidnaf Work on your Ts and Ds, you state that they are supposed to be dental and you utter everything except a dental T or D.
youssarian91 You're watching a linguistics video and you say you don't care about how people speak? Really?
/joke
I think he sounds cute. 10/10 would blow.
Check the description for some corrections.
Xidnaf Hey Xid. I just wanted to say that I like your stuff. I hope college is going well (better) for you.
Cool. Think you can do a redo with proper pronunciations? Thanks!
NOOOOOOOOOOOOO the slavs have the falg like this ,not the communist one!!!!!
4:32 uh'oh a'a'ah! "notice in Britain between words with no consonants between them, the insert an r, but natural English uses a glottal stop to make this distinction of where 'America' ends ad 'is' begins."
Xidnaf um, there WERE palatals. There are the centum and sated branches
can you translate the PIE in prometheus
You are now one of those popular kids in youtube ,so he will likely respond now if you ask him again if you didn't found out the translation yourself in 8 years
Do you have the answer now
here's some ????????¿???¿???? for y'all, enjoy!
By looking at all the flame wars below, I have to sincerely admit everyone of European ancestry should feel proud of being just a part of a big family! This would be supposed to strenghten our relationships and stop all these grievences that splintered us since the great migration. I found quite heartwarming calling a Polish, a Greek, a German or a Russian "brother" or "sister". Who knows, maybe some of those UA-cam accounts who wrote down here could be a distant relative of Xidnaf! :P
O Deum meum! Written pre migrant crises
I mean "maybe some of those UA-cam accounts who wrote down here could be a distant relative of Xidnaf! :P" is true, since we are all related one way or another which means that marriage is like alaba-
Anyone wishing to hear how Indo-Europeans spoke should come and listen to a Lithuanian peasant.
-Antoine Meillet
Some similarities of Lithuanian and PIE:
ENG - PIE - LTU
Gold - ausom - auksas
Stone - akmōn - akmuo
Wool - wḷnā - vilna
Wolf - wḷqos - vilkas
God - deiwos - dievas
Goddess - deiwā - deivė
Fire - ecnis - ugnis
Death - mṛtis - mirtis
Night - noqtis - naktis
Cry - reudō - rauda
Son - sūnús - sūnus
Edge, border - bhrēunā - briauna
Travel - kelujō - keliauja (keliauti)
Hill - kolnis - kalnas
You - tū - tu
Old - senēks - senas
Hand - wṛonkā - Ranka
Snow - sneighs - sniegas
Be sitting - sedējō - sėdėti, sėdėjo (past tense)
Blunt - bhukús - bukas
Glade - loukos - laukas, laukymė
Fight - katus - kautis
I see some similarities with the Russian language. 1).You-tu (Rus-Ty). 2).Cry-rauda (Rus-rydat'). 3).Snow-sniegas (Rus-Snieg). 4).Be sitting-sėdėti (Rus-Sid'et'). 5). Son-sūnus (Rus-Syn).
In Sanskrit/Hindi
God - devam/Deva
Goddess - Devi
Fire - agni/ugni
Death - mrityu
Cry - Rona
You - tum/twam/tu
Bitter/abusive/unpleasant (related to "fight") - karkasa
I'm surprised how little similarities there are with Albanian
ausom - arë
akmōn - guri
wlnā - volnicë
wlqos - ujk
deiwos - zot
deiwā - __
ecnis - zjarr
mrtis - vdekje
noqtis - natë
reudō - të qan
sūnús - bir / djal
bhrēunā - kufi
etc.
Darius old english THOU - YOU
Reudō kinda reminds me of the word "rout" in English. Pretty interesting. Ps. Rout means to retreat in disorder
As a native Marathi(Language almost entirely derived from Sanskrit) speaker, I use a lot of these consonants everyday. So glad these features are still preserved in many languages.
Marathi descended from Sanskrit? Really? I thought it was a Dravidian language... Oh, it was descended from Maharashtri which was descended from Sanskrit. Okay good. I guess good.
@@shambhav9534marathi is a mix of Dravidian and Sanskrit
@@iamntbaruto Languages cannot be mixes. They can have many burrowed words or influenced grammar, but the direct ancestor is always one.
Be careful speaking this; the "engineers" might understand and hurt David.
how does languages and vocabularies coordinator with energies. is this language a black and white judgements as David Dupree for us and
Wtf?
Hhhaaaaa!!!! Jajajajaja!
@@BroscoWankston Prometheus reference.
"Reks Deiwoskwe" sounds almost exactly like Latin "Rex deusque", which has the same meaning.
This channel is incredible. Your approach to teaching very engaging. Do you have a website, or a place to donate?
+Caius Nair Hi, thanks, I'm glad you like my channel! And no, I don't. Just this channel.
+Xidnaf :)
+Xidnaf You should start a patreon. I'm very interested in the PIE and language ancestors in general.
+Xidnaf tbh wish I could just add you on facebook or something, shit
+Xidnaf When will you make a video about Lojban?
By the way,I had little interest in linguistics until you increased it tenfold a few weeks ago.I'm recently comparing various native languages to find out how my native language sounded 500 years ago.
The author seems to confuse [kʷ] with [kw]. They are not the same.
With [kw] you pronounce [k] before moving your tongue slightly up and rounding your lips to make the [w] sound. But with [kʷ], you round your lips *while* pronouncing [k] and there is no additional tongue movement involved (your tongue moves immediately to the position for the next sound).
But doesn't that sound exactly the same?
Kwa
@@cutecommie No.
Bro who cares
Kʷ = Q, so Kʷ ueen = Queen.
Oh my God..."deiwom Weruno" sounds like Sanskrit "Deva Varuna"...Deva=God, Varuna= God of water/Ocean in Hinduism...
God of the Ocean?
Weruno = Ουρανός in Greek -> Uranus in English. Yep. Dwarf planet 20000 Varuna and the planet Uranus have the same etymological origin, as does the Latin borrowing "urine".
@@anujith666 The word is borrowed from Sanskrit. Malayalam is not a Indo-European language
@@rathinasabapathy3796 you are wrong tamil is from. Different family
Sanskrit comes from PIE
I'm glad you liked it! The short answer is "I don't know," but I have a couple ideas. Our knowledge of what PIE was like is pretty fuzzy and how similar two languages are is subjective, so it might be that saying that Lithuanian is the "closest" to PIE just feels too subjective and unscientific.
Aspirated consonants can be easily demonstrated by splitting it into syllables.
Examples:
Big help > (bi)g h(elp)
Black heart > (blac)k h(eart)
Top hat > (to)p h(at)
Grab him > (gra)b h(im)
Et cetera
And for the glottal stop, most people are familiar with the cockney pronunciation of bottle (i.e. bo'le).
Unaspirated sounds can be best explain in American English by noticing the pronunciation of consonants at the end of words.
Examples:
traP
bacK
haT
Et cetera
Avinash D'Silva, what doesn't sound the same?
And people from the American Midwest, such as Michiganders, also pronounce "t" with a glottal stop.
Such as "winter" becoming something similar to "winner" but not exactly.
I'm so obsessed with languages! this was so interesting and I honestly cannot wait to lean more.
Even if we will never know how the actual indoeuropean language was, (every attempt to rebuild PIE will lead to a reconstruction , a Hypothesis) this is a very interesting video
reks -> rex (the latin word for king)
unum (in sunum) -> unum (the latin word for one, therefore a)
moi -> me
deiwom - deity/romance dio
re-gm -> (looks like) reign
pter -> (sanskrit/latin) pater -> father
+The Light Bearer 1969 oh okie
Also the name of the god "Werun" sounds very similar to the slavic god Perun.
Perun and Werun are maybe the same god! PIE is the ancestor of the European culture in itself, from North to South and West to East.
For me, as a portuguese speaker, latin and PIE sounds very familiar...
Wait a while,you are that same person who commented a dirty joke on Artifexian's video.Well,your profile picture speaks for itself.
My native tongue isn't from Pie,but Proto-Austronesian.
I've always wanted to hear PIE spoken for years, so thanks for the video. It really does sound like a combination of every modern Indo-European language.
While you were reading I noticed that welmi is similar to Latvian vēlme (desire,wish) and Deiwos is similar to Dievs and Deus in Latin, and sunum is similar to English son.I guess you can find something from every IE language.It is fascinating that you can find words that maybe are used for thousands of years.
when you started reading it, it sounded somehow like Latin and Indian.
You are disgusting, for a mistake or a slip of tongue you do this.I'll tell you what?fuck off.
@@Hamoshekabeka they deleted their comment. You can calm down now
@@Hamoshekabeka what did they replied
Indian is not a thing....
Indian?.. India has like thousands of languages..
I was very curious if some of the word from the story would sound similar to my mother language (Polish):
sunum - syn (son)
moi - mnie (me)
deivom - dziwny (Strange. In the story - god)
e?est - jest (Is. In the story - was)
I also found lots of latin-similar words like:
Reks - rex (king)
eweukwet - vox (Voice. In the story - said)
Kwid - quod (what)
Pter - Pater (father)
Welsi - voluntas (will)
... in latin there is ‹ quid › ( kwid ) too ...
PIE used to be called Aryan and Semitic languages are cursive
Religion is all satanic
and the Royal Society is NAZI
@@je-freenorman7787 Take some meds schizo
surreaktor :) lubię twoje filmy języczkowe Pra Indo Europejskie.
Hey xidnaf, love your videos! Would you ever do a video on the languages of South Asia? With Dravidian languages in southern India to the PIE related languages spoken from the Indus Valley Region to Bangladesh, there's tons to talk about, and it would be fascinating. Everytime someone brings up India it's either about stereotypes or poverty, would be refreshing to see something interesting about the region.
I'm really glad you like my video!
I had noticed that you guys did that, but I didn't even think of using it to explain how to pronounce it since I was only thinking about General American English! I'll remember that next time instead of going into all this anatomy. Thanks!
Thanks very much for posting this. I've always been fascinated by languages and language relationships.
and as a hindi speaker these sounds are quite usual for me n easy too....sound familiar
Slavs and that Soviet flag.... I facepalmed xD
Wow! I'm learning welsh and thought I had all the most dificult sounds in the world practiced to a T but this is mind bending! I just got past the pronunciations and i had to take a break. Good work, thank you!
This is such a cool tutorial. Considering the fact that PIE is the ancestor of most commonly spoken languages, there are not many vidoes as unique as this on youtube.
It's too bad that IE languages are only so common and well-studied because of imperialism...
Hindi/Urdu and a bunch of other Indic languages have full four-way differentiation between plosives (p, ph, b, bh, t, th, d, dh, k, kh, g, gh) Wikipedia audio files may help you hear how those consonants are pronounced by native speakers.
In Swedish we have something similar.
But instead of like " Gah " or Bah" we have
" Geh " or " Beh "
I have a PIE grammer and dictinary. When I first searched it on youtube, several years ago, there wasnt much. And there still isnt, but you've added a gread deal more. Awsome.
Wow. Thanks so much for taking the time to post this instructive video.
Where the word "xidnaf" came from is a bit of a long story, and I might cover it in a video at some point. The short answer is that it doesn't mean anything, I designed it to be a name for myself that was an allowed Lojban proper noun. I picked it because it has some interesting phonetic properties, and because the middle four letters reversed make my given name: "Andy" (andi spelled with lojban spelling).
fan dix💫💘
Studying Latin for three years then watching this blew my mind!
This channel is a treasure
For years, there was something so alluring for me about PIE, but I couldn't express why. This video (especially in the first minute) comes closest to putting that thrill into words. So, thanks! Xidnaf's other videos are great too!
Serbian is the closest modern language to PIE
KosovoReport Most people think it's Lithuanian.
Einar Hjörleifsson Yes, it must be remembered that Baltic and Slavic languages form one Balto-Slavic family, and thus are closer to each other than the rest of the IE languages.
Have the techniques used to reconstruct PIE ever been used to reconstruct, say, Latin from the Romance languages? I mean as a control, to see how accurate the results are. PIE sounds horrible to me. It's hard to imagine anyone speaking it as a vernacular.
Yes. With Latin via the Romance languages. It got about 60 to 80% correct. However, the time scale is so vastly different, that you'd only cautiously speculate on its accuracy. As he says in the video there is a lot of debate as some schools of though this this is all academic and no real grounding in reality other feel that it does. It's interesting anyway and seems to give one insight into languages in general.
PIE is a normal language like any other. This guy's accent makes it sound horrible. And the harder he tries to accurately pronounce it the more horrible it sounds. Imagine someone speaking English with a Japanese accent, it simply sounds wrong. English however in general sounds good. As an Indian. Bh, Gh, Kh and the R sounds are still present in Indian languages (Nepali too) the explanation on how to pronounce them was useless to me since I can already make those sounds and I use them in day to day speech. Sanskrit is an ancient Indian language which went extinct 1000-2000 years ago. And I believe, someone who can speak Sanskrit can pronounce PIE words without even trying.
***** I don't quite get what you're saying. Anyway what I said was, those difficult sounds that he explained are present in Indian languages and Sanskrit so I can make them without any difficulty. India's name in Hindi "भारत" "bharat" has an aspirated "b" (or bh) an alveolar thrill "r" and an unaspirated dental "t".
Vocalised aspirates /bh/ /dh/ and /gh/ are conserved only in the Indo-Aryan branch of IE. And I must say that your pronunciation was pretty close to the real thing :)
Great video and lucid explanation of phonetics. Keep it up!
Pankaj how would you know about the “real thing”? There’s no native speakers left.
@@AWOL401 they are talking about the specific sounds, not the lanugage. an example of them occuring in a modern language is hindi भ (bh) and घ (gh).
i like your reading of this story, unlike some other guy's on here, your version doesn't sound like it hurts to say:D
Indeed, that's one way to describe it. I'm glad you liked it!
The language which is most similar to the original PIE language is Lithuanian
+Rufus S Extremely doubtful.
Rufus S "All of the other ancient Indo-European languages are dead: Tocharian, Indo-Iranian (Sanskrit and Old Persian), Hittite, Old Armenian. Classical Greek, Thracian, Phrygian, Latin, Old Gaelic (Celtic), the various ancient Anatolian languages, etc."
Read that part. The languages that are closer are dead languages. Also that text only highlights what is conservative, not on what has changed. It's written by Lithuanian and full of superlatives, so it's obviously a subjective opinion.
Hittite is the oldest known Indo-European language. And the further you go back in time the closer you get to the original language. Lithuanian is quite new language, and Lithuania is very far from the original home of the Indo-Europeans.
Wild Hunt Trumpeter en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language#History
Wild Hunt Trumpeter www.lsk.flf.vu.lt/en/department/courses-for-foreigners/lithuanian-language/
Rufus S
"These dialects had preserved archaic phonetics mostly intact due to the influence of the neighbouring Old Prussian language, while the other dialects had experienced different phonetic shifts."
That means that Old Prussian has been even better at keeping the phonetics intact, which is the main point given for Lithuanian being closest. So at least Old Prussian is closer, which means you're wrong.
"The differentiation between Lithuanian and Latvian started after AD 800;"
Lithuanian is extremely recent language, that's why there's no reason to believe it's close to the original. That third text has the same problem as the first you posted. It's not even trying to be objective.
"in the 16th and 17th centuries, is known as Old Lithuanian and differs in some significant respects from the Lithuanian of today."
Even there it states that Lithuanian has significant differences to it's predecessor.
Lithuanian is Satem language, so is Sanskrit and Avestan, which are used in the reconstruction. That's one reason why they are more similar. Have they even used Hittite in the reconstruction? Or Tocharian?
Lithuanian has gender-based noun system, early indo-european didn't. It had animate/inanimate-based.
The Proto-Indo-European word for god also bears some similarities to the same word from other Indo-European languages, namely the romance languages. I think it's closest to Latin though.
PIE: deiwom
Latin: deus
Italian: dio
Spanish: dios
French: dieu
Just noticed that in the video. It's really cool :3
+Svenni Tayivek in irish it's dia
deiwom is the accusative, the nominative would I imagine be deiwos. Greek loses the w so δεοσ, Latin also I suppose because once the os went to us, the w just got swallowed up. In Germanic it becomes something like ti:waz which is where the Tiw in Tuesday comes from, he was a war god apparently. Welsh duw comes from /dyjw/ < /dejwos/. Irish lost the /w/ sound so that left only /dej/ once the case ending dropped off, which became /d´e:/ which broke to /d´iǝ/ Dia, but genitive Dé;. And so on ...
to add
Sanskrit: deva/dewa
Marathi: dev/dew/deo
in Lithuanian Dievas, Very Similar.
+Lietuvos Vyras Well, they say Lithuanian is one of the closest modern languages to Proto-Indo-European and that if you want to know how Proto-Indo-European spoke you just have to hear a Lithuanian speak.
Thanks, I'm glad you pointed that out. I'll see if I can't fix that with annotations.
Thanks for your amazing video and efforts. I still think "o" would not be as in "oh" but more like "or" - as in the vast majority of IE (and non-IE) languages today. And you could try this in your demos - as only a tiny minority of languages including American English pronounce it "oh". So for example when English speakers pronounce "donde" in Spanish as "doh-nday" or "doe-nday" it sounds terrible to most of the rest of us. I speak English, Afrikaans, Greek, Zulu, French and Spanish since I was little. Interested to know what others think. And yes, it's a pet peeve of mine :)
First of all, they did exist, but we just don't know what they called themselves so we've given them the name "Proto-Indo-Europeans."
Second, perhaps the first copper mining happened in Serbia, but what does this have to do with Serbia's connection to the Proto-Indo-Europeans? The Serbian people are probably descended from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, but so is almost everyone in Europe, and the Proto-Indo-Europeans probably lived in what is today Russia or Turkey.
hey i noticed a lot of similarity between this and some words in hindi. e.g.: patni and potni, deva and devium
Cool to see the corrections. Hope you're doing great, xidnaf. -- The glottal stop can be explained another way. In the Cockney accent, it's the omitted, clipped, not-a-T-sound in Cockney "be'er and bo'el" for better and bottle. Or "Dooli-el" for Liza Doolittle. It's also the sound we usually make between "uh-oh," or that apostrophe in the native pronunciation of "Hawai'i." It's a sort of gulping stop of air. That Cockney example is the easiest for me.
Thank you very much! I was looking how to properly pronounce the PIE sounds "bh, gh, dh, kw, gwh and gw", now, I know how to!!!! I find very interesting and illustrating the text given in the video, I speak Latin and I am marvelled by the similarities with Latin, "Reks Deiwoskwe" would be "Rex deusque" in classical Latin and "Regs (or Reks) Devosque (or deiuosque)" in old Latin, kwid is Latin quid, same meaning, etc.
BTW, how do i pronunce words like "*dʰh₁-uti" and *tewh₂-"?
i find the history if europe BEFORE the indoeuropean invasion very interresting. can u make a video about the preindoeuropean history if europe.
Forget my last comment. What I want to talk about is how similar this language is to everything everyone speaks today.
For example, the verb "ewelt" which means "wanted" is a lot like the German verb will which means want and the e- at the beginning is how the past tense was formed in Greek and, I think, Latin.
This is only an example I noticed. Can anyone find more and tell me? This is amazing!
༼ つ◕ω◕ ༽つ WOW In Spanish, the verb for will/want is querer; the root of the verb is quer-- and if you forget the q and use w instead of u, l instead of r (all of these are possible changes in language evolution),, you have wel. Similarly, the words for what, which, who, are que, cual, quien (or qué, cuál, quién, depending on word function): the k(w)- thing goes to qu- or cu- when written in Spanish, to wh- in English, to hv- or hrv- in some Nordic language or other in those and other words. Of course Spanish got them from Latin and English did not, which explains other differences.
Many words in Greek got an aspiration (spirit) starting sound instead of a starting s- sound and so you have helios for sun, halo for salt, hepta for seven, hyper for super (I don't really know Greek, neither am I a linguist, others may correct me easily or add more examples).
A word like PIE *(e)kwlpos derived in wulf, lykos, lupus.... same meaning (wolf), but seemingly very different in different languages and still having a common root.
sword, spear.... Schwert, spata, espada, espeta.
fish, fishes, peixe, pez, peces, piscis, pisces, Fisch.
*perd, fart, pedo, if you excuse my .... hmm, wouldn't be French...
Fabulous! Thank you so much for the lesson.
This is wonderful. Your effort is nothing short of miraculous, and I can really believe someone millennia ago spoke something like PIE. In the past I had trouble coming to grips with the notion if constructing PIE. Now I can fully appreciate its value, even if it is purely hypothetical. Mainly I say, we must be wary of trying to hypothesize a "grandmotherother tongue".
Why wary?
Sai's Afflicted Well why do you think? "Hypothetical" is the key. Such a language will always be riddled with errors. Pretending it was ever actually spoken is the height of scholastic neglect.
Harry Hui Good point. If only we had some kind of written sample of PIE :/
Sai's Afflicted Which we won't ever have...and that is part of my point. If we ever did find writing it would not look like the PIE language.
I am not sure if this has been mentioned or not, as I can't be bothered to read all the comments, but [b] is not a vocalised sound, but a voiced sound. Voicing is the vibration of the vocal cords, while vocalisation is the change from a consonant to a vowel. For example, the L in folk is vocalised as it's no longer a consonant, but a vowel. I like your videos, Xidnaf, but this bothers me.
CuddlesTSQ For like a year I thought "vocalized" was a synonym for "voiced." This might be the single most embarrassing mistake I've made in my videos, and I'm almost tempted to just take down and redo, like, half of my videos just because of that one mistake.
Xidnaf We all make mistakes, and the video is good. All is forgiven, and I would like thank you for taking the time to reply to my comment. Good luck with future videos.
Again... tod estu... So be it... this in sanskrit is 'Tathastu' and is still used like 'Amen'.
I don't know if it's your voice, or the structure of the language, but this language sounds so pleasing to me. Maybe it's both... Your voice works well for telling an ancient sounding fairy tail in an ancient language. Great job!
Also, thanks for the tutorial.
Xidnaf. I've listened to you often. I speak four languages, all PIE. Recently I was watching a video on the Cucuteni culture. In one of the videos a whole series of symbols were shown. From their time and location it is my opinion that they spoke a form of PIE, if not the language itself. I wondered if the symbols could have represented a form of language.
diewom Weruno... The god werunos... the early indo- aryans worshiped a god called Varuna and the Sanskrit word for 'god' is 'Deva'... might this be referring to Varuna Deva?
Probably! My understanding is that Indo-European religion was the precursor to ancient Greek polytheism, ancient Norse polytheism, early forms of Hinduism and this indo-aryan religion you're talking about. It's fascinating, early religion seems to have diverged and evolved in much the same way languages do!
Who are Indo-Aryans? Cause Aryans I know where just one of many White tribes in those times. Nothing particularly special about them. So who are indo-aryans? Are there indo-Poles ,indo-Swedes?
Most people from India trace their descent and culture back to the Aryan people. I have referred to the the Aryan people who established what came to be known as the Vedic culture in ancient India as the Indo-Aryans. Another Aryan people also became the ancestors of the people of Iran (Land of the Aryans). These are also sometimes called the Indo-Iranian people.
Ok my friend. But those indian Aryans have same genes as Poles. They are the Aryans cause they have Slavonic ancestry. I mean Brahmins. So there is no need for the indo part. Are You a Brahmin brother? Btw. Veda in old-Polish means Knowledge. And Im sure You know that Siddhartha Gautama was described as European, by Aryan characteristics.
I am a Bramhin, actually. Thank you for your enlightening discourse about my own heritage.
Hi friend! *DNGHU is a protoindoeuropean word for language or more accurately tongue, the word tongue is descendant of pie. Dnghu, and so are latin lingua and protoslavic *język, ofc. developed with further development...
Thanks for promoting PIE. :)!
I really don't the the *język one
dnghu - dngu - ngu - engu - enźuu - enzuukas - enzuuku - językъ
Lol I'm a mess. I just found out the reason I wasn't getting any of your new videos in my sub box was because I subscribed to your 2nd channel
just from my studies of Latin I was able to deduce a lot of that PIE story. one of the beauties of classical derivatives are the stories and vocabulary that they retain from their parent language
Etruscan was not Indo-European, Neither it's agglunatiuve grammar or it's basic lexicon speaks for it being indo-european. It is seen as one of the pre-indo-european languages.
Also, it's been my experience from these comments sections that a lot of people use linguistics to justify overly-nationalistic bigotry and xenophobia, and I can definitely see lithuanian nationalists using a fact like that to promote their own ideas. Linguists may simply be trying to avoid that potential controversy.
Lots of information packed into that video! I like it.
Just a note on how to pronounce the glottal stop - in the London dialect of British English, we often use a glottal stop instead of a "t" sound and sometimes instead of a "k" sound. E.g. listen to people from London saying "water" (wor?ah) and "baker" (bay?ah) and you will get a sense of the glottal stop. We also have glottal stops at the ends of words - e.g. "go?" instead of "got". So "?e ain'? go? i?" contains four glottal stops :o)
I tend to think that the laryngeals were pronounced thus: H1 as glottal stop. If there was a second H1, as some believe, call it H1a; it was likely the plain h sound as in "horse". H2 as Arabic ح . H3 as Arabic ع (ayin) .
Can you make a similar video about Proto-Uralic?
Eran Whetstone Estas vi Esperantisto?
It's "Ĉu vi estas Esperantisto?"
I once had a world history teacher that pronounced Celt "selt." I wanted to die the entire time we were talking about them.
that's how we pronounce it in French
@@masicbemester Ding dong your pronunciation is wrong.
In all seriousness, that pronunciation is just so obscure in English it's really funny to hear.
What I really want to know too, is why do we keep using ( and we do the same in french for instance) the terminology "Aspirated", when what we truly do is exhaling when pronouncing these so called aspirated sounds. If I inhale, no air comes out of my mouth while if exhale, like after almost every english consonants, we can feel very clearly the air coming out. (Looking for the english definition , I can now see why this can come from , in the sense of rised up from the lungs, but could it not be less confusing to use "exhaled sounds" instead ? )
Yah, I have a tuff time distinguishing between the two. Thank's for pointing it out.
The amount of ignorance and trolling in this comment section is hilarious lmao
it really is lol
Most of the things in this video is what it sounds in lithuanian
yea
‘x is very easy to pronounce cuz we already have velar sounds in english.’
Proceeds to pronounce it uvularly
I found the section on 'plosives' particularly useful; the differences have been a bit of a mystery for too long :)
Rēks = Rey
Rey is Spanish for "king". ;)
also roi in french, rei in italian, ultimately from rex(reg-) in latin
+Alex Silverhand
Also related to english word 'royal'
+Zach Johnson totally forget about this wiord lol,my bad;p
It could also be related to the english word 'Regal'. It is an adjective that means king-like or king-esque. Or fancy
+Karnatsiki Blazestrider
Also Irish (Gaelic) - Rí :)
please answer me how h¹ h² and h³ are they pronounced and tell their difference
h¹ is ʔ (glottal stop) , h² is just normal h, and h³ is ɣʷ (ɣ is the voiced version of x)
Thanks, and thanks for subscribing!
Great video -- I hope we get to see more reconstructions in the future? Also, do you know of any other resources on the web for hearing attempts at speaking PIE?
lets analyze the following: xidnaf backwards is dixfan
Unfortunately these kind of videos always attract some people who look for greatness in something bigger to compensate for their own perceived lack of it.
Deutran: I agree. I'm Polish and I never felt better because of the highest "Aryan" haplogroup rate in Europe. It doesn't even mean that we are aryans because we simply have common ancestor with them. People are still mentaly in XIX century and want to believe in some stupid German parascientific conceptions.
***** You just argued you're not a racist based on racist arguments. Way to contradict yourself.
Speaking about the fact that German propaganda claimed to be science is still quite present in westerners minds is not a racism. Its a sad fact. But science wins slowly but wins and today Germans don't deny anymore that eastern Germany was Slavic and all ancient archeological sites are Slavic. Today you may even read on the internet sites about Germany that Berlin was build by Slavs. Thats a big step forward for Germany to cure from its supremacionist dream of XIX century.
***** What German propaganda? Do you honestly believe most people here believe in the theories the Nazis have propagated in the past? Nobody in their right mind here denies that eastern Germany was inhabited by Slavs. It's still very visible because a lot of people here have Slavic last names and there are tons of place names with Slavic origin in eastern Germany.
Having given up on the phonology, we turn to the grammar. Looks like we got elaborate case endings on the nouns, perhaps up to eight cases, as well as verb declension to worry about. And a German-like thing where the verb sometimes ends up at the end regardless of where the subject and object are.
I think a scenic picture like a field maybe a mountain with an arrow at something or nothing off in the distance to serve as "that" then the character " 's" then a picture of all 52 playing cards or 26 letters or the map of the observable universe to serve as "all" then a picture with 4 of something or just the numeral 4 then a picture of a calendar with x's leading up to a circle or a rolodex with the front entry saying today. That's my idea of what to use for "That's all for today." flip through the slides as you say each word.+Xidnaf
Its interesting that the alphabeth is pronounced quite similar to the spanish pronunciation of the alphabeth
Just "alphabet" without the extra H, mr. Raúl
Ha, jokes on you, I speak Basque.
actually I don't. T_T
CaNietzsche I know a bit of it.
Gezurti!
(Basque for "liar")
Euskaratz is unique and has no relationship to any other living language. Wonder where they once came from???
Im from Indonesia, and i think PIE phonology is so difficult :') thaks very much for this video. it help me! ^^
How far removed would PIE have been from early-Old English? I ask because after having watched some videos on Old English which contained reconstructed pronunciations, there definitely seem to be similarities to my admittedly untrained ear.
+Christopher Tyler Was it the same speaker? Because that could have a great influence.
3:40 Mistake! The sound you made was actually /χ/, like in German "Bach". Velar ist the Russian or Greek /x/.
Example /x/: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Voiceless_velar_fricative.ogg
Example /χ/: upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Voiceless_uvular_fricative.ogg
DownFlex There is no mistake in it. The "x" sound is pronounced as a fricative k
Samuel Pearson Correct. But thats not what he did. He used the Arabic "kha" or the German "ch". And this is definitely /χ/
DownFlex
Germans have two kinds of "ch". The rougher one sounds like Arabic.
HesseJamez
Thats what I said ^^
Btw I am German so I can assure you that we have the Arabic one ;)
DownFlex
Ja, bei Bach, Dach, Flucht isses das arabische "ch" wie bei Achmed. Das "ch" wie in weich/ich/wichtig gibt's da meines Wissens nicht.
Thats exactly how we Serbs pronounce the letters of our alphabet Westerners have huge problems with it!
+Archangel1991 and maco
Such a great video ! Thank you, sir. Extremely interesting. PIE seems to be very close to Romanian from what I can gather. Pronunciation would be quite easy for me, I think (with the exception of r and x, but I bet it wouldn't be too hard). Also, I've heard that "nephew" is the same in PIE as it is in romanian - "nepot". Is that true ?
Umm about the glottis part. Putting a word before the words like apple cab help. Like for example: was apple.
Is it that we give a slight pause after was to prevent it from sounding wasapple or wassapple?
That simplified PIE chart 0:14
1:09 Aaah better
This actually sounds a lot like Latin.
Harrison Shone no shit
Nah, not much
You only think that because the Rs are rolled.
Thanks for sharing this. Very cool.