Rome's last stand in Egypt - Battle of Heliopolis, 640 AD - Arab conquest of Egypt
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- Опубліковано 3 тра 2024
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Eastern Roman History / @easternromanhistory
Warhawk / @warhawkyt
📢 Narrated by David McCallion / david-mccallion-815ab1a6
🎼 Music:
Instinct - Bensound
Impact Allegretto - Kevin MacLeod
Crypto - Kevin MacLeod
Epidemic Sound
Filmstro
📚 Primary sources:
Al Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State, translated by Philip K. Hittil, Vols. II (New York: Columbia University, 1916).
History of the Patriarchs, Severus ibn al Muqaffaʿ, Alexandrinische Patriarchengeschichte von S. Marcus bis Michael I 61-767, nach der ältesten 1266 geschriebenen Hamburger Handschrift im arabischen Urtext, edited by C. F. Seybold (Hamburg, 1912).
John of Nikiu, The Chronicle of John Bishop of Nikiu, translated by R. H. Charles (London: Williams and Norgate, 1913).
📚 Scholarship:
Booth, P., 'The Muslim Conquest of Egypt Reconsidered' in Zuckerman, C. Constructing the Seventh Century, (Paris, 2013). 639-670.
Butler, A. J., The Arab Conquest of Egypt and the Last Thirty Years of Roman Dominion, Reprint 1978 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1902).
Howard-Johnston, J., Witnesses to a World Crisis: Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010).
#byzantine #documentary #historymarche
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HUGE fan of your work ❤❤❤❤❤
One Omar was in Medina at the time and the focus was on Persia. Moreover by the time Amar son of Al-Aus came to the picture Omar and Muslim gov where too bussy. Egypt attack was early because Amar requested. He insisted he has a plan and that few thousands are enough. The force that went in first was very tiny all on horse back and where elites. It was a skirmish. Amar forces where 8k. 2k given to him by Omar and 2k of his own personal troops and he rounded up 4k volunteers, big % of new Muslims from Levant.
The later reinforcement was 4 men not 4k. The 4 great ones the 4 strong. 4 of the top 8 best warriors and unite commanders in Islam: Qaqai (is a portrait dissing the enemy in battle, also has a strong commanders voice that shakes the battlefield). Each equal to a 1000 elite Arab warriors, each of the 4 are equal to the likes of LuBu in might and Aura. They also very tall, the shorterest is 2m tall , without being slower but very fast and quick.
Also Omar wanted the army to be 12k as it is a key number divisible by 2, 3 and 4 ie a very strong structure. As of Prophet Mohammad words about 12k and multiples of 12 are strong unite when used properly.
Amar plan was to stabliiish a foot, annoy the Byzantium forces, skirmish them, weaken them, test them, limit business and hold the line running around ambushing them and show you here to stay. Then after a while plus diplomacy and politics get the local powers and people on your side after showing them you can hold ground and could win high chance. Then gets tens of thousands for free and takeover Egypt.
Alexander was annoying and hard though.
In 622 Persians had lakhmid, ghassanid and most of Anatolian lands in their hands. The Romans had also lost many cities to avars and they had reached almost near Constantinople from the north west. Sassanians had captured Chalcedon and reached Constantinople from the east .The map you made is incorrect
@@soroushtorabi98 They where very short live near Constantinople so maybe that. That one is a tiny error.
Hi, would appreciate it if you have a video on Yemen invasion by the Romans in 24 BC..
A small correction concerning the map.
By the time Amr invaded egypt, Mesopotamia was firmly in arab control.
By the time of Umar's assassination, the whole of persia was conquered.
Good point. Shame I missed that in production.
@@HistoryMarche I would also point out that khosrow II was dead by the time the invasion of egypt started.
لا عليكم يا أصدقاء نحن سعداء جداً بما تقدموه@@HistoryMarche
@@HistoryMarcheHow though? It’s so blatant and you should know this from the Yarmuk video.
no it wasn't, in 644 the persians were still resisting and would continue to do so for another 7 years
Fun fact: During the march on Egypt, Amr ibn al-As, known as the cunning of the Arabs, received an important letter from Caliph Umar.
Amr deliberately delayed opening the letter until he entered Egypt. When he finally read it, the message simply said: "If you are already in Egypt then continue with the blessing of god, but If not, halt your advance and return with your army."
He actually knewed it anyways
A story that is made up after an event.
@@mrsillywalk
All history is made up after the events
@@mrsillywalk source?
Why was it made up if they won ??@@mrsillywalk
It was a great honour to research and write the script for this episode. I received some help from the HistoryMarche team and helped story board the campaign and the big fights.
I am very happy with the final result.
It's a honor to watch your Channel too sir! Many thanks!
@@christopherevans2445 Thank you very much.
It's was a pleasure working with you. I hope we do more in the future.
Cringe roman history vs based Makedonian history
Superb as always 👌
Interestingly, the capital of Egypt was under the Rashidun Caliphate was al-Fustat. Cairo was later build by the Fatimid Empire. Many have the misconception that Cairo existed since the days of the Pharoahs.
You are right. Dw, those people are just ignorant.
True
No nobody misconception i am already know that in the time rashidun the capital name fustat means "Lounge" found by amr ibn al as and cairo was found by fatimid caliph al mu'izz
@@reefmohammed3553 Yes Subhan Allah its good that you know, but many believe Cairo was built by Ancient Egypt.
Amr ibn Al-'As then wrote to 'Umar ibn Al-Khattab telling him that Allah the Almighty had granted them victory and opened Egypt for them. He told him as well that he reached Fayum and Abwat. He also asked for reinforcements because he concluded that the remaining army was not sufficient.
'Umar reinforced him with 4,000 men. At the head of each 1,000 was a man who was equal to a 1,000 men by himself. These 4 vigorous men were Al-Zubair ibn Al-'Awwam, Al-Miqdad ibn 'Amr, 'Ubadah ibn Al-Samit and Muslimah ibn Mukhlid. In his message to 'Amr, 'Umar said, "You had better know that you have 12,000 men and these twelve thousand will not be defeated because of their small number."
Please continue your Hannibal series soon🙏 your work is always amazing and i think that series is your magnum opus, would love to see it finished someday
That's the plan. I"m working on part 20
@@HistoryMarche So happy to hear that, i know the wait will be worth it
@@HistoryMarche Oh thank god for that, and thank you very much for all your amazing work!
Khalid Bin Waleed , Sa'ad Ibn Abi Waqas , Abu Obaida , Amar Ibn Al Aas all were great general . Rashidun Caliphate Was Full of CHADS 🗿✨
Yes akhi ❤
Allah Subhana wa Tala is The Greatest Khalid bin Waleed and the rest where just slaves and soldiers of Allah Subhana wa Tala.
Fun fact: Amr ibn Al-'As actually barely had 4000 men in the beginning of the expedition and was forbidden by Umar (R) to enter Egypt, but Amr ibn Al-'As didn't open the letter sent by Umar (R) forbidding him that, and went on with mere 4000 men. Upon arriving inside Egypt, he requested for more men, and was given 4000 more. Just before arriving in Heliopolis, Amr ibn Al-'As was given 4000 more men, totalling his soldier count to 12000 which was nothing compared to 20,000++ Romans he had to face. Amr ibn Al-'As wasn't even a military officer btw, he was just another Arab tradesmen, he just happened to know and understand Egypt because of years trading with Egypt.
how can he have not been a military officer if he was commanding troops?
@@hegantank6495It might be his first or one of his first stints.
@@kuronoch.1441 Amr was one of the four main leaders of the Islamic conquest of Syria and a close friend of Khalid Ibn al-Walid
If he was only trademan he wouldn't lead army in conquest
@@hegantank6495 If the Roman have someone like Domentianus to hold a fortified city, a merchant is more than sufficient to lead an army against the Roman.
Over 1 million subscribers, congratulations!
I think a series on the Komnenian restoration would be a very good project, as for me that period of history is one of the most interesting ones and I'm sure many agree
I think HM could combine some of their older videos. They already did a video on Komnenos I a few years ago.
I love your videos they are so incredibly well made, im gripped by your narration and entertained throughout the videos as history is one of my favourite subjects and you are one of my favourite channels on youtube.
"An Egyptian called John" - made me laugh so hard
Yeah these were common names during the Greek administration.
Could have said "a Greco-Roman Egyptian named John". The real Kemetyu (ancient Egyptians) has fallen to the Assyrians of Cambyses 1,300 years before the Arab conquest.
More yohanah for the local name unlike the latinized one, John.
We have a very famous Egyptian star of social media. A Coptic Man whose name is : John El-Masry (John the Egyptian).
@@ohlangeni Assyrian and cambyses? I can predict your iq by that comment, Egyptians still live to this day and they are the direct descendants of their ancient ancestors, ok hotep?
رضى الله عن عمرو ابن العاص و الحمدلله على نعمة الاسلام و رحمة الله على الفاتحين 💜💜💜
😂😂😂😂
I like how this invasion was explained:
Roman Egypt was none conquered by sword, it was through the infighting, indecisiveness, and the low morale of the Romans. The Arabian Sword was just the icing on top.
plus most Egyptian Coptic sided with the Arabs since they were oppressed by Rome and the Roman Catholic church an Orthodox Coptic monk who lived in that era named Yuhanaa (John ) of Nicosia wrote on his book History of the Ancient World that a most Coptic did that and noted that some even converted to Islam even Before the Muslims were able to take full control of Egypt because of the tyranny of the Emperor and the harassment he caused to the Orthodox.
Yes. The Egyptians and Arabs who lived in Egypt requested from the Muslims to liberate them.
That’s coping. Romans tried to fight the Arabs and they lost despite outnumbering the Arabs. The early Islamic conquest was simply unstoppable for the most part as simple as it is.
@@sammainman9464
Not true at all. copts did not side with Muslims at all and there was no Islam - Islam/Quran was not written even after invading Egypt - how a nation would ask another nation to invade them ??? what would be the reaction of Romans who were ruling the country towards Copts if they requested such thing???!!!! silly thinking and false propaganda
Islam is not a religion, it is a political armed movement to control Arabic tribes and united them
@@MaSa-bp5qe
Lies. Not true. no body requested Muslims to liberate them, evil propaganda- what would be the reaction of Romans who were ruling the country towards Copts if they requested such thing???!!!! silly thinking and false propaganda
Wish you release more content and that i could pay to be patron! Its always a GREAT DAY when HistoryMarche releases a video
I just wanted to take a moment to express my appreciation for your latest episode. It was truly magnificent! Your content is always so unique and engaging, and this episode was no exception. Thank you for your dedication to delivering such high-quality historical content. Looking forward to the next one!😀
Amazing work HM! as always.
Glad you enjoy it! Thanks so much for watching and commenting. It's heartwarming to see old subscribers are still around!
Excellent video! I always enjoy learning about this period in history.
Great collaboration = Great documentary.
Thank everyone for the hard work!!!
The intro is basically summarised in the quran in chapter Rum. Where it was prophesied that the romans will win against the Sassanids.
🤮🤢
predicted*
@@Arima.p ?
Yeah cause ir was written after it happened duh
@@guzelataroach4450*Before
Your roman videos are awesome! Thanks For this ❤❤❤❤❤
Glad you enjoy it!
@@HistoryMarcheAlways do!
Well done, thank you HistoryMarche.
I was beginning to wonder when the next one was! I look forward to all these videos
Another Saturday, another excellent history marche video.
Must get up early tomorrow for work but this is important too.
Another great episode!
Always love your historical battles about Rome
Once again, I had a great time collaborating with yall! I hope everybody enjoys the video!
Nice video. May I ask what was your role in this?
@@saifmustafa665 I animated it, you can check the description ;)
Last time I was this early Egypt was Roman
I wish I was as early as Egypt being Egyptian
@@Interestinguiniyyahdreams
@crzahmed9707 tbh I was taking the piss.
It's racist and wrong to deny that Egyptians are Egyptian.
Nationality is a social construct and it evolves over time
@@Interestinguiniyyah yes
As always this was a great episode. That little "sidestory" with the two commanders fighting in duel was great.
Always learn from your videos!
I very much enjoyed your video and I gave it a Thumbs Up
Damn this Channel is good.... Never lets you down
3:31 This is why its more appropriate to call these the Muslim/Islamic conquests. Arabs were already familiar with these lands since they lived and traded at the fringes of Eastern Rome and Persia for centuries, some were even Christian or Jewish. What spurred them on to conquer was Islam.
Cool level of detail in this one.
Political intrigue, disastrous leaders, the duel!
It was an informative and wonderful historical coverage work about the last stand of the Roman empire in Egypt at ( 640 AD ) confronted Islamic caliphate army .How Egypt felt in the Islamic Rasheddin caliphate (empire) . Thank you for an excellent( history Marche) channel for sharing that magnificent work.
@HistoryMarche During Battle of Yarmouk and in the Conquest of Egypt, "Umar" was the Caliph not 'Abu Bakr'. I am sure you would correct the mistake.
This Arab general is unappreciated
I agree. Unfortunately, most Western sources tend to frown upon or at times downplay the history & military capabilities of the Arab world.
The Arab strategy, alongside indirectly some of the incompetence/overconfidence of Byzantine leaders on the other end, set the stage on what happened at Heliopolis
On the surface, it reminds me at least partially (some subtle resemblance) of Hannibal's early tactics many centuries ago against the Western Roman sect from Hispania to Trasimene until the Battle of Cannae
Hannibal, in some regard, would have approved of the tactics the Arabs used against Byzantium.
Most of them were. Being any sort of a powerful Muslim general was / is a dangerous proposition for their health.
Aren't they all? The two who conquered Spain were jailed as a reward
@@JOGA_Wills bad leadership sucks
@@JOGA_Wills that story is not strong enough, most agree they just died on the way to hajj
El mejor canal para aprender historia e inglés a la vez! Gracias ❤
Congratulations on the over 1 million subscribers.
Im at work, gotta sneak this in!!
If the boss comes in just say: "But there's a war in Egypt! Look!"
"The Roman's are getting pushed out of Egypt sir, I'm sorry this is urgent. "
Perfect explanation with the advertising 👌
Excellent work.
Happy may the fourth be with you history Marche.
Considering that Egypt was the breadbasket I’m surprised the praesentalis army was not sent there. Also seems like Heraclius was the only competent general on the Roman side my goodness.
As we all know, one of the most important factors that determine the outcome of wars is morale and not leaving the battlefield. Of course, the political situations in Eastern Rome are important. I think the real question is, how and with what motivation did these people achieve this, while all the armies of the period trembled against the Persians and Romans? Assalamualaikum brothers and sisters.
Fantastic video!
Nicely done video
It’s AMR IBN AL AAS .not ASEEEE
whole Roman empire to Demantanius : "Why are you running?"
WHY ARE YOU RUNNING!
another great presentation
Thank you.
I love Roman history so much it’s hard to listen to their humiliating defeats. Anyone else ? 😂
Same here man, whenever I see a video about Rome or Byzantium I automatically rute for them. I swear it hurts me to see them lose 😂
great work as always
your voice on the commentaries are really cool and fitting 👍
One of the best channels in UA-cam
Also, Egyptians loved Amr Ibn Al Aas more than the Romans and the Egyptian people allied with him against the Romans and they were the key for all his victories against the Romans. Even Coptic Christians loved Amr a lot. They were his spies against the Romans and they were opening the gates for him, giving him secret locations. God rest his soul. He was a great man. He was kicked out of leadership of Egypt by Uthman rw because he was drunk on power and refused to take jizya from the Christians and he was going on the way to take Egypt and separate it from the caliphate.
Separate it from the caliphate!
foolish...
@@J_FGCC4474 Don't hate Uthman rw for it. He did his best to keep Egypt in the Caliphate. Look up, "Amr Ibn Al Aas' letters to Umar and feud with Al Sarh." On Google. You'll find it.
How Sassanid Empire existed while the Egypt willingly turned into a Caliphate area?
🤔, I also noticed it, Persia was conquered before Egypt,.
That was my question too 🤣
Awesome video
great history content once again...we are lucky to have you...just finish the series with hannibal too...please ❤
Great video keep it up you're doing amazing things 😁👍
Thank you so much 😁
@@HistoryMarcheyou're the Best ❤❤❤❤❤❤
@@danielsantiagourtado3430you said it
I never knew there was a Babylon, Egypt
Yep, it's an old Roman fortress. I presented it on the map as a city because it was significant during this period.
حصن بابليون the last fort against the muslim army
then the egyptian Christians claimed that the fort was built on top of old church so the muslim openers gave it back to them
Its a roman fortress now in Cairo. Under a church nowadays. I heard that its called Babylon because of ramsis the second having Babylonian prisoners there. Not sure if its true
never disappoints
I love HistoryMarche
Love the videos but when is the 2nd Punic War series going to continue :(
That's the plan. I"m working on part 20
1:15 By the time the battle of Yarmouk took place, Abu Bakr had been dead for years. Umar was the Caliph at the time
There’s so many other errors on that map, Mesopotamia is still shown under sassanid control while it was conquered before the levant. And there’s Baghdad shown on the map while it didn’t exist yet back then
Man, this was a great video.
I went down a rabbit hole on the hobnail boots (caligae) 😂
When a 1v1 has no winners
What do you mean? The Muslims won in this war lol
@@parkeroof4705
He talk about duel in video there was 2 fought in duel altough muslim general won but he afterwards died due for his heavily injuries was hitted by his opppenet
So a tie perhaps?
Great 👍 Video.
But when Hannibal?
It's been a year we didn't see him on a battlefield.
Working on it, should come soon.
Is it just me or has anyone else noticed that Amr Al Aas imitated the invasion strategy of Khalid by having the byzantines commit and pin down large numbers of their troops to one side of the country first before invading the emptied other half of the country so he can capture it with fewer troops?
Yh they were both geniuses, and fun fact they were friends and they became muslims in the same day.
Amr fought many battles under the command of Khalid for years
29:50 imagine the atmosphere and adrenaline rush, dueling an enemy champion in midst of a battle, cheering and shouting from everywhere.
Whoa, two battles today! Yaaaaay!
There were no Roman collaborators in Egypt
The original people of Egypt were occupied by the Romans
They helped the Muslims because the Roman rule in Egypt was unjust to them
The companions of the Prophet knew how to fight the strongest empires on earth
Continue more Arab stories and Hannibal, those 2 are your GEMS of the channel
I really hope you can continue Vikings series soon, it's amazing
Bro
Muslims in 640 to 900ad are just unstoppable 🔥💀💀
Probably one of those moments in history which can be considered pivotal. And one of the big 'what-ifs' in history is what would have happened if the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sassanid Empire didn't bled out each other just before the outburst of the Muslims. Would they have been able to stop them together? How would the world look today if they did?
Probably not as big a difference as you think for the Arabs had also been warring for 30 years before the conquests began. Their numbers were never large either, yet what won the day for them was their zeal and excellent leadership
Whoever reads my ridiculous comment thinks that the Arabs were better off... Why don’t you admit that the Arabs were also warring tribes and kingdoms as well?
@ntluck1592 That's why it is a what-if. I don't know the answer, and neither do you.
@@ntluck1592 People often forget a very important factor in every Arab conquest, The line "They joined the Muslims" which means a large chunk of dissatisfied groups of people joined the enemy, Which is actually a rare case in history.
And the major wars of Persians-Romans contributed a lot.
@@ntluck1592"The Arabs would have won anyway because it was inevitable"
Don't make us laugh.
As a kid in late primary / early high school I was a huge roman history buff (yes i was a nerd...) - im only 7 min into the video so far o I don't know if this is addressed but: As far as I am aware there were Roman Legions present in Egypt at this point of time that were originally established in the late republic / early empire - so the Arab expansion into Egypt likely marked the beginning of the end of the oldest Legions in the Empire
My favourite part was the duel, I didn´t know about it; the Arabs were more brave so that they deserve Egypt.
I dont think its a coincidence that the Middle Eastern and North African provinces fell so quickly both to the Sassanids and then to the Arabs. They had a lot of discontented minorities like the Monophysites, the Nestorians and in some places the Jews, who were persecuted by the Byzantines. The Muslims were promising not equality but toleration if people paid the Jizya tax. Donatism still persisted to some extent in North Africa too.
the presenters' voice adds so much oomph to the video
BRO FINISH THE HANNIBAL SERIES!!!! You guys left us hanging big time.
great video man
can you make a series on baybars campaign against the crusader states?
i can't seem to find anything good on that on youtube
kings and generals has a video on him and his destruction and razing of antioch
شكرا جزيلا على مجهودك 🌹
For the algortithm 🍻🍻🍻🍻
Do you make your maps or do you get them from the internet
The ruler of Egypt appointed by Uthman was more controversial than stated, the Prophet ordered his death in the past and he was not well liked by Muslims in general. His appointment was also a blow to Muslims in Egypt, weakening it even further.
if i am not mistaken i have read in different sources that the taxes were not changed when the muslims controlled egypt
it feels illegal for me to be this early
It's never too early for some medieval slaughter :)
muito bom video
Manuel was about to make a calm walk into Egypt if the Crusaders were not focusing on their own political autonomy ,that was obviously abut to end if Egypt had fallen to the Byzantines...Thus both ended in favor of the enemy...
By the end Caliph Umar's reign more than half of the Persian empire was conquered by the Muslims. A fact not depicted on the map in this video.
I'm not an expert on Egyptian history but I have a friend who is a Coptic Christian Egyptian and he is a history buff over the Middle East prior to the Arab invasion. According to him, most of the Middle East before the Arab invasion were full of Aramaic speaking Christians who made many advances in the sciences and technologies like "Greek Fire".
Islamic invasion The Arabs were there before the invasion
Well, you need to check the sources and verify your friend's claims. Do not take anyone's words for granted. Have a brain and verify his words and check the sources online yourself. You have the internet, you have no excuse to be ignorant unless you choose to be ignorant.
@@aghstf8587 the arabization of the levant took place in the ninth century ad.
and the arabization of egypt took place by the mameluke era. by arabization here i mean the majority adopting arabic as the ligua franca after aramaic and coptic.
@@zombieat
Syria is Arab Aramaic even before the Islamic conquest... everything proves this, even the ancient Roman and Greek historians.
Yes, Egypt and North Africa were Arabized, but the point of Arabizing the Levant"alsham" and Iraq is not correct
@@J_FGCC4474 it is kind of confusing because there are 3 different scripts called "arabic". and the one used today and in the quran comes from a small village in syria not the arabian peninsula. but obviously 5alegis and the shawam are genetically different.
Excellent video and graphic - just one inaccuracy at 8:45 when you say "troops from Lower Egypt were sent" to reinforce Theodosius and the graphic shows units going from South to North to Heliopolis. But "Lower Egypt" actually refers to the delta area of the Nile River in the North, i.e. downstream, not the upstream "Upper" Egypt in the South. So if your text is right, then the graphic should show units moving from the North to the South along the Nile, not the other way around.
32:13 And you left the story for another Time 😊.
The Arab Conquests are very underrated.
Nah, they got lucky and hit two empires that just bled each other dry. If they had attacked at any other time, they would have been crushed.
@@Alexander-fl7iiThe Arabs weren’t one united force. Immediately after the prophet’s death, most of Arabia rose up in rebellion And a large rebel army threatened Medina itself. They were only subdued after the extensive ridda wars against vastly superior rebel armies, culminating at battles such as Buzakha and Yamama. Most Arabian tribes - since they had rebelled - did not contribute to the war effort until later on when this was absolutely necessary at Qadisiyyah and that was only on the Persian front. You can’t just belittle the achievement of destroying Rome and ending Persia at the same time with the excuse of “they just fought a war”. Okay, so had the Arabs.
@@Alexander-fl7ii the Arabs themselves were having a civil war of their own, if they didn’t have have civil wars and attacked the Byzantines in their prime, the Byzantines would still get crushed
@@MJ511KWno they wouldn't, at their prime Belisarius would've sacked Mecca and islam would've never spread as far as it did
@@DrKarmo lol keep creating your own happiness, belisarius would run for his life if he sees Khalid ibn Al walid not even the mongols can stop Islam you think Christians can ? 😂
love the roman videos, any chance that the hannibal series hasn’t been abandoned hm?
Part ,20 is being worked on !
@@jozzieokes3422 it’s been too long, it’s been nearly a year, im missing it😢
@@liamevers115 same here, gotta have patience my man.
You should play Rome 2 and play as Carthage, or the dlc in the game called Hannibal at the Gates! Great stuff
@@jozzieokes3422 what’s in on?
@@liamevers115 ?
Why are the 2 city maps in the same video of nikiou so different. Is this a massive oversight?
First one at 22min mark. has many rivers meeting at nikiou as an important center, with the second map at the 27 min mark and battle of nikiou with it off set of the Nile and only a single river.