Aspirin and Prostaglandins
Вставка
- Опубліковано 1 лют 2017
- Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid, is one of the oldest and most well-known medications for headaches, fever, pain, and even prevention of heart attack and stroke. How does this drug cause relief of these symptoms? Check out this episode of Medicurio to learn about the quite interesting mechanism of aspirin in the body.
Detailed Mechanism of Aspirin:
There are two major forms of cyclooxygenase (COX) in cells. COX-1 is always made in the cell, while COX-2 is only made during inflammation. Aspirin permanently inhibits the COX-1 isoform (version) by acetylation of its active site. Therefore, aspirin’s effect lasts however long it takes for the cell to transcribe and translate new COX-1 enzymes, which usually takes a few hours.
COX-1 decreases fever, pain, and inflammation, but also increases the risk of gastric ulcers by decreasing clotting and stomach mucous production. The COX-2 isoform is thought to only produce prostaglandins involved in fever, pain, and inflammation but not other functions; therefore, making a drug that inhibits COX-2 instead of COX-1 would give all the anti-inflammatory effects of aspirin without the risk of gastric ulcers. Such a drug would be a major upgrade and many companies came up with possible COX-2 inhibitors. One such drug, called rofecoxib or Vioxx, entered the market claiming that it would not cause gastric ulcers. What the drug company did not reveal was that during clinical trials, many patients suffered from heart attacks after chronic use. These problems began to surface once the general public began using Vioxx, leading to withdrawal of the drug and lawsuits against the company.
Moral of the story? Research integrity is important, especially for a drug company as people’s lives are at stake.
Trivia about Aspirin:
It is debated if Felix Hoffmann was the true “inventor” of aspirin. Arthur Eichengrün, a fellow Bayer employee, claimed that he was the one who came up with the procedure and that Hoffmann simply performed the reaction following his guidelines. Bayer has denied this claim.
Hoffmann synthesized aspirin for his father, who complained about the taste of salicylic acid that he was taking to treat his arthritis.
Aspirin is extremely toxic to cats (which cannot break down aspirin) and to a lesser extent, dogs. Despite this, aspirin can still be used, just at low doses, to treat inflammation in animals.
You can overdose on aspirin - at lethal doses, aspirin interferes with energy production in the mitochondria which leads to eventual death. Before death, unique symptoms such as ringing in the ears, hyperventilation, and dizziness, as well as non-specific symptoms such as vomiting and nausea appear. Overdoses are often due to chronic aspirin use, so if any of these symptoms apply to you, speak to a doctor immediately.
Aspirin’s effect is increased by ingesting it with caffeine because caffeine is a stimulant, which increases blood flow to carry aspirin around the body faster and begin acting on tissue quicker.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is not technically an NSAID because it does not decrease inflammation; however, it also works on COX enzymes so I have lumped it with the other NSAIDs in this video for simplicity. - Наука та технологія
came here from a shout out by TierZoo I'm very impressed with your content already subbed looking forward to more fun vids :D
same here this is such a good youtube channel, I love these educational videos.
Same
me too
same
Same
I seriously love your videos, I highly encourage you to keep making them forever. Your explanations are incredibly simple and concise, making it extremely easy to understand. Plus, yor animations are the cutest ever, they truly help me gain interest in the topic and learn the specific molecules.
Wow, love your work, as a physics major, medicine has always been a bit of a mystery to me. Your videos are very clear and informative. The animations are awesome and give a good picture of what is happening. Keep up the good work!
This is super helpful, thank you!!! I'm a pharmacy student and appreciate how you integrated other drugs towards the end of the video!
Just the information I need. Awesome! answered all my questions. Thank you so much, your channel is so helpful.
Love your videos! They help me so much! Dont stop making them, please!
Just found your channel thanks to tier zoo and you deserve way more subs this channel is amazing got my sub
your speeches are well structured and your communocation seems skillfull
amazing video. clears all the concepts
THIS IS BY FAR, THE EASIEST TO UNDERSTAND VIDEO ON ASPRIN & OTHER RELATED ISSUES... THANKS
🙏🙏🏻🥹
Loved it. Fun, detailed and engaging. Keep up the good work.😊
It was excellent! Thanks a lot for making this very understandable.
Came here from TierZoo. Awesome channel, very helpful too.
I am a medical student and biochemistry is my nightmare, so this really helps cover the basis.
Another great video! Aspirin is so commonly used, I hope this can help educate people to use it properly. It may even reduce incidence of Reye's syndrome. Keep it up!
Thanks!
Very informational video TierZoo recommended you I think I'm going to subscribe
Hey UA-cam! Diseases are cool, but they're just one half of the big picture. The other half are the medications that are used to treat diseases, which is why I'll be starting to make videos on how well-known drugs work in the body as well!
Note: I've been getting comments about how acetaminophen (Tylenol) is not really an NSAID. I am aware of this; however, since it also acts on the COX enzymes, I have lumped it together with other NSAIDs for simplicity's sake.
This is cool stuff man. I work in a pharmacy as a clerk, but I've always found subjects like anatomy and cellular biology to be super fascinating, and try to learn about them in my free time. Tierzoo sent me here and I'm glad he did :D
Please make more videos. Thank you!
Yeah, and acetaminophen acts only in the CNS, not in the entire body
Can you make a video on ibuprofen and RAAS?
Pleaseeeeeeee.....🤗
Tierzoo sent me here!! Glad I clicked on that link!
Awesome content man, gonna subscribe now!
Thank you so much for this video 🌷🌷
Informative,Thank you!
Do please continue to make and improve your videos. You have the potential to reach many millions of views.
Wonderful! Fantastic! Excellent!
Your videos were amazing !! My mother is a doctor and she sad that they were really informative
Really excellent work. Continue like that 👍🏻🌹🌹🌹👍🏻
amazing explanation. thank you
Thank you. Amazing video
It is a fantastic video. I learned a lot from the video although i do not fully understood the complicated medical words :-) Great job!
makes it so easy to understand :) TY!!
great video, keep the good work
Great video
thank you
Well explained ! thanks
Thank you for the video.
thanks man you save lives
so helpful and clear thanks
Amazing .perfect. thanks a million
really nice and productive video
You make it very easy
god bless you 💜
Great work😍😍, thanks
Thanks very informative and short
Amazing video!! Thanks so much for sharing.
Great,useful and simple.
Thanks alot.🌹
This is awesome!
Dear
Thanks for information
Thank you so so much
Watching this while I'm on my period.. I took some aspirin so this helps a lot to understand the science behind it
Hi, I would like to quote your video, but can you share which books or places you have gotten your resources from? Thank you
had no idea why nsaid-induced asthma attacks occured until now ! pretty interesting how blocking one of the COX enzymes can result in more fatty acids for the lipoxygenase pathway
You should do a video on thc and other chemicals in marijuana I would really love to know more about those processes in the body again love the channel keep up the great work
Great thanks
Good job guys
Outstanding bro.....keep going....👌
awesome video friend. ..more videos upload please thanku. ..
Very good video, thanks a lot :)
AWESOME!
Thnku ,it helps alot to me .
This was great - i cstopoed by looking for editional material about ginger’s effects on prostaglandin - I nominate you for the nobel prize for simple ,direct and effective digital education of medical science ( the Dedem Prize :)
Thank you ❤️❤️👍
Wow amzang content!! Subbed!
Wow. Thanks alot
Very informative,tx
PLEEEASE!!! I would love if you were to open the subtitles for us to make them. I can't share it with people who just won't understand you.
okk your videos very helpful. ...please upload videos on respiratory system. .....
Awesome.
This is helping me ❤❤❤
How long does taking two aspirin effect prostagladin production? Thanks!
Wow! so informative lesson. Love and thanks!
Hi , please , answer me
Explain the effect of amino acids on Aspirin solubility in aqueous media
Very Informative!
I had a 2cm blood clot in my calf sometime ago. Was prescribed xarelto for three months… when the course waaa finished I was told no need to take anything further.
After further research I have decided to take baby asprin to reduce the chance of another clot. I also have hip osteo arthritis which leaves me a little bit immobile but I can stretch and do easy exercises. I wil have my hip replaced later this year.
What are your thoughts on taking a baby asprin once a day given the information above.
Thanjs.
Hi I really enjoyed the vid. I think that having the label NSAIDs above the COX inhibitors @7:35 is a little misleading because Tylenol is not an NSAID. I also would like to confirm if Ibuprofen is used for babies. I was taught NSAIDs should be avoided in general and Tylenol is the first line of defense for inflammation and fever.
Thanku sos o so much
Not just any fatty acid right but specifically polyunsaturated?
Nice
thank youuuuu
you need way more subs
hello! is it possible to increase the pH level of salicylic acid?
In cold flu headache is there any role of prostaglandin?
would we say that aspirin inhibits CoX1 or enhances it?
Sir please make a video on diuratic
This was very interesting and helpful, do you have plans to cover acetaminophen in the future by any chance?
Perhaps in the future, but not right now, since acetaminophen's mechanism is very similar to aspirin (it is also a COX inhibitor). Do you have any specific questions about it?
Why do acetaminophens need to be processed by the liver and damage the liver as apposed to aspirin? (Also Thanks for the feedback!)
The reason why acetaminophen is processed by the liver is because our liver contains most of our drug-detoxifying enzymes, such as the cytochrome P450 enzyme family. Aspirin is also processed by the liver because of that same reason. However, while aspirin is broken down into harmless products that are excreted by the body, acetaminophen is broken down into a harmful oxidative chemical called NAPQI which has the potential to kill liver cells. Thankfully, our liver also contains lots of antioxidants, such as glutathione, which can neutralize NAPQI and prevent it from damaging our liver. The problem is when people take too much acetaminophen - there is too much NAPQI and not enough glutathione to neutralize it all, resulting in liver damage. This doesn't happen with aspirin because it doesn't get broken down into NAPQI or any other harmful metabolites.
You did mention in the description box that acetaminophen is technically not an NSAID, but does do similar things. What is different about acetaminophen that allows people who are allergic to NSAIDs to take it?
Neat videos by the way!
Though NSAIDs and acetaminophen both act on COX enzymes, NSAIDs act on COX-1 and 2, while acetaminophen act on COX-3. These three isoforms of the COX enzyme have slightly different functions: COX-2 reduces inflammation (as shown in the video), COX-3 reduces fever (by working on the central nervous system). COX-1 is involved in regulating mucous production in the stomach, kidney function, and clotting, which is not involved in inflammation but most NSAIDs can only block COX-1 and COX-2 together, not COX-2 on its own.
It is believed that COX-1 inhibition is the main reason for allergic reactions. COX enzymes convert certain fatty acids into prostaglandins. Blocking COX-1 stops this conversion, and the fatty acids instead become converted into another molecule family called leukotrienes which causes histamine release and allergic reactions. This does not happen as severely when using acetaminophen since COX-1 is not inhibited, which may be why the allergic reactions do not occur.
What inhibits Prostaglandin E2 more, aspirin or advil (ibuprofen)
Con you do one on nutmeg?
I loved your videos. How you make videos. Which software or template you use. Please guide your setup. It worth for me.
Powerpoint and Camtasia 9
Dude... I realize I came late... And your channel is dead(I really really hope not)
I'm a medical student and even I find your vids very useful...
Hey.. If you're alive... Please post more videos....
Greetings from Egypt 😊😊
Lmao if you are still alive
Pretty sad how still some older folks think they don’t need to take any medications. They told me they can take an aspirin and call it a day. Seeing millions of drug commercials on tv certainly doesn’t help. Pharmaceutical companies are really aggressive in selling their products and usually they are specialty medications.
In this day and age I don’t think I will ever recommend aspirin other than it’s antiplatelet effects.
very interesting. however, I would like a follow-up video on how aspirin inhibits cyclooxygenase from wokring
Thanks! If you are asking about the specific biochemistry involved, aspirin has an acetyl group that is transferred onto a serine residue in the active site of the cyclooxygenase enzyme (a process called "acetylation").
I probably won't be making a follow-up video, but:
1. Here's a paper on the biochemistry of aspirin: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23384979/
2. Here's a diagram on acetylation by aspirin: tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/non-selective_cox_1_2_inhibitors
Hope this helps!
bardzo przydatny filmik pozdrawiam z rodzinką uwu uwu
UwU
zgadzam się z Panią Patrycją,
Pozdrawiam UwU
Sorry to be annoying, but 0:40 shouldnt have the hydrogen on the ester group's non-carbonyl oxygen. Super informative video and very clearly put together too!
Good catch, can't believe I missed that while animating
Will prostaglandin stop working of immune system? If not, then how particularly allows that immune response??🙄🤔
Awesome video, can you please tell me how you create that animation
Powerpoint and Camtasia
what type fatty acid is it ? is that omega 3 or omega 6 ? can you answear my quastion, please ?
Arachidonic acid is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonic_acid
Why did u people stop updates !!!?
Cool
So... Aspirin has for many years not been the go-to pain relief drug in my family, and I presume many others, precisely because of all the side effects. But you just told me that the drugs which filled in the gap, acetaminophen and ibuprofen, also operate by inhibiting cyclooxygenase. Does that mean we've been avoiding aspirin all these years for nothing?
It depends on what kind of pain you were using aspirin for.
The side effects in the video usually only become relevant during chronic use (e.g. for arthritis pain) - taking aspirin for one day for your fever or headache is not going to cause internal bleeding. In that sense, avoiding aspirin and using other NSAIDs for short-term discomfort is only relevant if you are treating a child with a fever, as it may cause Reye’s disease. Keep in mind that other NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen, can also cause gastric ulcers, but once again, this only occurs at higher doses/longer use. Acetaminophen is interesting because it has a low risk of internal bleeding, but also does not treat inflammation and cannot be used for diseases such as arthritis. The variety of effects in NSAIDs is due to these drugs inhibiting different “versions” of cyclooxygenase in the body.
Of course, due to biologic and genetic variations in people, some NSAIDs may be more effective in one person and not as effective in someone else, and different doses of the medication can also change effectiveness. But essentially, the NSAIDs you can buy from the counter, for short-term use, are all pretty safe to use for the average person. For chronic use though, different inflammatory diseases will use different NSAIDs, each with slightly different benefits and side effects, and you should consult your doctor for which one to use.
I would love to at some point see a video where you go in depth about what over the counter pain medication can be advantageous when. In my experience most people use one, maybe two brands and never try the others, and barely talk with their doctors about them. That is, if there are even big enough differences to make it worth talking about.
For relief from pain or a mild fever, you are taking these drugs at such low doses and frequency that I believe that there is not a significant difference for the average individual (i.e. taking Advil vs Aleve have similar effects). It's only when you get into higher doses for more serious illnesses that these drugs begin to differ, though by that point you should be consulting with your physician. They basically differ in terms of duration, dose, and potency. As well, I didn't mention this in the video (but I outline it in the description) that there are two versions of cyclooxygenase (COX), which can also lead to different side effects depending on which COX version it blocks.
This is a cool list of NSAIDs to check out for comparisons of their effects and side-effects: www.emedexpert.com/compare/nsaids.shtml#differences (Note that a lot of these are not over the counter NSAIDs and are prescribed by doctors)
However, aspirin and acetaminophen (Tylenol) are slightly different from the other NSAIDs. Aspirin is the only NSAID that can reduce clotting for a long period of time because it actually permanently inhibits COX (while other drugs only temporarily inhibit them), which means in order to have normal COX levels again, the body has to make new COX, hence the longer anti-clotting period. Also, as mentioned in the video, aspirin shouldn't be given to kids.
Acetaminophen inhibits a special version of COX that is believed to be involved in pain, so it doesn't actually stop inflammation but instead just the feeling of pain from inflammation (sometimes it is not even considered an NSAID because it doesn't actually stop inflammation). This is fine if you have a mild fever since the inflammation will eventually subside over time, but if you have are having an intense fever or are using something to treat pain caused by an inflammatory disease such as arthritis, then acetaminophen might not be the right drug.
Of course, there are also lots of other types of pain-killers that are not NSAIDs (opioids, anesthetics) that I will definitely talk about in a future video!
where r u boi i missed u
If you use a music in background and speak faster u will be perfect!
Here from TZ
Alright. Anything over 4 syllables is over my head
If only I wasn't allergic to aspirin
Kya ye korona me kam aa skta hi
Tylenol is not an NSAID. Other than that good video.