Super challenging Proto-Indo-European concepts explained: S in parentheses and Hs with numbers
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- Опубліковано 29 вер 2024
- Links:
Predicting Future American: • Predicting Future Amer...
Indo-European sound laws (Wikipedia): en.wikipedia.o...
This video’s sequel about Ablaut: • Proto-Indo-European Ab...
Translations:
1:53: (Dutch) where n
2:11: (Probably terrible PIE) When two words end and start with the same sound: “WHERE DOES [s] GO?!”
I really didn't expect to see a batman meme in proto indo european but here we are
Can someone translate lol?
@@youtubeuser1993 it says "where does (s) go?"
"Hekweh" gave us the modern German word "Aue" meaning river or stream, but it's very rare today, albeit still alive.
As in french "eau" ?
@@StoufSto As in Italian "acqua"...?
@@1midnightfish Well, yeah but that one is more obvious
You forgot the most essential point that led to the discovery of laryngeals: ablaut patterns. By positing laryngeal consonants, Saussure was able to align roots formerly thought to end in vowels with more regular roots ending in consonants. The additional evidence (like the Hittite reflexes) only came in later and supported the hypothesis. On that note, ablaut is another one of those things that's probably hardest to understand about PIE.
Also, your future English sound shifts are quite tame. I don't think you would need to go millennia into the future to see something like this. 1000 years could be enough.
300 years seems like enough already. 1000 year old English is much more divergent from Modern English than the changes postulated here.
Ablaut (specifically zero-grade forms) is responsible for some of the biggest tongue twisters in PIE. Flipping through one of my books gives me gems like *h₁n̥h₃-mn̥, *mh₂k-n-, and *h₂r̥-h₂r-e/o-. Even the weird first syllable of *ph₂tḗr, mentioned in the video, is just a zero-grade of *peh₂-. I'm convinced that part of why PIE exploded into so many language families is that they mumbled so damn much.
Two things that I always thought were confusing about PIE are ablaut and stress. How do we know by what mechanism exactly stress shifts from one syllable to another? How exactly does a stem-syllable go from one ablaut grade to another? Maybe that could be a video idea.
Horribly brief, 9th-grader answer is 1) stress loves to go to the part of the word that has the *e except when not and also other circumstances
2) How it goes from one to the other could very cheekily be explained by "it just does" but the more extensive answer is a lot of historical hypotheses
4:16 in fact, due to modern technology and higher literacy, it might take an even longer time for the language to change as much
A nickname in Icelandic is auknefni, literally meaning “an additional name”
Naðra is the word for adder
"Neidr" is "snake" in Welsh.
Also in Norwegian, we can say økenavn, but that tends to be more for the pejorative ones. Otherwise, we say kjælenavn, which are used for the endearing ones. (Lots of dialectal variations here!)
2:40 In Slavic languages the root sounds more like *krót(k)/*krát(k) (like in adjectives "krótki"/"короткий"/"кратак" meaning "short") with starting "s" only in some derived words like "skrót"/"сокращение" ("a short" / "an abbreviation"), "skrócić"/"сократить" ("to make short") etc. where the starting "s" is common Slavic prefix denoting a perfect form of verb (and thus is used in derived words of that form).
In German it's "kurz" but that is borrowed from Latin which makes the whole issue not confusing at all.
Specific to Slavic languages is also "n" which traveled from prepositions to some nouns and pronouns (in him -> "v nyom").
And, FWIW, Russian "s-" for perfect verbs is cognate with Latin "co(m/n/l/-)" e.g. "completus", German "ge-" (gekürzt = shortened) and survives in some words in English as "a-" (e.g. "awake"). So there is very little ambiguity about where it comes from.
Came to brush up on the linguistics degree I've used twice in the two years since I graduated, stayed because you sound exactly like Ryan Gosling
3:16 minor correction:
There was, as far as I'm aware, no regular sound change of dropping /s/ in the sound change from Latin to Spanish. What usually happens is terms being descended from the accusative form of the noun. Most Latin accusative forms ended in /m/, which _was_ regularly lost from Latin to Spanish.
Final being actually /ŋ/ or a nasalization of a vowel, which explains why it dropped so generally.
@@vandrar3n
But Portuguese dropped that m too and yet has lots of words that end in nasal vowels. Why?
@@PedroMachadoPT well, not really, although Portuguese orthography would lead you to believe that. Western Romance had that same realization for final and it holds to this day in many languages where it's a hard nasal velar (Leonese and Galician, for example), but in Portuguese it got nasalized further. French and Catalan are similar to Portuguese in this regard, Catalan being the one that has dropped it entirely. Also happened with that weren't exactly final like in words that come from -ANUM and -ONEM (-ANUM > -anũ > -anu > -ãu/-ão).
Galician also uses or (this is for the movement that seeks orthographical reunion with Portuguese) for the retained nasal velar between vowels and there are varieties of Leonese that have the exact same realization. Portuguese words like have their counterpart in those varieties.
@@vandrar3n
We dropped the final “m” of every accusative, which is the case from which Portuguese nouns derive.
@@PedroMachadoPT what I'm trying to say is that all those nasal vowels come from an , being the not etymological because it disappeared long before Portuguese came into existence. I assume it was an effort to imitate Latin, but who knows.
That was super nerdy and all I needed to find. Thanks
THIS IS THE CONTENT I ROAMED THE WHOLE INTERNET TO FIND!
you made it understandable! you are AMZING!
finally some good fucking linguistics content that isn't repeating the usual stuff but actually goes beyond.
i'll be binging through all your vids tonight probably
Thank you so much this has solved the one massive hurdle in PIE linguistics I never got despite my extensive formal schooling and self-teaching in Linguistics.
good vid. love the over-the-top trilling of [χ]
Hmm I'm surprised about the Dutch/German split for Adder/Natter being caused by the article, because in middle and early modern dutch (before cases were lost in the spoken language) the article is "eene" analogous to German "eine". The Dutch case system was officially abolished only in 1949, although had already not been in common use for a while at that point. I wonder if Dutch and German diverged long enough ago go explain this difference.
11:14 Greek has:
ἄργυρος (argyros) silver
πῦρ (pyr) fire
ἀστήρ (astēr) star
ἄρκτος (arktos) bear
ὀστοῦν (ὀστέον) (ostoun) bone
ὄρνις (ornis) beard
10:03 omg Greek mentioned 🇬🇷😎
Great pronunciation by the way!
I personally use the palatal pronunciation of *h1, just the parallels to the three velar series that such an analysis creates biases me to such a reconstruction.
Thanks since you holp me.
Very interesting video! I find PIE and linguistics in general fascinating and your presentation and explanation in this video are great. However, I did find myself having to skip back a lot (probably due to me knowing next to nothing about linguistics coming in!) to chew over a few concepts as they were presented. Still subscribed though, would love to see more!
Because of my mexican spanish accent Ive always thought of words that end in Le like little or circle as having more of an /o/ sound (like the spanish o) so i tend to say something like /sɜɹko/, which i thought might be interesting
Possibly because the l is velarized in English!
Italian say little as ['lit.tol] or ['lit.tol.lə] depending on surrounding words
@@silasfrisenette9226 It's a lateral uvular approximant in coda and when vocalic for me.
Native English speaker here, I say -le as a vocalic lateral uvular approximant, [ʟ̠̩]. The same sound as in "cold".
@@servantofaeie1569 the IPA sign you used is velar :)
too fast but probably the best PIE video I've ever seen
3:00 romanian "scurt" disappearing into bushes.
the colours in the swedish example make it seem like a reference to langfocus, and my name is paul
I enjoyed the video, just wish I understood it a little better. I'm writing a fantasy story and decided to use PIE as my proto-language which would make my conlang part of the PIE family (this is explained in story). I find conlangs interesting, however, I kinda suck at making them. I'm not sure if I really need a full conlang even since the language would primarily just be used for the magic system, but if I want ancient texts or something, having a proper conlang for that would be useful.
Thanks, and if you want clarification on anything in the video, feel free to ask
-Wants to explain.
-Talks fast o.p.
Short
S'crto crato
Bulgarian root 'krat' sakratya(verb) shortening
Kratak-short
Fascinatingbutcouldyougoalittleslower(thoughIsupposeyouwereundertimeconstraints)?
2:56 Small correction: [Classical] Latin didn't have /ʊ/ as a phone (nor as a phoneme). was probably always /u/.
3:38 While true, the laryngeals _did_ manage to survive in Hittite (whose branch eventually went extinct)
Well, I'd like to point out that there is pretty good evidence that consonantal *h₂ was preserved at the beginnings of words in Armenian and Persian (these would be separate retentions, of course). The same may be true for Albanian, but the amount of evidence seems slimmer to me.
Não entendi bulhufas, fantástico! Supostamente falamos a mesma língua, quer dizer, distorcida, mas talvez algum dia possamos nos entender por uma língua intermediária...?
2:06 the sound in question isssss 💀
For the first time in watching UA-cam, I have to play at 0.75x, and I still do not understand this video.
8:27 is what I was looking for
Great
great, thank you
/xʷ/, /x/ and /h/ exist in Persian and most Iranian languages such as Kurdish that mean that mean the Iranian branch lost the sound of *h₁,h₂ and *h₃ and create them again with con consonant shifts
Really good information- a little fast for me though. 😢
What is Batman saying, in the top and bottom captions on that poster?
When two words end and start with the same sound “WHERE DOES [s] GO?!” (It’s in the description box as well)
Awesome.
surprisingly well-funded video, also very accurate pronunciations imo.
only questions i have is whether werdhh1oy in the batman meme is supposed to be nom. dual (because it look like loc. sg.) and do kwód I assume means where to? is there any reflex such a construction? from what i can see on wiktionary the greek (and latin) forms derive from a locative and do is described as postpositional. i should look into the LIPPS...
oh also did you know that some sort of analogical process is needed to derive latin nominative -a from *-eh2 because the regular reflex would be -ā
Thanks!
-Yes werdhh1oy is supposed to be nominative dual
-Yes dokwód is supposed to mean where to, I actually spent a fair amount of time figuring out how to translate that lol, it wasn’t easy
-The Proto-Italic feminine nominative suffix was, in fact, ā, it got shortened with the shortening of all unstressed long vowels pre-Latin
All very astute observations
this was intense
can u do a video on ablaut pls?
this bvideo goes so hard
So de facto linguists don't have common reconstructions of laryngeals (h1, h2, h3 and rare h4)
as a spanish speaker I notice a lot of spanish derive words specially visayan languages.
those are loanwords due to a period of Spanish occupation of the Philippines in the 1500s.
3:40 And Hittite
Is there any easy book to "learn" PIE(s)?
Not really “easy”, but there are several academic books with vocab lists and grammar in there. Whether or not PIE can be learned like a modern language is something I’ve wondered about myself a lot
Very interesting, but way too fast. Please slow down, speak instead of reading with a slurry pronounced speed!
This could have been interesting if it wasn't being presented at double speed.
You can slow down the speed to 0.25, and even stop the vid to admire the landscape.
dutch [ˈɐdɹ̩] just feels so wrong
id say its [ˈɑdr̩]
I used to be very passionate about linguistics in high school but couldn't pursue my dreams and study it in uni
Keep doing these videos because I at least will be surely watching them!
Why couldnt you follow your dream? Im now scared that i wont be able to
@@miewwcubing2570 I come from a poor family where men only study up to high school
If I were to pursue higher education I would've had to do something more "useful", like finance which I am studying now
@@gro2020 I like philosophy but I will go in an IT career for the same reason, since I need money. While you may not be able to be part of academia, you can still study alone, engage in discussions and even make a blog for your prefered humanistic disciplines. Or you could pursue another degree when you are older and have money
@@valentin_din_romania That's what I'm planning to do actually: get enough money and once I'm comfortable enough I will study historical linguistics
@@gro2020 that sounds unfair, i really hope your children will get to follow their dreams because of you now, and also you enjoy and educate yourself with linguistic vids
I find myself complaining that linguistics videos on UA-cam are often very basic and I already know what they're teaching.
Well, I can say that this one definitely taught me a lot about PIE that I *thought* I understood.
It was brilliant, thank you! :D
This is purely my opinion, but when explaining such complex concepts like these, you gotta talk a bit more slowly. As a non-English speaker it was quite hard for me to keep up with your explanations without having to slow down the video and rewatch some parts of it. It might just be a me thing, and since this is the first video I watched from your channel, I'm probably not used to the speed.
I agree, as a native English speaker. He speaks quite fast for such a topic. It's complex enough that even if I understand every word he says, I have to pause in order to process what's been said.
Agreed! I’m having serious problems following along. Bummer
Agreed
Love this video but please make future ones with complicated concepts slower
If only UA-cam had a feature that would let us control playback speed...
Hekweh (Aqua)Latin and Ahwo(Proto-Germanic) has several words in Swedish that descends from it. Like the Swedish words for River, Island and Sandbank; Å Ö and Ör. There's also the English word Ea which means river, the last known use of it, that I know of is from the 1800s, Also the ending in placenames like Ey in Surrey, is derived from Ahwo. And the word Eddy aka as in an Eddy current, consists of Ed- which meant again, and Ea, which means river. So some descendants of Ahwo still lives on in English.
Interesting. The Proto-Germanic form of that word is similar to how a lot of Caribbean Spanish speakers pronounce agua, "awa."
@@floridaman318 But the H in "ahwo" is pronounced. In Spanish orthography it'd be written "ajuo".
The English word _island_ comes from _*awjō_ - it is a combination of _*awjō_ + _landą_ , meaning _water-land_ . _*awjō-landą_ became Old English _īeġland_ , becoming _iland_ , which turned into our modern _island_ . The word is etymologically unrelated to _isle_ , which comes from Latin _insula_ - people in the past thought they were related, so they inserted the _s_ in _island_ .
*h₂ekʷeh₂ is actually not necessarily a truly PIE lexical item. It is only attested in northwestern IE branches (Celtic, Italic and Germanic), so some scholars believe it may actually be an xenonym adopted from a substrate or adstrate language that early northwestern IE dialects were in contact with. That hypothesis also makes unnecessary the laryngeal as part of the reconstructed form: it may well simply have been *akʷ- or *akʷā in the source language and adopted as such in the proto-northwestern languages in that form well after the laryngeals had disappeared.
@@servantofaeie1569 Don't confuse /h/ and Spanish J /x/, unless you mean that the /h/ has shifted to Spanish J /x/.
I often see the mistake that Spanish J is pronounced as /h/ when it isn't.
I think that the pie h₂ was more like a /ħ/ than a /χ/, since proto-Semetic have many words similar to proto-Indo-European no one knows if they are borrowed from one another or just have the same origins in both PIE and PS,
like for example the word for planet Venus and Goddess of Venus, is *ʕatstar or *ʕatʃtar in PS which evolved to Akkadian /ˈiʃ.tar/ and Arabic /ʕaθtar/, which cognates with PIE word for star *h₂stḗr, it’s hard to explain the changing of χ to ʕ or viseversa unless if the h₂ was pronounced closer to a ħ sound, then the shifting from ħ to a ʕ is more reasonable,
Other cognates from PIE and PS are words like
wild bull;-
Ps: *t̠awr (tsawr or tʃawr) -> Arabic /θawr/ & Hebrew /ʃoːʀ/
PIE: *(s)tawros -> English (steer) & Latin (taurus)
how much, amount;-
PS: *kawamat -> Arabic (kawma(t), kam, kammiya(t)
PIE: *kʷímt -> Latin (quntus) English (quantity) Persian (čand) Kurdish (çend) Sanskrit (kiyat)
love, care, desire (heart);-
PS: *libb -> Arabic (libb) Akkadian (libba) Hebrew (lev) all meaning heart
PIE: *lewbʰ- -> English (love) Russian (lyubov’) Hindi (lobh), surprisngly borrowed to Iraqi Arabic as (lyof) and Lebanese Arabic (wilf) all meaning love
Many other examples too lazy to write all but if you needed I can tell you all on a chat or something, hope you make video about those weird cognates with Proto-Semetic and Proto-IndoEuropean many also exist in Proto-Turkic, Proto-Uralic, Proto-Iberian and Proto-Kratvelian and many more dead languages
and might they have one origin? and if true is the Nostratic or Borean theories true by any chance? Or atleast closer to reality or if not what do explain these and thanks
All support from Iraq 🇮🇶❤️🙏
I've always suspect PIE and PS/Afro-Asiatic to be related. I suspect their divergence has something to do with the development of agriculture.
Also, they say Gaelic shares odd commonalities with Hebrew. I have noticed in my own studies many connections between modern European languages and semitic languages.
1) PIE: *(s)teh₂- > *(s)téh₂wros > *(s)táwros "standing (being)" > PS: *ṯawr-
1: *(s)teh₂- "to stay (be)" non-s form found in Celtic branch, semantically same with Turkic copula *tur- "to stay (be)"
2: *bʰuH- "to grow (be)" > *bʰuHtlóm "growing (being)" > Slavic: *bydlo "being"
3: *h₁es- "to be" > Greek: οὐσία "being"
2) No, just contacts
@@floridaman318 those words are probably borrowed from each other.
I don't mean to be rude, but that's not what [χ] sounds like, your pronounciation is more like [ʀ̥]
bro I hate the ipa it took me a couple readings to realize you weren’t saying “that sounds less like a voiceless uvular fricative and more like a devoiced voiced uvular fricative”
@@SpicyMappinguh, He ment Voicles Uvular Trill 😅
yeah I got there eventually
11:13 also worth noting for hueso here is that the h here is not only silent, but also nonetymological, ie it is not derived from latin f. Hueso comes from latin ossum, and as h was already silent by this time (f would later become h in Spanish and then go silent again but that's a whole other thing) and they didn't like just writing uesso, they inserted a h at the start for some reason.
I believe It's a spelling rule to avoid ambiguity that was made during Medieval Spanish when "u" was still being written as "v" as it was in Latin. For example, "velo" could have been read as either [velo] (veil) or [uelo] (I smell). So to distinguish they added an H to all words that would have started with "ue". Of course this seems useless now because now "v" and "u" are separate letters, but it did have a use at the time.
@@josephblattert6311 Yeah, that's correct. Note that in Spanish o shifted to ue (and e to ie) only when stressed, and that's why words from the same family may be written differently, like diez, but decena, or huevo, but oval. This also explains the conjugation of certain patterns of irregular verbs in Spanish, like poder (puedo, podía) and pensar (pienso, pensaba). OTOH, French has a similar non-etymological usage of H in words like huit (Latin octo, Spanish ocho) and huître (ostrea, ostra).
Seems kinda like how gu- was used in late latin to reproduce germanic w- sounds
@@josephblattert6311 Note also that in languages which adopted Early Modern Castillian orthography, like Nahuatl and Yucatec, the /w/ phoneme was spelled [hu] initially or medially and [uh] finally.
The usage of the US flag for modern English and the English flag for middle English kinda implies that England still speaks middle English or that England doesn't exist anymore.
Good ending
Very cool, even though I've read about some of this on Wikipedia before, it's really hard to make sense of without examples like this
Cool video but DUDE please talk a little slower and give us a few more milliseconds per slide. Your script really explains these concepts clearly but then the video itself is hard to follow
Agree, and I'll add the needless, and honestly seemingly artificial, use of "like" multiple times. Otherwise great stuff.
I am so thankful that I'm doing science and not linguistics because how on earth did people ever come up with h1, h2 and h3 is going to be a mystery for me. But yet it makes so much sense when you used the analogy of modern English as the old language. Way to go!
Well they are observable indirectly, like many things are in science! You can infer it from the evidence available. Sort of how Einstein predicted black holes to account for an unknown in his mathematics!
@@silasfrisenette9226 true!
Linguistics is a science.
As a language enthusiast with no formal linguistic training this really helped me understand what the hell I was looking at in PIE, thank you for the excellent vid
Would love to see more videos regarding AAVE and conlanging
I watched this while high
Sorry about this, but your video is an eyesore, especially the contrasting blue & green also bright red & dark blue background. I suggest to mellow the colour a bit and maybe make the graphic smoother to the eyes. I like the video nonetheless. Really informational
11:30 SOOO that’s why IA languages have voiceless aspiration. I’m been confused for some time how they came about when PIE didn’t have that distinction, but it’s quite unique or interesting to say the least that IA languages retained the breathy phonemes while the other IE language families lost them.
A really great explanation of parts of PIE I hadn't fully grasped until now.
The more I learn about PIE, the more I appreciate the enormous collective intellectual accomplishment it is. To me, it's at a similar level as the development of quantum mechanics.
Funny thing, Greek also had rebracketing! For example οικοκυρά (ikokira) (mistress, housewife) which became νοικοκυρά (nikokira) due to the accusative article την (tin). And also the word τομάτα (tomata) which means tomato, and it became ντομάτα (domata) again due to nasalization of the t, because of the article tin. Tin tomata=>ti domata
That does make sense. As a Cockney speaker the /h/ sound doesn't exist, especially in casual speech, so a word like 'hospital' becomes /oʰspiʔa:l/ but when I force myself to pronounce the /h/ the following vowel can sometimes sound like a /ə/ sound.
The laryngeals potentially had unstressed, reduced syllabic forms. I think the most common values proposed are [ə] for h₁
, [ɐ] for h₂, and [ɵ] for h₃. so, h₂stḗr could have been something like [ɐ'steːr] or more likely [χɐ'steːr] or both.
While the theory that Greek gained an epenthetic vowel somewhen is possible, syllabic fricatives are rare outside of China, voiceless syllabic fricatives are even rarer, and syllabic [χ] is probably only found in Nuxalk. In my opinion, losing an unstressed vowel and back fricative is infinitely more likely than syllabic [χ].
I mean, h₂ doesn't need to have been /χ/ necessarily. It's quite reasonable in general for /ʁ/ or /ʕ/ to be able to become syllabic (as like [ɐ] or [ɑ] or so). Maybe the voicing of h₂ wasn't phonemic, so non-syllabically it could stay [χ] or [ħ].
Or maybe at some earlier point h₂st- was just an allowed onset cluster and h₂ becoming syllabic or resulting in an epenthetic vowel came later? I don't know enough about PIE to say for sure
@@ellies_silly_zoo that's fair, i was just going off his assumption that h₂ might have been [χ], which is a common reconstruction. given how common that reconstruction is, i think my point still has merit, especially since syllabic fricatives as a whole are rare.
i think the idea that h₂ was [ʕ] has a lot of merit, either as a fricative or as an approximant (ʕ is often used for either) because the approximant is a semivowel, with the vowel equivalent being [ɑ]. if h₂ and h₃ form a rounded-unrounded pair, then that would give h₃ a value of [ʕʷ ~ ɒ]. this makes a lot of sense because 'weaker' pharyngeal sounds like this would be very prone to disappearance, and a vocalic allophone seems more likely. (and labialized pharyngeals aren't unheard of; Interior Salishan languages have them, with vocalic allophones)
Wow. This video is interesting, but it's super fast and that's a lot of content.
I wasn't able to follow 10% of it. I'll have to rewatch it a lot of times.
2:25 in Albanian it's "shkurt", 9:20 "uj" or "ujë", 11:40 white => "bardh", fire => "zjarr", bear => "arushë, harushë, arasha", bone => "asht"...
Great video, but I had to watch at 0.75 speed, please slow down!
How do you talk so fast? I'm a native English speaker and I struggled to keep up... and I thought New Yorkers talked fast lol. NYC has a slow country twang compared to you 😛
Fascinating tool to look forward in order to understand looking back. Really enjoyed this.👍
very cool video, btw your pronouncation of Bedřich Hrozný made me laught for 5 minutes lmao
tbh that ř kind of terrified me lol, I spent a good amount of time trying to imitate the recording
It's FAAAAAAAAST
I'm watching on 0.75 and your voice gets quite wacky
GL¹eat stuff. Just subscL¹ibed so I wiL² not miss youL¹ futuL¹ videos on advanced L²anguage L²oL¹e.
This is art
Why did you use the same number for the lightly velarised and strongly velarised L
@@bacicinvatteneaca For one thing, they’re allophones, also not everyone exhibits a massive difference between them
First of all, love your videos man, you seem to touch on some details that not many people do and that I wish they did, and your video on the possible descendant of American English is something that I had been wanting to see for a long time. This was an excellent video, and I hope it grabs the attention of more people, I just had one observation regarding a point you made, while I think it was a great idea to use examples of PG to demonstrate why there had to be a consonant not preserved in any of the languages, I don’t think you used the right example, or at least I think the detail given wasn’t precisely the right one, the example in question is the shift from PIE *eh2 to PG *ō, and how only the presence of a Laryngeal could explain that development in the vowel, when in Latin for example, the vowel developed into [a], just like in many other IE languages, I actually also used to believe that the Laryngeal had to do something with the outcome of ō instead of ā, but as it turns out according to linguists the vowel was at some point in the history of Germanic *ā, and eventually it merged with the *ō sound from PIE, similarly as *o merged with *a, way after the consonant had dissipated. That was my only observation, which actually wasn’t as big as some other I get from other videos from linguistics enthusiasts, and your convention for the laryngeals was also certainly a plus for me, a lot of people seem to settle for the most bizarre sounds without considering wether it seems to “fit” the language, and I think that set of consonants does. Keep the good work!
Thanks man 🙏🏼
@@watchyourlanguage3870 I really should have mentioned an example of this, which would be Proto-Germanic *rūmōniz from Latin rōmānus, meaning “Roman” signaling that when the Germanic speakers first encountered the Romans they wouldn’t have had an ō sound comparable to the Latin ō (so probably PIE *ō merged with late PIE *ā rather than the other way around) so the closest equivalent they had was ū, meaning that the ā was borrowed as such (maybe with a more backed tongue position) and later rose to ō.
10:12 the e in αστέρα was not long but short. Actually phonemic vowel length was already lost around the 4th century AD. But despite that the epsilon letter shows a short e while the eta letter shows the long e sound. The nominative had an elongated e sound because it had no suffix
3:05 what did you say here? Maybe you should practice talking a bit slower or add closed captions. The video is actually very interesting, but I find myself having to listen to some segments multiple times to understand everything. I could not parse whatever you said at 3:05, but maybe it's just because I'm not a native English speaker.
That part was “because of Grimm’s law”, and then “I said that last part because I know linguistic whataboutisms are some absolute catnip to us language nerds”
No, let the guy talk fast! It'd be a 20 minute video if he spoke slower...
That all being said, his idiolect is peculiar and perhaps a bit confusing for a non-native speaker.
Really good video, by the way :)
how do i make this my job or at least my studies? (i'm still in high school)
Focus specifically on historical linguistics in college and do this for all your term papers and such
Thanks for the presentation. But it was fast and a bit brushed. It would have been better if you had talked about each concept in separate videos, and spent some more time on each one. Anyway, I appreciate the content, I did get a basic understanding from this vid.
Okay. Do it over but then at least TWO TIMES AS SLOW! This rattling speed fire talking? I just can't keep up!
Bro, PIE sounds like it was made by Klingons 💀
Great video! But understandable only in 0,8x speed :) Maybe you'll try to read some reconstructed PIE text next time?
I think if we use Devanagari script it will be easier for people to learn PIE. Maybe my biased
Something I want to learn more about ate the vowels in Germanic vowels. Specificaly how the mutation diffrent between languages, and more info about vowles silencing.
95% of this video: khhhhh
9:19 *ahwō did survive in modern english as "ea" which means river or creek but it's so much rarely used or mentioned
lmao the text on-screen at 9:21 pretty much says that
it might be an exclusively me problem but if possible could you slow down just a little bit in the future videos? thats a lot of information to take in, especially with all the scientific jargon and i think i just missed out a lot of important information. thanks in advance
This is just Ryan Gosling narrating a video on PIE laryngeals.
I'm not gonna say otherwise
I'm Italian and bro just taught me an Italian word I didn't know😂
Ya, interesting side effect to me looking up cognates to words I'm talking about, which may or may not be well known
Very interesting video, and kudos for pronunciation of Kuryłowicz's name!
Many thanks!
Jesus Christ your pronunciation of [χ] is so aggressive I feel violated 😂
See my reply to the next comment below.
Interesting. I noticed when learning German the front vowel i caused a soft ch in "ich" - "I", and back vowels like a, o, u caused a hard ch like in "ochsen" - "oxen".
2:55 In Albanian is: "Shkurt" ( Latin: Skurtus) even the February month is called "Shkurt" because it is short and has 28/29 days.
This was really neat! Greatly appreciate the examples. Those definitely helped me get a better grasp on these concepts. Thanks!
You should be graduating around this time, so congrats!
Thanks! Ya it was like a couple weeks ago but my school does it early