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'well trained and well provided for' kidnapped Balkan and Turkic children, never molested, ever. The necessity for then to have beauty was just... A coincidence.
For any misconceptions, a Mamluk state is largely based on the constitution (warrior caste system) the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and the Delhi Sultanate are the two best examples of Mamluk kingdoms while polities like the Ghaznavids aren't Mamluk kingdoms but rather dynastic-kingdoms with a ruling family only of Mamluk background
Delhi Sultanate didn’t follow that elective system. They were just of Mamluk background. The Mamluk of Delhi are a summation of the Shamsid & Balbanid dynastial rule. The Khaljis of Lakhnauti Sultanate in North Bengal however did follow the elective system. Although Khaljis were never Mamluks.
@@naimishtiakahmed9221 Individually they did not but there were 5 ruling dynasties in total which goes to show the Mamluk dynamics of common administration change, typically multi-dynastic kingdoms are close to non-existent in Muslim Asia
I like the fact that you used Gassan Mesud as Salahaddin Eyyubi in the video. After the movie Kingdom of Heaven that dude became the official Salahaddin for everyone 🤣🤣
Baybars was also a consummate diplomat, able to negotiate treaties that harmed his opponents while benefiting himself. Furthermore, he was prudent in his choices, only engaging the Il-Khanate on his own terms and whittling away its cli- ents when the il-khan was occupied elsewhere. His actions were impressive by any standard, but when one considers that he did this while simultaneously jockeying the literally cutthroat world of Mamluk politics, one must rank him as one of the greatest leaders in world history even though relatively few people today know the name. Baybars.
When the Mamluks fought against the Mongols in the Battle of Ainjalut, the Mamluks were led by Saifutdin Kutuz from the Khorezmshah family, the son of the sister of Sultan Jalal ad Dina. after the death of Sultan Jalal ad Din, the boy Sayfutdin Kutuz falls into slavery and is bought by a Turk named Aibek who served in the Mamluk army and the boy Sayfutdin Kutuz grows up in the Mamluk army and makes a career in the army who from slavery rises to the head of the Mamluk state and headsthe Mamluk army against the Mongols and Baybars was subordinate in the hands of Saifutdin Kutuz
She was also a slave Her relationship with the new man was not good and they left each other, and she wanted to assassinate him, and he might have been assassinated by her
Her first husband was already dead, and she later assassinated the second. However she did play a crucial role in the victory of the battle of Mansurah.
@@HarbdakramKardoher mistake is marrying already married man with son, she told him to divorce his first wife and mother of his son and only be hers, she's herself was naive to how canning men can be to achieve their goals
It's an Egyptian history not yours the Egyptian mamluks made the mamluk sultanate in Egypt and it was the strongest Islamic empire until the ottoman came and ruled for 300 years then the Egyptians get rid of them at the 19th century after konya battle
The term "Mamluk Sultanate" is a modern historiographical term. Arabic sources for the period of the Bahri Mamluks refer to the dynasty as the "State of the Turks" (Dawlat al-Atrak or Dawlat al-Turk) or "State of Turkey" (al-Dawla al-Turkiyya).
@@seedo201The early Mameluke Dynasties were Turkic and the late Mameluke Dynasties were Circassian. The first people to be used as Mamelukes/Ghulams were Black Africans. The Arabs learnt how to implement and refine the Ghulam/Mamelukes system when they mass enslaved Black Africans and forced them to fight for them. After the Zanj Rebellion there was mistrust towards Black African slave soldiers. The Turkic Mamelukes also killed off the remaining class of Black African slave soldiers elite because they were in competition with each other. This is how Mamelukes and Ghulams are associated with Turks and Circassians.
Reminds me of the time in college one of my history professors was talking about Haiti being the first successful slave revolt. I then interjected “what about the Mamluks?” and she had to stop and think for a moment before going “oh…”
I suppose the difference is the type of slave. Haiti being the only successful slave revolt by labouring slave workers, while the Mamluks were technically slaves but occupied a prestigious warrior caste, essentially being a professional army as opposed to feudal levies, but instead of recruiting they were bought. In some states court Eunuchs were considered the property of the monarch and they sometimes seized power, but as with the mamluks this was a powerful part of the state performing a coup against the state entire, as opposed to a revolt from a bottom rung of society completely upending the social order:
@@bertholdvonzahringen6799 There were "elites" of color in Haiti, also, which produced a split the place has never healed from. Ask a Dominican. Within a few years of independence, Haiti was effectively split into two halves: A northern monarchy led by former black slaves A republic led by elite free people of color in the south
@@Proud2BNAMERICANn the empire ended because it was its time. And jannissaries were pretty much asses with how they commited assassinations and revolts. They had to go.
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In Arabic we write letters attached to each other to form a word For example Salah El Din is written صلاح الدين الأيوبي And not the way you wrote it I am big follower of the channel and only posting this out of love 😊 Keep up the great work
Names of most mamluks mentioned has a meaning in modern day Turkish. For example, Aqtay means white foal (little horse), Aybeg means moon chief/lord, Qut(uz) is blessing/blessed and so on, and Baybars sound Turkic (though no obvious meaning) but his son's names turned to be Arabic.
AqTay = White horse AyBeg = Moon Lord QutUz = blessed mind (Qut or Kut = Holy Blessing and Uz =Intelligence or some times Right) BayBars =Lord Leopard or Lordly rich Leopard Love weird Turkish/ Turkic names
When the Mamluks fought against the Mongols in the Battle of Ainjalut, the Mamluks were led by Saifutdin Kutuz from the Khorezmshah family, the son of the sister of Sultan Jalal ad Dina. after the death of Sultan Jalal ad Din, the boy Sayfutdin Kutuz falls into slavery and is bought by a Turk named Aibek who served in the Mamluk army and the boy Sayfutdin Kutuz grows up in the Mamluk army and makes a career in the army who from slavery rises to the head of the Mamluk state and headsthe Mamluk army against the Mongols and Baybars was subordinate in the hands of Saifutdin Kutuz
The Mamluks primarily saw their Sultanate as an Islamic state-an orthodox Islamic state, to be precise. The idea of spreading their language due to nationalist aspirations would have baffled them. They did, however, try to convert others to Islam as much as possible. Up until the Mamluks, no other Islamic state had shown any significant interest in converting Egyptians to Islam. During the Crusades, Egypt had a Muslim-Christian plurality, with a lot of those Muslims coming from Arabia or the Maghreb. The Mamluks sought to change that. Facing an existential threat from the Mongols and Crusaders at their borders, the Mamluks viewed Egypt's large Christian population with distrust and suspicion. What did the Mamluks do about that? They set upon building a vast network of mosques and madrasas (Islamic schools) to consolidate the demographic supremacy of Islam in Egypt. Reopened al-Azhar Mosque that was previously closed by Salah ud-Din to be the centre of Sunni dawah (preaching). Invited a descendant of Banu Abbas to Cairo to reestablish the Abbasid Caliphate, this time to be centred in Egypt. Gave refuge to Islamic scholars fleeing the Reconquista in Iberia and the Mongol conquests in the east. Forced all Christian officials to convert to Islam to keep their jobs. For the last point, the Mamluks helped foster an atmosphere of intolerance against Christians and Jews by sponsoring riots that targeted non-Muslim houses of worship and selectively applying justice to non-Muslim rioters. After fending off the Mongols and wiping out the last vestiges of Crusader strongholds in the Levant, and with scientists and scholars settling in Egypt, the Mamluk Sultanate became the dominant power in the Mashriq (Eastern Arab world). Now, the institutions opened by the Mamluks used Arabic, and the Mamluks themselves promoted the use of Arabic as the language of administration, science and religion. Many of the sultans themselves had acquired “working knowledge” of Arabic. Others were fluent in the language, whereas many couldn't utter a word of Arabic. While the Mamluks retained the use of Kipchak Turkish among themselves, they never tried to Turkify Egyptians. In fact, the Mamluks were ideologically closer to modern-day Saudi Arabia than, say, the Ottomans. Not just because they were keen on spreading Islam unlike the Ottomans, but also because they were Salafists. One of the most enduring effects of the Mamluk rule in Egypt is that Egypt doesn't have a dominant school of jurisprudence. In Morocco, they have the Maliki school; in Turkey, they have the Hanafi school; in Malaysia, they have the Shafei school, etc. But Egypt accommodates all four schools due to the Salafi influence of the Mamluks. Because of the huge amounts of mosques built by the Mamluks, Cairo became known as the City of a Thousand Minarets Saying that it's a Turkish state implies that the Mamluks favoured Turks upon others, which wasn't the case. To be a Mamluk, one had to be born a non-Muslim usually from the Eurasian steppes, then pass a harsh training period. They didn't drop their language so as not to lose their war like culture, but they didn't try to replace Arabic. Arabs and Berbers also had a place in the state. The Circassian Mamluks followed the same policies implemented by their Turkic predecessors. As for Syria, there has always been a sizable Turkish population there. They arrived with the Seljuks and many fled there to escape the Mongols. If the numbers of Arabised Turkmen are taken into consideration, Syrian Turkmen would be the second largest ethnicity in Syria. Similarly, in Anatolia-which had a bigger Arab population than nowadays -the Arabs living there lost their language and got assimilated.
Christians in Egypt were not forced to convert to Islam. If we assumed this happened, Muslims would oppose this force because the Qur’an says there is no compulsion in religion. Also, after the end of the Mamluk rule, Christians made up half of the population of Egypt. The other half had pagan ancestors who converted to Islam.
@@Tesla-zc2te Things pretty much went to Hell in a handbasket for the Christians and Shi’as after Saladin assumed the sultanate in 1174. He set the foundations for a Sunnite state that would last 350 years under the Kurdish, (1171-1250), Turkish (1250-1382), and Circassian (1382-1517) dynasties, until its conquest by the Ottomans. In Saladin’s time, Egypt, Syria, and Nubia (=Sudan) were all majority Christian, with the latter two ruled by Christian kings. The Maghreb was consolidated into the impressive Almohade Caliphate, which the declining Mashriq both feared and imitated. Egypt, the Yemen, and the Holy Cities were all ruled by Shi’as. The historical movements set in motion by Saladin, (i) refreshed the legal penalties, including the ban on public office, on Christians, and began founding a network of medresses (legal schools) throughout his lands. His successors were far less shy about using violence to the same effect. About a century and a half after his time, both Egypt and Syria had been turned to solid Sunni majorities, with the Coptic population falling to about the same (10-15%) level it holds today. (ii) Removed the Christian (Frankish, African, Armenian) kingdoms of the region and solidified them as Egyptian dependencies. His war on the Arabs of Upper Egypt (who were loyalists to the old regime) began the snowball effect that over the following century deluged the Sudan in Bedouin nomads, destroying the Christians and resulting in its Arabization. (iii) Sent a Turkish general westward to seize the Maghreb, fuelling a decades-long war in Ifriqiya that was arguably the greatest factor in the Almohades’ collapse. The Ottomans would more easily conquer a Maghreb divided into the four or so kingdoms of ‘Barbary’. (iv) Saw Mecca and Medina pass under Sunni control, although this would not become complete until the 16th century. This makes an interesting story in itself, since people are rarely aware of their historic Shi’ite character (Have Mecca and Medina ever come under Shi'ite rule?). This history of the Egyptian sultanate should be seen in context: just as Saladin’s heirs were finishing the mopping-up of the Christian kingdom in the Levant, the Ilkhanate happened - the largely Christian Turks (nominal “Mongols”) who conquered Persia, professing friendship to the remaining Romans and Franks, proceeded to march as far as Sinai. The further century of Christian-Islamic conflict, which made the Crusades seem like a border skirmish, pushed the rulers of Egypt and the ‘ulema into a mentality of total war. The Copts in Egypt were a fifth column for foreign Christian princes. This fear is quite explicitly enunciated in the grant documents to the Coptic Pope which reinforce the contract (ahd) established between caliph ‘Umar and the tributary nation (ahl al-dhimma) at the time of the conquest of Egypt. Apart from being instructed to have his people “raising their voices continuously in grateful prayer to the all-conquering Muslim state, which has vouchsafed to them such benevolence”, he was to “avoid the ocean, and let him take care not to rush blindly into it, for he will be drowned” [for the sea was the way to the Roman lands], and was to “guard against what may come to him secretly from the direction of Ethiopia, to the point that, if he can possibly manage it, let him not even smell the breezes from the south.” [1] …the early Mamluk period [in the 13th century, saw] recurring episodes of anti-dhimmi legislation and anti-Christian rioting that punctuated it. Both the Coptic sacred geography [of churches] and sacred calendar… suffered as churches were destroyed and festivals curtailed. Conversion to Islam… had become commonplace. By the late Mamluk period things were especially bad for the Christians, but it was merely the conclusion of their policy in historical context: It should be pointed out that the Christians were not especially singled out by Mamluk revenue collectors (often experts in pillage and torture) any more than they were singled out by the effects of insufficient Nile flooding (as occurred in 1403) or outbreaks of plague (as in 1405 and, on average, every eight years thereafter). They were, along with the Jewish community, singled out for periodic renewals of anti-dhimmi regulations (e.g. in 1417, 1419, 1422, 1442, 1463), including the expulsion of Christians and Jews from the government financial bureaus and rules concerning dress… while [their constant renewal] is a clear indication that they seldom stayed in force for long, but the constant pressure on the Coptic elite meant ongoing conversion to Islam and, for the Coptic community as a whole, the loss of prominent members and their wealth.[2] We can see the reaction of a student of fiqh at a medresseh and muhtasib (enforcer of moral law in public places) to the employment of Christian clerks by the government offices - a practical measure that was customarily castigated by Egyptian rulers going back to the early Kurdish sultans, but resorted to out of necessity: “The Copts declare that this country still belongs to them, and that the Muslims evicted them from it unlawfully. Then they [if given administrative posts] steal as much as they can from the state treasury in the belief that they are not doing wrong. As to the possibility of confiscation and punishment [for their crime], torture, they hold that the chances of these happening to them are about equal to that of falling sick… that is, it is not likely to be frequent. […] For as (activity against the Christians) is one of the greatest things to the glory of God, [so] the employment of these Christians in the bureaux of the Egyptian state is one of the greater calamities.[3] For the memorialist here, the frontier against the Other extends from the distant places where jihad is waged against Christians right back to the Coptic quarter in Cairo: the Copt is a foreigner. Assuming - and justifiedly, given that old-school bureaucracies of this sort were hardly impartial or impersonal - that a Moslem petitioner would have to humble himself before a Christian clerk, this is tantamount to defeating your enemy abroad but surrendering at home. Junior ‘ulema like the author above could easily turn into organisers of lynch mobs: Demonstrations against Christians, probably led by lesser ‘ulema and leaders of popular [Sufi] orders, created considerable disturbance. In AD 1320 a number of churches were destroyed, [accompanied by] extensive incendiarism of buildings in both the city and the Citadel [of Cairo]… When demonstrators clashed with the police, a qadi [judge] who was defending the Christians was stoned. The sultan an-Nasir, who favored them also, decided to let the persecutors have their way until feeling died down, rather than antagonize the masses. Other rulers had less sympathy with the minorities who held the purse strings. On learning of the [extent of Christian Church properties], Sarghitmish flew into a rage and decreed that the land be taken from them and bestowed upon his mamluks… Steps were taken to humiliate them and their churches destroyed. It is small wonder that a large number of Christians became Muslim during the Mamluk period… As one writer [Bosworth] put it: [In the 14th c.] Conversions to Islam, always a steady trickle, became a flood, and even regions like Upper Egypt, which adjoined the Christian region of Nubia and had always been a Coptic stronghold, became in majority Muslim. But let us note that conversion did not erase the stigma of Coptic descent or membership in Coptic society… after all, the animosities toward them did not spring from religious feeling per se but from political-economic motives. If the same families remained in authority, the feeling against them was not diminished. In the words of al-Maqrizi: The unbelievers are turned Muslim at the point of the sword If left alone they are transgressors They saved their skin and goods, they are safe (sālimūn), but no true Muslims (Mūslimūn)[4]
@gabrielkobari2267Not really true. The Mamluk army was ethnically diverse. During the first dynasty, the elite soldiers and commanders were mostly Turks, but that doesn't change the fact that Arabic was the official language with Turkish as the language of the elite
@gabrielkobari2267 You haven't really contradicted anything I said. In fact, you only proved what I said. That is the Mamluk army was ethnically diverse. I'm not disputing that the cavalry was always dominated by Turks and later Circassians. I'm saying it wasn't exclusively Turkish. The infantry, like the harafish, was largely drawn out of the native population and there were also Bedouin auxiliaries. Arabic was the official language of Egypt for centuries and the Mamluks as new comers had no capacity to change its status. It wasn't just for religious reasons, or else the official language of every Islamic state would have been designated as Arabic.
@gabrielkobari2267 Lol The distinction between Turks and Turkic is something modern. That wasn't the case the in the past and Arabs used to refer to the Bahri Mamluks by calling them Turkish. And he speaks about knowledge. The Harafish were in no means insignificant. In fact, many sources say that the Harafish in addition to other native contingents outnumbered the Mamluks themselves. That's the second time you've been proven wrong. Kurdish wasn't the official language of the Ayyubid Sultanate. Arabic was. Since the Umayyads designated Arabic as the official language of the Fertile Crescent, no other language took its place until the Ottomans. Arabic was also spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Mamluk Sultanate. Go figure 3x. Sources: Ibn Taghribirdi, The Travels of: Sir John Mandeville, Ibn Iyas, A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310-1341) And no, I don't consider lancers and the like to be of the fabled Mamluks. I'm talking about the larger army of the state itself, not the elite units.
Really interesting. The Mamluks have a very long history. Up until their demise through Muhammed Ali Pasha. I hope you cover this long history as I am personally interested especially in the last period with the Georgian Mamluks of Egypt as a descendant of those Mamluks, or so the saying in my family goes.
There should be a video talking about how the (Kypchak) Bahri Dynasty of Mamluks was replaced with the (Circassian) Burji Dynasty, like you briefly mentioned at the end of this video.
@@parthiaball Read Leon L'Africain, "Historiale description de l'Afrique, tierce partie du monde" Pages 358, 389. Weather you believe it or not, it doesn't really make a difference.
@@tcherkess9695 Luckily I found a PDF online and I also read French. The claims on those pages are weak. The book was written almost half a century after the Burji Mamluks fell, so I doubt Europeans at that time would have enough knowledge about the Bahri Mamluks. This Frenchman probably heard from Egyptians about the Circassian Mamluks that ruled them and thought the previous dynasty was also Circassian. There is so much evidence to the Kypchak origins of the Bahri that this one weak source isn't enough to seriously discredit it.
The Egyptian Mamluks Kingdom/Empire, their military campaigns and conquests, deserve a coverage. They weren't as ambitious as the Ottoman Turks, but they prevailed the Middle East for more than two centuries
@@KingsandGenerals Hi , I absolutely love your content and narrator as well as your mapping . I just want to ask one thing: does the membership/ patreons get to watch videos that will never be available for the public or will every video be released much later eventually ?
The Mamluk state in Egypt is an impressive example. It never happened that slaves ruled a state and became a ruling class. They were an example of courage and chivalry... One of the funny things about the Mamluks is that they were ruled by Mongols after they were captured in one of the battles.
Amazing video! I would just like to add that the mamluk army was also included peoples of the Caucasus mostly Circassian origin and their numbers were greater than the those who were turks. Circassians also ruled the mamluk sultante for over 300 years until the Ottoman's conquered it.
2:55, infact Mohd Ghori placed his adopted mamluk son, Qutbuddin Aibak at Delhi throne after defeating Prithviraj chauhab , the last hindu king at delhi, and established the Slave dynasty, the first one in the series of dynasties of Delhi Sultanate. Qutbuddin Aibak started the construction of famed Qutb minar, the tallest minar in the world at it's time. 8:29 Bunduq dari means wielder of Gun. So baybar must have used a personal gun to earn tat name
Kavkaz no statistics as usual )) besides Turkic warriors among Mamluks where many Georgians and Circassians, at one point they ruled Egypt in 18 century 🏔️🐺🦅
The comment i was looking for 💯👍😢🥺 ყოველთვის უნდა გამოტოვონ საქართველო ყველაფერში🥺 თუ ასეთი უმნიშვნელოები ვართ და ,,რა მოსატანი" თურქების გვერდით რას გაგვიფხიკეს საუკეთესო თაობები, ისედაც უამრავი იყვნენ ეგენი, მაგრამ იცოდნენ ქართველები როგორი მებრძოლები იყვნენ და ბოლოს ვიდეოს შემქმნელმა თავი არ შეიწუხა მეტი გამოეკვლია და ის შემოგვთავაზა რაც სხვა დანარჩენმა😊
One Egyptian TV broadcaster said : (we are an army which a state built around it) Because Eygpt from Pharaoh's to the present day, it was always a military state
Well,the current military dictator,Sisi, is said to be the first native Egyptian to rule Egypt after 2000+ years, ye started good,but now his people hate him
Make a documentary on Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi I have been subscribed to your channel for a couple of years now but I haven’t seen any documentary on Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi.
The relationship between Qutuz and Baybars was not as bad as you mentioned according to many sources. Baybars didn't kill him because of hatred for him but because because before the battle, Qutuz told him that he had a surprise for him after they come back to Cairo (which was enthroning him as the sultan because Qutuz wanted to step down) but Baybars thought that the surprise was qutuz killing him so he decided to act first. After he stabbed Qutuz he told him the reason and Qutuz forgave him and told him he is the sultan after him and died.
This was really interesting, but I feel like you covered this already in the bay bars video from sometime ago it would’ve been nice if you talked about the two dynasties that ruled the mammal salted it the first one Turkish, the second one of Circassian origin
In fact, in the ranks of the "circassian" Burji Mamluks were many Turks also, even sultans. It wasn't departed in strict racial corps. The turkic tradition in the Mamluk Sultanate was preserved as you can see in the names of many Burji Sultans. The Circassians themselves were highly turkisized in their homeland as well and adopted many turkic traits, since they were ruled by Turkic peoples for hundreds of years, like the Huns, Gokturks, Bulgars, Khazars, Pechenegs, Cumans, Kipchaks, Tatars and later Ottomans.
12:27 انت تقول انه لم يمضي وقت طويل حتي يستمتع بانتصاره في الحقيقة هو اصلا لم يكن سعيدا بعد النصر بسبب وفات حبيبته التي تنكرت و وقفت بجانبه لتحمية اذا حصل له شيء و هذا ما حدث حاول الماغول اغتياله لكن خرجت و انهت علي ال 6 جنود الذين حاولو اغتياله و لكن توفيت متاثرة بالجراح بعد حوالي 30 سنة من البحث عنها و هو اصلا عمرة 39 ماتت حتي قبل انت تنجب منه طفلا و لم يفق من الصدمة حتي وجد صديقة المقرب يغتاله 😔
A Muslim historian in the 14th century said about the Mamluks when they defeated the Crusaders for good “Now Islam has its Knights Templar.” The Mamluks were the Muslims response to the Knights Templar , Muslims were relying on nomadic mercenary cavalry, but these warriors were weak in the face of the Crusader knights, who were a fanatical professional cavalry , Therefore, the Mamluk battalions were created to be a fanatical professional cavalry force as well, and they proved their superiority over the Knights Templar by defeating them , and then defeating the mongols too
European knights also were raised as soldiers , but the Mamluk had a better military training combining mounted archery and shock cavalry , @@HarbdakramKardo
We actually have a famous drama around it called wa islamah it's probably a part of mamluke propaganda but cool story telling the life of seif al dean qutuz from his childhood in the khawaresm empire during the attack of the Mongols all the way to egypt and his upbringing as a soldier and his rise to power along with his female cousin called jihad
Crusaders & Mongols in the North, Makurians in the South there was nothing Baybars and the early/Bahri Mamluk war machine did not defeat. If we only witnessed a Baybars Baiju face-off instead of Kitbuqa :0
One of the official names of the Mamlūk Sultanate was dawla al-turkiyya, 'The State of the Turks'. In particular, one of the chief Mamlūk historians, Rukn al-Dīn Bay- bars al-Mansūrī (d. 1325),himself a former mamlūk of Sultan al-Malik al-Mansūr Qalā’ūn (1279-1290), entitled one of his historical works Kitāb al-tuhfa al-mulūkiyya fī’l-dawla al-turkiyya, ‘The book of state- craft (lit-‘the royal gift’) in the kingdom of the Turks’. The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. (2008). Netherlands: Brill. p. 379.
@@zack2804 Turk also includes Turkic GökTürk empire included all of the Turkic people today. It's the general term used and also used by Turks despite Turkic, the term Turkic have no meaning in Turks so if you want to be really specific wise guy call them by their names like Oghuz, Kazakh etc. lol Americans please never change
The Mamluks were children who were bought in Egypt to be trained to be strong warriors in the armies of Islamic Egypt. They were mostly from the region between Asia and Europe, and no black-skinned slave was allowed to be in the army. The white slave was for war, and the black slave was just a servant like... What was universally known in those eras
The beginning of the slave fighters was black slaves, and even the Fatimids relied on black slaves most of them saw, but the Abbasids left the blacks and relied on the Turks because the Caliph’s mother was Turkish and the black slaves revolted.
@kings and generals - at 4:23 you guys have written Salahaddins name in Arabic from left to right rather than right to left - not a huge deal, just thought I’d point it out
Baybars Khan was The slave from Desht-i Qipchaq (Qipchaq Cumania) who becomes Sultan in Egypt and He was The one who ever beat Crusaders, Mongols, and Assassins all at once
The iron lady Shajar al-Durr played a crucial role. She became the sultana of Egypt and first woman ruler in islamic world on 2 May 1250,marking the end of the Ayyubid reign and the start of the Mamluk era. but where she's from?Turkey 🇹🇷 or Armenia 🇦🇲
Excellent video! I think calling the slaves does a huge disservice to how they were treated because then they’re being equated with the real slavery of Africans such as in the Americas and Europe. But hey, there aren’t too many terminologies to use here
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'well trained and well provided for' kidnapped Balkan and Turkic children, never molested, ever. The necessity for then to have beauty was just... A coincidence.
4:20
Why is the arabic butchered?
the letters are supposed to be connected from right to the left
For any misconceptions, a Mamluk state is largely based on the constitution (warrior caste system) the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt and the Delhi Sultanate are the two best examples of Mamluk kingdoms while polities like the Ghaznavids aren't Mamluk kingdoms but rather dynastic-kingdoms with a ruling family only of Mamluk background
Yes
Delhi Sultanate didn’t follow that elective system. They were just of Mamluk background. The Mamluk of Delhi are a summation of the Shamsid & Balbanid dynastial rule. The Khaljis of Lakhnauti Sultanate in North Bengal however did follow the elective system. Although Khaljis were never Mamluks.
@@naimishtiakahmed9221 Individually they did not but there were 5 ruling dynasties in total which goes to show the Mamluk dynamics of common administration change, typically multi-dynastic kingdoms are close to non-existent in Muslim Asia
Baibars deserves a biopic, he was one of the most badass dudes of the Middle Ages.
K&G has a video dedicated to him check it out
they will never do it , you can guess why😂😂😂😂 but they will dedicate a high budget to salahafddin ayyubi , guess why 😂😂😂😂😂
@@billie6399why?
💯
We can't even guess why you're laughing like a Looney Tunes character Billie boy.
I knew about the Mamluks as a nation but never knew they were a "class" of people within Islamic society, thank you for the content :D
They were never a nation but a class of elites.
@@abduljabaryousef8527isn’t that what most “nations” were before the 19th century?
They were never a people
Just a elite military class of diverse origins
Just like Praetorian guards
they were like a class of slave soldiers who were well fed and educated by the best. they were elite by enslaved turkic origins
I like the fact that you used Gassan Mesud as Salahaddin Eyyubi in the video. After the movie Kingdom of Heaven that dude became the official Salahaddin for everyone 🤣🤣
Well, he fits him perfectly 😂
He played the first caliph Abu Bakar in the series omar. In describing Abu bakar and salhudeen he looks very close to them.
Baybars was also a consummate diplomat, able to negotiate treaties that harmed his opponents while benefiting himself. Furthermore, he was prudent in his choices, only engaging the Il-Khanate on his own terms and whittling away its cli- ents when the il-khan was occupied elsewhere. His actions were impressive by any standard, but when one considers that he did this while simultaneously jockeying the literally cutthroat world of Mamluk politics, one must rank him as one of the greatest leaders in world history even though relatively few people today know the name. Baybars.
Not bad for a slave boy who lost his family to the Mongol invasions and was forced into harsh training regime and life.
Not known much in the west, but considered a Hero in the Muslim world.
When the Mamluks fought against the Mongols in the Battle of Ainjalut, the Mamluks were led by Saifutdin Kutuz from the Khorezmshah family, the son of the sister of Sultan Jalal ad Dina.
after the death of Sultan Jalal ad Din, the boy Sayfutdin Kutuz falls into slavery and is bought by a Turk named Aibek who served in the Mamluk army and the boy Sayfutdin Kutuz grows up in the Mamluk army and makes a career in the army who from slavery rises to the head of the Mamluk state and headsthe Mamluk army against the Mongols and Baybars was subordinate in the hands of Saifutdin Kutuz
Excellent politicians and cunning in nature.
Slave marrying the wife of his deceased master and get to inherit his entire kingdom does not even exist in fiction!
She was also a slave
Her relationship with the new man was not good and they left each other, and she wanted to assassinate him, and he might have been assassinated by her
Netori
Her first husband was already dead, and she later assassinated the second.
However she did play a crucial role in the victory of the battle of Mansurah.
She herself was maid/slave that became concubine then rose to power as sultana after having son with sultan
@@HarbdakramKardoher mistake is marrying already married man with son, she told him to divorce his first wife and mother of his son and only be hers, she's herself was naive to how canning men can be to achieve their goals
Netflix needs to make this into a big budget series. Such a fascinating and intense moment of the medieval world.
It's an Egyptian history not yours the Egyptian mamluks made the mamluk sultanate in Egypt and it was the strongest Islamic empire until the ottoman came and ruled for 300 years then the Egyptians get rid of them at the 19th century after konya battle
Netflix needs to stay away from history documentaries after their previous mishaps.
Bro... they even put in Baybars eye cataracts. I love this channel.
The term "Mamluk Sultanate" is a modern historiographical term. Arabic sources for the period of the Bahri Mamluks refer to the dynasty as the "State of the Turks" (Dawlat al-Atrak or Dawlat al-Turk) or "State of Turkey" (al-Dawla al-Turkiyya).
Yeah white slaves were turks
I love comments like these that add something to the material presented👍
@@seedo201The early Mameluke Dynasties were Turkic and the late Mameluke Dynasties were Circassian.
The first people to be used as Mamelukes/Ghulams were Black Africans.
The Arabs learnt how to implement and refine the Ghulam/Mamelukes system when they mass enslaved Black Africans and forced them to fight for them.
After the Zanj Rebellion there was mistrust towards Black African slave soldiers. The Turkic Mamelukes also killed off the remaining class of Black African slave soldiers elite because they were in competition with each other.
This is how Mamelukes and Ghulams are associated with Turks and Circassians.
But weren’t those Mamluks non-turks like Georgians and Circassians?
Yes. I was surprised when I first heard the name they call them.
Reminds me of the time in college one of my history professors was talking about Haiti being the first successful slave revolt. I then interjected “what about the Mamluks?” and she had to stop and think for a moment before going “oh…”
I suppose the difference is the type of slave. Haiti being the only successful slave revolt by labouring slave workers, while the Mamluks were technically slaves but occupied a prestigious warrior caste, essentially being a professional army as opposed to feudal levies, but instead of recruiting they were bought. In some states court Eunuchs were considered the property of the monarch and they sometimes seized power, but as with the mamluks this was a powerful part of the state performing a coup against the state entire, as opposed to a revolt from a bottom rung of society completely upending the social order:
@@bertholdvonzahringen6799 There were "elites" of color in Haiti, also, which produced a split the place has never healed from. Ask a Dominican.
Within a few years of independence, Haiti was effectively split into two halves:
A northern monarchy led by former black slaves
A republic led by elite free people of color in the south
Shajur Al durr deserves her own episode
Right on! Thanks for creating more on the mamluks!
The story in the video is very captivating, I couldn't take my eyes off the screen.
Ironically, the Ayubid dynasty - which was overthrown by the Mamluk coup - came to power by a coup when Saladin overthrew the Fatimids.
Happens more often than not. One elite replaces another, and the wheel keeps turning.
Completed circle
The Mamluks in turn were overthrown by the Ottomans, who lasted right up until WW1.
It's coups all the way down
@@Zabi-Sand ottomans were overthoughen by british who collaborated with arabs to make up raising against ottomans
"See? This is why we got rid of the Janissaries! It was them, or the Empire!" - Ottomans.
Entirely justified
Funny how the empire ended right after the janissaries were destroyed……
@@Proud2BNAMERICANn the empire ended because it was its time. And jannissaries were pretty much asses with how they commited assassinations and revolts. They had to go.
@@Proud2BNAMERICANnThe Empire ended because it could not compete with the industrialised West.
@@grimgoreironhide9985the empire fell because Columbus discovered America 🌝
This video made my day. So relatable and well done!
I love how you guys post videos like this on the exact day I arrived in Egypt 😁 and videos about the Byzantines when I'm in Istanbul 😂
For those thinking about joining K & P through patreon, you won’t be disappointed. The amount of content per week is insane, great value for the money.
This deserves its own movie!
In Arabic we write letters attached to each other to form a word
For example Salah El Din is written
صلاح الدين الأيوبي
And not the way you wrote it
I am big follower of the channel and only posting this out of love 😊
Keep up the great work
I was confused as well reading the arabic lol. But it's okay.
Love your content guys! Keep them coming 😊😊😊❤❤❤❤
The title is very clever and memorable, it stands out right away.
Really interesting video. I have read a History of Crusades vy Runciman ages ago, and it was really nice to refresh this knowledge
please review more classic texts. Its uniquely fascinating to see history through the lens of a normal person back then.
So epic great video can't wait for more about Mamluks👍
I very much enjoyed your video and I gave it a Thumbs Up
4:23 you should reverse the Arabic text, I wish video editing softwares were able to just paste Arabic text normally
صلاح الدين الايوبي thats how it should be written
I don't know how many times I can say great video but you guys never miss every video is amazing thank you for everything you do
best history channel
Names of most mamluks mentioned has a meaning in modern day Turkish. For example, Aqtay means white foal (little horse), Aybeg means moon chief/lord, Qut(uz) is blessing/blessed and so on, and Baybars sound Turkic (though no obvious meaning) but his son's names turned to be Arabic.
Bay Bars = Noble / Prince of Leopards / Panther أبو الفهود
The sigil of Sultan BayBars was the leopard/panther.
Bay: Zengin
Pars: Kaplan
Great documentary thank you so much kings and generals
AqTay = White horse
AyBeg = Moon Lord
QutUz = blessed mind (Qut or Kut = Holy Blessing and Uz =Intelligence or some times Right)
BayBars =Lord Leopard or Lordly rich Leopard
Love weird Turkish/ Turkic names
Sunqur = Eagle
Qalawun = Duck
Qoyunlu = Sheep
the Turkic love the animal names....LMAO 😂😂😂😂.
@@roihanfadhil2879 Qoyunlu means "with sheep", like sheep owner
Thanks for the video
When the Mamluks fought against the Mongols in the Battle of Ainjalut, the Mamluks were led by Saifutdin Kutuz from the Khorezmshah family, the son of the sister of Sultan Jalal ad Dina.
after the death of Sultan Jalal ad Din, the boy Sayfutdin Kutuz falls into slavery and is bought by a Turk named Aibek who served in the Mamluk army and the boy Sayfutdin Kutuz grows up in the Mamluk army and makes a career in the army who from slavery rises to the head of the Mamluk state and headsthe Mamluk army against the Mongols and Baybars was subordinate in the hands of Saifutdin Kutuz
The Mamluks primarily saw their Sultanate as an Islamic state-an orthodox Islamic state, to be precise. The idea of spreading their language due to nationalist aspirations would have baffled them. They did, however, try to convert others to Islam as much as possible.
Up until the Mamluks, no other Islamic state had shown any significant interest in converting Egyptians to Islam. During the Crusades, Egypt had a Muslim-Christian plurality, with a lot of those Muslims coming from Arabia or the Maghreb.
The Mamluks sought to change that.
Facing an existential threat from the Mongols and Crusaders at their borders, the Mamluks viewed Egypt's large Christian population with distrust and suspicion.
What did the Mamluks do about that?
They set upon building a vast network of mosques and madrasas (Islamic schools) to consolidate the demographic supremacy of Islam in Egypt.
Reopened al-Azhar Mosque that was previously closed by Salah ud-Din to be the centre of Sunni dawah (preaching).
Invited a descendant of Banu Abbas to Cairo to reestablish the Abbasid Caliphate, this time to be centred in Egypt.
Gave refuge to Islamic scholars fleeing the Reconquista in Iberia and the Mongol conquests in the east.
Forced all Christian officials to convert to Islam to keep their jobs.
For the last point, the Mamluks helped foster an atmosphere of intolerance against Christians and Jews by sponsoring riots that targeted non-Muslim houses of worship and selectively applying justice to non-Muslim rioters.
After fending off the Mongols and wiping out the last vestiges of Crusader strongholds in the Levant, and with scientists and scholars settling in Egypt, the Mamluk Sultanate became the dominant power in the Mashriq (Eastern Arab world).
Now, the institutions opened by the Mamluks used Arabic, and the Mamluks themselves promoted the use of Arabic as the language of administration, science and religion. Many of the sultans themselves had acquired “working knowledge” of Arabic. Others were fluent in the language, whereas many couldn't utter a word of Arabic. While the Mamluks retained the use of Kipchak Turkish among themselves, they never tried to Turkify Egyptians.
In fact, the Mamluks were ideologically closer to modern-day Saudi Arabia than, say, the Ottomans. Not just because they were keen on spreading Islam unlike the Ottomans, but also because they were Salafists. One of the most enduring effects of the Mamluk rule in Egypt is that Egypt doesn't have a dominant school of jurisprudence. In Morocco, they have the Maliki school; in Turkey, they have the Hanafi school; in Malaysia, they have the Shafei school, etc. But Egypt accommodates all four schools due to the Salafi influence of the Mamluks.
Because of the huge amounts of mosques built by the Mamluks, Cairo became known as the City of a Thousand Minarets
Saying that it's a Turkish state implies that the Mamluks favoured Turks upon others, which wasn't the case. To be a Mamluk, one had to be born a non-Muslim usually from the Eurasian steppes, then pass a harsh training period. They didn't drop their language so as not to lose their war like culture, but they didn't try to replace Arabic. Arabs and Berbers also had a place in the state.
The Circassian Mamluks followed the same policies implemented by their Turkic predecessors.
As for Syria, there has always been a sizable Turkish population there. They arrived with the Seljuks and many fled there to escape the Mongols. If the numbers of Arabised Turkmen are taken into consideration, Syrian Turkmen would be the second largest ethnicity in Syria. Similarly, in Anatolia-which had a bigger Arab population than nowadays -the Arabs living there lost their language and got assimilated.
Christians in Egypt were not forced to convert to Islam. If we assumed this happened, Muslims would oppose this force because the Qur’an says there is no compulsion in religion. Also, after the end of the Mamluk rule, Christians made up half of the population of Egypt. The other half had pagan ancestors who converted to Islam.
@@Tesla-zc2te Things pretty much went to Hell in a handbasket for the Christians and Shi’as after Saladin assumed the sultanate in 1174. He set the foundations for a Sunnite state that would last 350 years under the Kurdish, (1171-1250), Turkish (1250-1382), and Circassian (1382-1517) dynasties, until its conquest by the Ottomans.
In Saladin’s time, Egypt, Syria, and Nubia (=Sudan) were all majority Christian, with the latter two ruled by Christian kings. The Maghreb was consolidated into the impressive Almohade Caliphate, which the declining Mashriq both feared and imitated. Egypt, the Yemen, and the Holy Cities were all ruled by Shi’as.
The historical movements set in motion by Saladin,
(i) refreshed the legal penalties, including the ban on public office, on Christians, and began founding a network of medresses (legal schools) throughout his lands. His successors were far less shy about using violence to the same effect. About a century and a half after his time, both Egypt and Syria had been turned to solid Sunni majorities, with the Coptic population falling to about the same (10-15%) level it holds today.
(ii) Removed the Christian (Frankish, African, Armenian) kingdoms of the region and solidified them as Egyptian dependencies. His war on the Arabs of Upper Egypt (who were loyalists to the old regime) began the snowball effect that over the following century deluged the Sudan in Bedouin nomads, destroying the Christians and resulting in its Arabization.
(iii) Sent a Turkish general westward to seize the Maghreb, fuelling a decades-long war in Ifriqiya that was arguably the greatest factor in the Almohades’ collapse. The Ottomans would more easily conquer a Maghreb divided into the four or so kingdoms of ‘Barbary’.
(iv) Saw Mecca and Medina pass under Sunni control, although this would not become complete until the 16th century. This makes an interesting story in itself, since people are rarely aware of their historic Shi’ite character (Have Mecca and Medina ever come under Shi'ite rule?).
This history of the Egyptian sultanate should be seen in context: just as Saladin’s heirs were finishing the mopping-up of the Christian kingdom in the Levant, the Ilkhanate happened - the largely Christian Turks (nominal “Mongols”) who conquered Persia, professing friendship to the remaining Romans and Franks, proceeded to march as far as Sinai. The further century of Christian-Islamic conflict, which made the Crusades seem like a border skirmish, pushed the rulers of Egypt and the ‘ulema into a mentality of total war.
The Copts in Egypt were a fifth column for foreign Christian princes. This fear is quite explicitly enunciated in the grant documents to the Coptic Pope which reinforce the contract (ahd) established between caliph ‘Umar and the tributary nation (ahl al-dhimma) at the time of the conquest of Egypt. Apart from being instructed to have his people “raising their voices continuously in grateful prayer to the all-conquering Muslim state, which has vouchsafed to them such benevolence”, he was to “avoid the ocean, and let him take care not to rush blindly into it, for he will be drowned” [for the sea was the way to the Roman lands], and was to “guard against what may come to him secretly from the direction of Ethiopia, to the point that, if he can possibly manage it, let him not even smell the breezes from the south.” [1]
…the early Mamluk period [in the 13th century, saw] recurring episodes of anti-dhimmi legislation and anti-Christian rioting that punctuated it. Both the Coptic sacred geography [of churches] and sacred calendar… suffered as churches were destroyed and festivals curtailed. Conversion to Islam… had become commonplace.
By the late Mamluk period things were especially bad for the Christians, but it was merely the conclusion of their policy in historical context:
It should be pointed out that the Christians were not especially singled out by Mamluk revenue collectors (often experts in pillage and torture) any more than they were singled out by the effects of insufficient Nile flooding (as occurred in 1403) or outbreaks of plague (as in 1405 and, on average, every eight years thereafter). They were, along with the Jewish community, singled out for periodic renewals of anti-dhimmi regulations (e.g. in 1417, 1419, 1422, 1442, 1463), including the expulsion of Christians and Jews from the government financial bureaus and rules concerning dress… while [their constant renewal] is a clear indication that they seldom stayed in force for long, but the constant pressure on the Coptic elite meant ongoing conversion to Islam and, for the Coptic community as a whole, the loss of prominent members and their wealth.[2]
We can see the reaction of a student of fiqh at a medresseh and muhtasib (enforcer of moral law in public places) to the employment of Christian clerks by the government offices - a practical measure that was customarily castigated by Egyptian rulers going back to the early Kurdish sultans, but resorted to out of necessity:
“The Copts declare that this country still belongs to them, and that the Muslims evicted them from it unlawfully. Then they [if given administrative posts] steal as much as they can from the state treasury in the belief that they are not doing wrong. As to the possibility of confiscation and punishment [for their crime], torture, they hold that the chances of these happening to them are about equal to that of falling sick… that is, it is not likely to be frequent.
[…] For as (activity against the Christians) is one of the greatest things to the glory of God, [so] the employment of these Christians in the bureaux of the Egyptian state is one of the greater calamities.[3]
For the memorialist here, the frontier against the Other extends from the distant places where jihad is waged against Christians right back to the Coptic quarter in Cairo: the Copt is a foreigner. Assuming - and justifiedly, given that old-school bureaucracies of this sort were hardly impartial or impersonal - that a Moslem petitioner would have to humble himself before a Christian clerk, this is tantamount to defeating your enemy abroad but surrendering at home.
Junior ‘ulema like the author above could easily turn into organisers of lynch mobs:
Demonstrations against Christians, probably led by lesser ‘ulema and leaders of popular [Sufi] orders, created considerable disturbance. In AD 1320 a number of churches were destroyed, [accompanied by] extensive incendiarism of buildings in both the city and the Citadel [of Cairo]…
When demonstrators clashed with the police, a qadi [judge] who was defending the Christians was stoned. The sultan an-Nasir, who favored them also, decided to let the persecutors have their way until feeling died down, rather than antagonize the masses.
Other rulers had less sympathy with the minorities who held the purse strings. On learning of the [extent of Christian Church properties], Sarghitmish flew into a rage and decreed that the land be taken from them and bestowed upon his mamluks… Steps were taken to humiliate them and their churches destroyed.
It is small wonder that a large number of Christians became Muslim during the Mamluk period… As one writer [Bosworth] put it:
[In the 14th c.] Conversions to Islam, always a steady trickle, became a flood, and even regions like Upper Egypt, which adjoined the Christian region of Nubia and had always been a Coptic stronghold, became in majority Muslim.
But let us note that conversion did not erase the stigma of Coptic descent or membership in Coptic society… after all, the animosities toward them did not spring from religious feeling per se but from political-economic motives. If the same families remained in authority, the feeling against them was not diminished. In the words of al-Maqrizi:
The unbelievers are turned Muslim at the point of the sword
If left alone they are transgressors
They saved their skin and goods,
they are safe (sālimūn), but no true Muslims (Mūslimūn)[4]
@gabrielkobari2267Not really true. The Mamluk army was ethnically diverse. During the first dynasty, the elite soldiers and commanders were mostly Turks, but that doesn't change the fact that Arabic was the official language with Turkish as the language of the elite
@gabrielkobari2267 You haven't really contradicted anything I said. In fact, you only proved what I said. That is the Mamluk army was ethnically diverse.
I'm not disputing that the cavalry was always dominated by Turks and later Circassians. I'm saying it wasn't exclusively Turkish. The infantry, like the harafish, was largely drawn out of the native population and there were also Bedouin auxiliaries.
Arabic was the official language of Egypt for centuries and the Mamluks as new comers had no capacity to change its status. It wasn't just for religious reasons, or else the official language of every Islamic state would have been designated as Arabic.
@gabrielkobari2267
Lol
The distinction between Turks and Turkic is something modern. That wasn't the case the in the past and Arabs used to refer to the Bahri Mamluks by calling them Turkish. And he speaks about knowledge.
The Harafish were in no means insignificant. In fact, many sources say that the Harafish in addition to other native contingents outnumbered the Mamluks themselves. That's the second time you've been proven wrong.
Kurdish wasn't the official language of the Ayyubid Sultanate. Arabic was. Since the Umayyads designated Arabic as the official language of the Fertile Crescent, no other language took its place until the Ottomans. Arabic was also spoken by the majority of the inhabitants of the Mamluk Sultanate.
Go figure 3x.
Sources: Ibn Taghribirdi, The Travels of: Sir John Mandeville, Ibn Iyas, A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad Ibn Qalāwūn (1310-1341)
And no, I don't consider lancers and the like to be of the fabled Mamluks. I'm talking about the larger army of the state itself, not the elite units.
Really interesting. The Mamluks have a very long history. Up until their demise through Muhammed Ali Pasha. I hope you cover this long history as I am personally interested especially in the last period with the Georgian Mamluks of Egypt as a descendant of those Mamluks, or so the saying in my family goes.
His cataract eye makes him even more badass. Just like Alexander's heterochromia. This kind of men are born once in a millennium.
Who are you talking about??
@@tanmaymanwar6333
Baybars and Alexander the great
Please Make Documentaries On The Following Empires:
1. Songhai Empire
2. Mali Empire
3. Ghana Empire
4. Aksumite Empire
5. Benin Empire
6. Kongo Empire
7. Kushite Empire
8. Oyo Empire
9. Ife Empire
10. Ashanti Empire
Aksumite should be top. Most underrated empire
Yes Absolutely
Oyo Empire 😂😂
@@bhabak.2oot What's funny about that?
Sokoto Caliphate
i loooooove the new animations
Mamluks are that one nation in eu4 that I always love to play and root for when I’m not them
Nice narrative
There should be a video talking about how the (Kypchak) Bahri Dynasty of Mamluks was replaced with the (Circassian) Burji Dynasty, like you briefly mentioned at the end of this video.
That's a misconception
A lot of the Bahry Sultans were Circassians including Sultan Bibars
@@tcherkess9695 Source? I don't believe that for a second.
@@parthiaball Read Leon L'Africain about Mamluks
Weather you believe it or not, it's your problem
@@parthiaball Read Leon L'Africain, "Historiale description de l'Afrique, tierce partie du monde"
Pages 358, 389.
Weather you believe it or not, it doesn't really make a difference.
@@tcherkess9695 Luckily I found a PDF online and I also read French. The claims on those pages are weak. The book was written almost half a century after the Burji Mamluks fell, so I doubt Europeans at that time would have enough knowledge about the Bahri Mamluks. This Frenchman probably heard from Egyptians about the Circassian Mamluks that ruled them and thought the previous dynasty was also Circassian. There is so much evidence to the Kypchak origins of the Bahri that this one weak source isn't enough to seriously discredit it.
I was thinking about this yesterday
Great video keep it up you're doing amazing things 😁😀
5:02 I love how you talk about slave trade with relaxing music in the background lol
The Egyptian Mamluks Kingdom/Empire, their military campaigns and conquests, deserve a coverage. They weren't as ambitious as the Ottoman Turks, but they prevailed the Middle East for more than two centuries
Awesome video can we get a video of the structure and changes that happened with the Byzantine verangian guard
From Slavery to Rulership.. Tulun, Qutuz, Baybars, Aybek, Sebuktegin.
Iltamish and balban too
It says “FINAL” but i cant find any of the videos that came before this one in this series
Placeholder title, ignore
@@KingsandGeneralsWill do guys! Love your work 🎉🎉🎉🎉🎉
@@KingsandGenerals Hi , I absolutely love your content and narrator as well as your mapping . I just want to ask one thing: does the membership/ patreons get to watch videos that will never be available for the public or will every video be released much later eventually ?
@@LJtheman-z1z we don't know. There are no concrete plans right now.
The Mamluk state in Egypt is an impressive example. It never happened that slaves ruled a state and became a ruling class. They were an example of courage and chivalry... One of the funny things about the Mamluks is that they were ruled by Mongols after they were captured in one of the battles.
Amazing video! I would just like to add that the mamluk army was also included peoples of the Caucasus mostly Circassian origin and their numbers were greater than the those who were turks. Circassians also ruled the mamluk sultante for over 300 years until the Ottoman's conquered it.
2:55, infact Mohd Ghori placed his adopted mamluk son, Qutbuddin Aibak at Delhi throne after defeating Prithviraj chauhab , the last hindu king at delhi, and established the Slave dynasty, the first one in the series of dynasties of Delhi Sultanate. Qutbuddin Aibak started the construction of famed Qutb minar, the tallest minar in the world at it's time.
8:29 Bunduq dari means wielder of Gun. So baybar must have used a personal gun to earn tat name
Delhi was ruled by Hindu kings like Hemu after Chauhan man.
Beautiful video 📹
Excellent
Battle Royale
Great documentary thank you once again K&G for covering such topics. One point at 4:19 the Arabic is reversed and incomprehensible.
Malmluks literally asking for kings ransom is so cool imagine being slave becomes sultan and capture king
Please tell me, which software you used for map design and animation, more importantly how you create cities of old style?
Finally the mamluks in detail
Kavkaz no statistics as usual )) besides Turkic warriors among Mamluks where many Georgians and Circassians, at one point they ruled Egypt in 18 century 🏔️🐺🦅
They still be come Egyptian be cuz Defend Egypt
The comment i was looking for 💯👍😢🥺 ყოველთვის უნდა გამოტოვონ საქართველო ყველაფერში🥺 თუ ასეთი უმნიშვნელოები ვართ და ,,რა მოსატანი" თურქების გვერდით რას გაგვიფხიკეს საუკეთესო თაობები, ისედაც უამრავი იყვნენ ეგენი, მაგრამ იცოდნენ ქართველები როგორი მებრძოლები იყვნენ და ბოლოს ვიდეოს შემქმნელმა თავი არ შეიწუხა მეტი გამოეკვლია და ის შემოგვთავაზა რაც სხვა დანარჩენმა😊
One Egyptian TV broadcaster said : (we are an army which a state built around it)
Because Eygpt from Pharaoh's to the present day, it was always a military state
B.s for most of it's history egypt was a partially theological state run by priests
All states were military states duginr History. If they weren't they wouldn't exist today
Well,the current military dictator,Sisi, is said to be the first native Egyptian to rule Egypt after 2000+ years, ye started good,but now his people hate him
This doesn't prevent Egypt from being the first country in history.
Make a documentary on Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi I have been subscribed to your channel for a couple of years now but I haven’t seen any documentary on Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi.
The relationship between Qutuz and Baybars was not as bad as you mentioned according to many sources.
Baybars didn't kill him because of hatred for him but because because before the battle, Qutuz told him that he had a surprise for him after they come back to Cairo (which was enthroning him as the sultan because Qutuz wanted to step down) but Baybars thought that the surprise was qutuz killing him so he decided to act first.
After he stabbed Qutuz he told him the reason and Qutuz forgave him and told him he is the sultan after him and died.
It would've nice to hear what kind of gear the Mamluks used.
Nice❤
Nice
nice video, but holy how does someone mess up a translation that bad at 4:23
This was really interesting, but I feel like you covered this already in the bay bars video from sometime ago it would’ve been nice if you talked about the two dynasties that ruled the mammal salted it the first one Turkish, the second one of Circassian origin
In fact, in the ranks of the "circassian" Burji Mamluks were many Turks also, even sultans. It wasn't departed in strict racial corps. The turkic tradition in the Mamluk Sultanate was preserved as you can see in the names of many Burji Sultans. The Circassians themselves were highly turkisized in their homeland as well and adopted many turkic traits, since they were ruled by Turkic peoples for hundreds of years, like the Huns, Gokturks, Bulgars, Khazars, Pechenegs, Cumans, Kipchaks, Tatars and later Ottomans.
Good vid ❤
12:27
انت تقول انه لم يمضي وقت طويل حتي يستمتع بانتصاره في الحقيقة هو اصلا لم يكن سعيدا بعد النصر بسبب وفات حبيبته التي تنكرت و وقفت بجانبه لتحمية اذا حصل له شيء و هذا ما حدث حاول الماغول اغتياله لكن خرجت و انهت علي ال 6 جنود الذين حاولو اغتياله و لكن توفيت متاثرة بالجراح بعد حوالي 30 سنة من البحث عنها و هو اصلا عمرة 39 ماتت حتي قبل انت تنجب منه طفلا و لم يفق من الصدمة حتي وجد صديقة المقرب يغتاله 😔
What is the song used at 1:50?
well done أحسنتم 💚💚
Please make a video about the battle of mansoura
I want a cartoon about a big lovable Great Dane who also defends Egypt from the Mongols. It'll be called "Marmaluke"
A Muslim historian in the 14th century said about the Mamluks when they defeated the Crusaders for good “Now Islam has its Knights Templar.”
The Mamluks were the Muslims response to the Knights Templar , Muslims were relying on nomadic mercenary cavalry, but these warriors were weak in the face of the Crusader knights, who were a fanatical professional cavalry , Therefore, the Mamluk battalions were created to be a fanatical professional cavalry force as well, and they proved their superiority over the Knights Templar by defeating them , and then defeating the mongols too
the mamluks were raised as soldiers
European knights also were raised as soldiers , but the Mamluk had a better military training combining mounted archery and shock cavalry , @@HarbdakramKardo
The rise of the mumleks is drama not seen in fiction
We actually have a famous drama around it called wa islamah it's probably a part of mamluke propaganda but cool story telling the life of seif al dean qutuz from his childhood in the khawaresm empire during the attack of the Mongols all the way to egypt and his upbringing as a soldier and his rise to power along with his female cousin called jihad
@@h3egypt I know, I'm from Egypt but the actual events is more dramatic than the movie.
Will you continue with your alternate history videos?
yep
@@KingsandGenerals oh thank god! That’s so exciting.
Top episode as usual!
Crusaders & Mongols in the North, Makurians in the South there was nothing Baybars and the early/Bahri Mamluk war machine did not defeat. If we only witnessed a Baybars Baiju face-off instead of Kitbuqa :0
One of the official names of the Mamlūk Sultanate was dawla al-turkiyya, 'The State of the Turks'. In particular, one of the chief Mamlūk historians, Rukn al-Dīn Bay- bars al-Mansūrī (d. 1325),himself a former mamlūk of Sultan al-Malik al-Mansūr Qalā’ūn (1279-1290), entitled one of his historical works Kitāb al-tuhfa al-mulūkiyya fī’l-dawla al-turkiyya, ‘The book of state- craft (lit-‘the royal gift’) in the kingdom of the Turks’.
The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans. (2008). Netherlands: Brill. p. 379.
Turkic, not "Turks".
@@zack2804 Turk also includes Turkic GökTürk empire included all of the Turkic people today. It's the general term used and also used by Turks despite Turkic, the term Turkic have no meaning in Turks so if you want to be really specific wise guy call them by their names like Oghuz, Kazakh etc. lol Americans please never change
@@tatarcavalry2342 Turk = Anatolian of mixed heritage, Turkic = Asiatic. You wrote 5 paragraphs of gibberish.
@@zack2804 source is simply your arse keep yapping
@@zack2804 Turkish is the thing you trying to say not the Turk and and an ameri.mutt calling people mixed heritage lol
Hello there!❤
The Mamluks were children who were bought in Egypt to be trained to be strong warriors in the armies of Islamic Egypt. They were mostly from the region between Asia and Europe, and no black-skinned slave was allowed to be in the army. The white slave was for war, and the black slave was just a servant like... What was universally known in those eras
They were Turkic
The beginning of the slave fighters was black slaves, and even the Fatimids relied on black slaves most of them saw, but the Abbasids left the blacks and relied on the Turks because the Caliph’s mother was Turkish and the black slaves revolted.
this is great!
just make sure the arabic is written from right to left "Saladin's name is backward "
Bahri Mamluks Are Kipcak Turks
My Father's Ancestors Are Kipchak Turks
🇹🇷🇦🇿🇹🇲🇰🇿🇰🇬🇺🇿🇭🇺❤️
Greetings from the Turko-Tatar😎
@@Karabulut96
Greetings Brother
Still.... They be come Egyptian They defended and their loyalty was only to Egypt
The Mamluks were notable for making the effort to convert many of the non-Muslims in Egypt and the Levant, unlike many of their predecessors.
@kings and generals - at 4:23 you guys have written Salahaddins name in Arabic from left to right rather than right to left - not a huge deal, just thought I’d point it out
Now this is a state conquered by the Ottomans I've always wanted to know more about!
Why is there no Arabic translation?
I am following you Arabic from Egypt
ed-devletü't-türkiye Kipchak baibars 🏹🏹🐺🐺
Baybars Khan was The slave from Desht-i Qipchaq (Qipchaq Cumania) who becomes Sultan in Egypt and He was The one who ever beat Crusaders, Mongols, and Assassins all at once
@gabrielkobari2267 Yeah, But some of them still exist and their bases were in Alamut Mountain near Tehran (The capital City of Iran)
@@alparslankhaan1071الحشاشين لهم فرع في إيران قضى عليه هولاكو وفرع آخر في سوريا قضى عليه بيبرس
Pls what's the song between 4:49 to 5:56
Wooooo
lmao i like how you wrote arabic script from left to right to corrospond with the sounds of latin letters
What is the song used from 1:35 - 3:30
It sounds amazing
I’ve wanted to know this for ages too
Good
The iron lady Shajar al-Durr played a crucial role. She became the sultana of Egypt and first woman ruler in islamic world on 2 May 1250,marking the end of the Ayyubid reign and the start of the Mamluk era. but where she's from?Turkey 🇹🇷 or Armenia 🇦🇲
There is no confirmation of its origin. Some said it was Turkish, and others said it was Khwarezmian or Caucasian
As a rebel slave myself, the Mamluks really appeal to me
Mamluks were examples of why arming people who resent you is a bad idea.
Baybers the real Panther king
Indeed the precursor to the janissaries.
Excellent video! I think calling the slaves does a huge disservice to how they were treated because then they’re being equated with the real slavery of Africans such as in the Americas and Europe. But hey, there aren’t too many terminologies to use here