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The Cultured Jinni (A History & Culture Channel)
Sweden
Приєднався 13 жов 2012
Hello, I am the Cultured Jinni. My channel is mainly focused upon five subjects History, Religion, Philosophy, Literature and Cultural phenomena. I will try to discuss things in regards to these categories that I think are important and/or often overlooked with the Middle East to feature prominently as I have a background in the study of the Middle East's history.
How to understand: The Deadly Red Fly Agaric & its Swedish Significance!
Please do not consume this deadly psychedelic mushroom! The red fly agaric (amanita muscaria) is a deadly poisonous mushroom that has a lot of historic, religious & cultural significance in Swedish culture, where it is called röd flugsvamp (red fly mushroom), and this video will explain some of its vast significance. This video does not promote drug use and this channel advises against consumption of this mushroom for the sake of psychedelic effects! DO NOT CONSUME THIS MUSHROOM FOR THAT REASON!
Please don't be afraid to comment or voice any questions as I love interacting with you my dear viewers and I will try to respond as quickly as possible to you. Also, please like, subscribe & click the bell icon as those actions help this channel grow!
Other videos of interest: The Year Walk tradition: ua-cam.com/video/hXxzGG682dc/v-deo.html
This Video is a part of the How to understand series: ua-cam.com/play/PLEqDpzchG8sSRQU7WiOI7mrzLEk_OUI3m.html
Sources and further reading:
Allegro, John (2009). The sacred mushroom and the cross (40th anniversary ed.). Crestline, CA: Gnostic Media.
Cortin, Bengt (1951). Svampplockarens handbok: fullständig handledning beskrivande 285 svampar, varav 133 i naturliga färger. 3., betydligt utökade uppl. Stockholm: Saxon & Lindström
Harding, Patrick, 2011, Unwrapping the Mysteries of Christmas, video discussion
Helmersson, Dicte (30 augusti 2004). ”Svampdags: Vikingar och svampar”
Hjortsjö, Carl-Herman (huvudred. ), Erik XIV : en historisk, kulturhistorisk och medicinsk-antropologisk undersökning i samband med gravöppningen 1958 i Västerås domkyrka / utg. av Ragnar Casparsson, Gunnar Ekström, Carl-Herman Hjortsjö ; - 1962
Högberg, Ole (2003). Flugsvampen och människan. Stockholm: Carlsson
Hyperfun av Kevin MacLeod licensieras enligt licensen Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Källa: incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1400038
Kock, G. 1935. Svamparnas dubbelgångare
Lohmeyer, Till R.; Künkele, Ute; Sahlin, Olle (2008). Svampar: [plockning och artbestämning : mer än 600 arter]. Bath: Parragon. sid. 61-67
Nichols, M. Bennett Flugsvamp: Yggdrasil reinterpreted : A Preliminary Inquiry into the Hidden Role of the Fly-Agaric in Scandinavian History, Prehistory, Mythology and Pre-Christian Religion.
Siikala, Anna-Leena (1978). The rite technique of the Siberian shaman. Diss. Helsingfors : Univ.
Pentz, Peter; Baastrup Panum, Maria; Karg, Sabine; Mannering, Ulla (2009). "Kong Haralds vølve". Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark: 215-232 - via researchgate.net. Da graven og gravpladsen blev beskrevet første gang (1977)....
Peschel, Keewaydinoquay (1978). Puhpohwee for the people: a narrative account of some uses of fungi among the Ahnishinaubeg. Cambridge, MA: Botanical Museum of Harvard University.
Wasson, R. Gordon (1968). Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovick.
Ödmann, Samuel. Ödmann’s Uppsats i Vetenskapsakademiens tidskrift 1784
#Mushroom #History #Flyagaric #flugsvamp #SwedishHistory #Swedishculture #Shroom #psycadelic #Redflyagaric #rödflygsvamp #Swedishculture #Sweden
Please don't be afraid to comment or voice any questions as I love interacting with you my dear viewers and I will try to respond as quickly as possible to you. Also, please like, subscribe & click the bell icon as those actions help this channel grow!
Other videos of interest: The Year Walk tradition: ua-cam.com/video/hXxzGG682dc/v-deo.html
This Video is a part of the How to understand series: ua-cam.com/play/PLEqDpzchG8sSRQU7WiOI7mrzLEk_OUI3m.html
Sources and further reading:
Allegro, John (2009). The sacred mushroom and the cross (40th anniversary ed.). Crestline, CA: Gnostic Media.
Cortin, Bengt (1951). Svampplockarens handbok: fullständig handledning beskrivande 285 svampar, varav 133 i naturliga färger. 3., betydligt utökade uppl. Stockholm: Saxon & Lindström
Harding, Patrick, 2011, Unwrapping the Mysteries of Christmas, video discussion
Helmersson, Dicte (30 augusti 2004). ”Svampdags: Vikingar och svampar”
Hjortsjö, Carl-Herman (huvudred. ), Erik XIV : en historisk, kulturhistorisk och medicinsk-antropologisk undersökning i samband med gravöppningen 1958 i Västerås domkyrka / utg. av Ragnar Casparsson, Gunnar Ekström, Carl-Herman Hjortsjö ; - 1962
Högberg, Ole (2003). Flugsvampen och människan. Stockholm: Carlsson
Hyperfun av Kevin MacLeod licensieras enligt licensen Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Källa: incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1400038
Kock, G. 1935. Svamparnas dubbelgångare
Lohmeyer, Till R.; Künkele, Ute; Sahlin, Olle (2008). Svampar: [plockning och artbestämning : mer än 600 arter]. Bath: Parragon. sid. 61-67
Nichols, M. Bennett Flugsvamp: Yggdrasil reinterpreted : A Preliminary Inquiry into the Hidden Role of the Fly-Agaric in Scandinavian History, Prehistory, Mythology and Pre-Christian Religion.
Siikala, Anna-Leena (1978). The rite technique of the Siberian shaman. Diss. Helsingfors : Univ.
Pentz, Peter; Baastrup Panum, Maria; Karg, Sabine; Mannering, Ulla (2009). "Kong Haralds vølve". Nationalmuseets Arbejdsmark: 215-232 - via researchgate.net. Da graven og gravpladsen blev beskrevet første gang (1977)....
Peschel, Keewaydinoquay (1978). Puhpohwee for the people: a narrative account of some uses of fungi among the Ahnishinaubeg. Cambridge, MA: Botanical Museum of Harvard University.
Wasson, R. Gordon (1968). Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovick.
Ödmann, Samuel. Ödmann’s Uppsats i Vetenskapsakademiens tidskrift 1784
#Mushroom #History #Flyagaric #flugsvamp #SwedishHistory #Swedishculture #Shroom #psycadelic #Redflyagaric #rödflygsvamp #Swedishculture #Sweden
Переглядів: 128
Відео
Dark Side History: Wives, Slave-Concubines, Mistresses & Politics in the Early Caliphates!
Переглядів 246День тому
The politics & policies associated with marriage, the use of slave concubines and mistresses in the harems among the caliphs of the Umayyad (661-750), Abbasid (750-1258/1517) & Fatimid (909-1171) caliphates were rather different, but also rather fascinating in my opinion and thus I thought making a video about it would be suitable. I hope you will find it interesting! (despite the issues with t...
Dark Side History: The Complexity of Al-Andalus, “Islamic” Iberia (711-1492)
Переглядів 63014 днів тому
Al-Andalus, the parts of the Iberian Peninsula (modern day Spain & Portugal) under Muslim rule between 711-1492, has had a long & very multifaceted history from the initial invasion under Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād in 711 to the fall of the emirate of Granada in 1492, and this video aims to explain just how complex & multifaceted this history can be at times. Please don't be afraid to comment or voice any...
Dark Side History: The (Islamic) Umayyad Coin With a Cross!? (7th Cent. AD)
Переглядів 89921 день тому
Islamic Coins with crosses? & Greek text? YES, these existed in the 7th century Umayyad caliphate (661-750 AD & during its time a self-professed Islamic political entity), but why did these coins exist? This video will discuss these coins within their context and the reasons for their existence in a transitory period between the old Middle East and the new Islamic dominated Middle East. Please ...
Dark Side History: Roman Marriage(s) & Similar Relationships, Polygamy or Monogamy?
Переглядів 803Місяць тому
Marriage is an almost universal institution, and the Romans practiced it too. And, this video is about describing the ancient Romans’ concepts of marriage(s) & the other sorts of legal relationships close to them as well as the Romans’ attitudes & laws towards monogamy (marriage to one) and polygamy (marriage with multiple partners) & Polygyny (a relationship with a man having multiple women) t...
Dark Side History: The Middle Eastern Armor Myth Debunked!
Переглядів 15 тис.Місяць тому
The myth that the Middle Eastern soldiers & warriors of old tended to be unarmored or lightly armored is a common misconception that this video aims to debunk by explaining in short the complex history of Middle Eastern armor and the likely background for these myths. Please don't be afraid to comment or voice any questions as I love interacting with you my dear viewers and I will try to respon...
Dark Side History: The Swedish Giant Plate Coins! (17-19th Centuries!)
Переглядів 8 тис.Місяць тому
The world’s largest standardized copper coins were minted in Sweden during the 17th century, the Swedish 10 daler copper plate coins, and large copper plate coins of other coin values continued to be minted until 1776 and this video is about explaining the context around these copper plate coins! I hope you will enjoy this! Please don't be afraid to comment or voice any questions as I love inte...
Dark Side History: The Roman Suicide Culture Before Christianity!
Переглядів 289Місяць тому
Suicide was a reoccurring culturally significant act in the Roman world until Christianity took hold of the Roman world. This video is going to go through this bloody aspect of self-murder found in the society of the pagan Romans during both the Roman Republic & the Empire and of its significance and connection to notions of honor & dishonor in the ancient Roman sociery. Please don't be afraid ...
Dark Side History: The Lydian Lion, The First & Oldest Coin in Context! 7th century BC!
Переглядів 607Місяць тому
The Lydian Lion is the world’s oldest coin from over 2600 years ago and was from the ancient kingdom of Lydia (1200-546 BC) in what is modern day west Turkey and the first known true coin, a standardized metal object made of metal. Thus this is a truly historic coin and this video is about this Lydian Lion coin and coins in general in their historical context and function. I hope you will enjoy...
Dark Side History: Arwa Al-Sulayhi (1067-1138), The Yemeni Saint Queen!
Переглядів 2,7 тис.2 місяці тому
Arwa al-Sulayhi (Reign: 1067 -1138) also known as al-Sayyida al-Hurra (the Free lady/mistress/noble woman) was an Ismaili Shia Muslim Queen of the Yemeni Sulayhid dynasty and Hujja (saint) that was active in what is modern day west-central Yemen and is still remembered to this day as an important historic queen & religious figure within Ismaili Shia Islam. And, this video aims to bring to light...
Dark Side History: Drinkable Water in the Pre-modern Middle East!
Переглядів 4852 місяці тому
Drinkable water is the source of life and thus has been of vital importance historically & North-Africa and the Middle East are some of the most water scarce regions of the world in terms of drinkable fresh water and thus it might be interesting to know how people in the pre-modern past managed to get purified drinkable fresh water to satisfy their needs. And, would you know, this video is abou...
Dark Side History: Dihya, The Berber "Sorceress" Queen (680-703 AD)
Переглядів 3382 місяці тому
Dihya (full true name: Daya Ult Yenfaq Tajrawt), also called Al-Kahina (the priestess, the witch/sorceress/seer), was a Berber Queen active in North Africa in between 680-703 AD. She is most famous for her resistance against the Umayyad caliphate’s advance (which was so successful that she was described as using sorcery) in the region and though she ultimately died and the Umayyads succeeded in...
Meta History: History Use in Media & Fiction!
Переглядів 2902 місяці тому
Meta History: History Use in Media & Fiction!
How to Understand: The 4 Schools of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence/Law) in Sunni Islam!
Переглядів 3263 місяці тому
How to Understand: The 4 Schools of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence/Law) in Sunni Islam!
Dark Side History: Al-Mawardi (c.974-1058) & The Islamic Rulership!
Переглядів 2,4 тис.3 місяці тому
Dark Side History: Al-Mawardi (c.974-1058) & The Islamic Rulership!
Dark Side History: The Sufi Saint Poetess Rabia (c. 717 - 801 AD)
Переглядів 5593 місяці тому
Dark Side History: The Sufi Saint Poetess Rabia (c. 717 - 801 AD)
Dark Side History: Fetha Nagast, The Ethiopian Divine Law of The Kings!
Переглядів 5403 місяці тому
Dark Side History: Fetha Nagast, The Ethiopian Divine Law of The Kings!
Dark Side History: The Barbary Pirates in the North Atlantic! (16-18th cent.)
Переглядів 3943 місяці тому
Dark Side History: The Barbary Pirates in the North Atlantic! (16-18th cent.)
Controversial Opinion: The Paradox of Tolerance and its Issues!
Переглядів 4744 місяці тому
Controversial Opinion: The Paradox of Tolerance and its Issues!
Dark Side History: The Lakhmids, an Arab Kingdom before Islam! (c.300-602 AD)
Переглядів 2,3 тис.4 місяці тому
Dark Side History: The Lakhmids, an Arab Kingdom before Islam! (c.300-602 AD)
Dark Side History: The Barbary Pirates of North Africa! An Introduction!
Переглядів 1,1 тис.4 місяці тому
Dark Side History: The Barbary Pirates of North Africa! An Introduction!
How to Understand: The Symbolism of Chi-Rho!
Переглядів 1,1 тис.5 місяців тому
How to Understand: The Symbolism of Chi-Rho!
Dark Side History: Arabic Islamic Sicily (827-1091 AD)
Переглядів 2,3 тис.5 місяців тому
Dark Side History: Arabic Islamic Sicily (827-1091 AD)
Dark Side History:The Gunpowder Empires; The Ottomans; Safavids & Mughals!
Переглядів 1,9 тис.5 місяців тому
Dark Side History:The Gunpowder Empires; The Ottomans; Safavids & Mughals!
(How) You Fail At Thinking!: The False Dilemma! (Argumentum Falsum Dilemma)
Переглядів 1105 місяців тому
(How) You Fail At Thinking!: The False Dilemma! (Argumentum Falsum Dilemma)
Dark Side History: 10 Effects of the Seljuq Empire (1037-1194 AD)!
Переглядів 6366 місяців тому
Dark Side History: 10 Effects of the Seljuq Empire (1037-1194 AD)!
Dark Side History: 10 Reasons Why Middle Eastern History is Awesome!
Переглядів 3296 місяців тому
Dark Side History: 10 Reasons Why Middle Eastern History is Awesome!
Dark Side History: Why Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 was doomed to fail!
Переглядів 4456 місяців тому
Dark Side History: Why Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812 was doomed to fail!
Dark Side History: Arabs and the Sea! (VERY OVERLOOKED!)
Переглядів 5186 місяців тому
Dark Side History: Arabs and the Sea! (VERY OVERLOOKED!)
How they were waiting for imam mehdi a.s whenthe minor occultation occured in 941 AD?
Good question!👍 The answer is that the minor occultation is a twelver shia belief tradition, the Qarmatians were sevener shia and thus did not have that view/tradition as they attribute the mahdi to different traditions.
@@theculturedjinni ah, Thankyou for replying. Subscribed and shared ♥️
@@kumailraza4105 It makes me happy to reply to questions on my videos.👍 And I am glad you subscribed and shared too!
Yeah it was quite popular during my schooling and that's not that long ago
👍 I bet this video really brought back the memories of the craziness that oneself and others used to do right?
@@theculturedjinni yep so is life in nordics
@@larrywave Indeed!👍
Swedes creating Christmas as an excuse to eat magic mushrooms...checks out.
👍🤣 Indeed it does! 🇸🇪
magic mushrooms is psylocobin packed. "slättopskivling" and a major export of the north. It grows in the south as well well, but for some reason it lacks the psycedelic effects. In the south is is called dyngskivling and usually the cows eat it. It is the same speciemen, but the dynsgkivling becomes a "toppis" when they are exposed to eternal sunlight of the north for a few generations. They are illegal to harvest in sweden but not illegal to grow. so buy some land in arjepolg for less than the cost of your rent and start growing...
Potato is also strange in this way, if you try growing "mandelpotatis" a very yellow and oblong potato that come from the north it turns into regular rounded potato in a few years when grown in the south.
@@vardekpetrovic9716 Yes this is true, it is interesting that they have actually legally banned the use & trade of "slättopskivling" due to its drug usage unlike our red fly agaric. It is not a ban I think they can easily enforce though since slättopskivling is a naturally occurring mushroom. It is also pretty interesting how differently certain plants (such as your mentioned example of potatoes ) and fungi express themselves if they are planted in the north or the south of our country, shows just how much the soil & sun light difference have an impact upon their expression and traits.
@@theculturedjinni They have banned growing of cannabis even though it works great in the climate of northern europe especially the tornedalian area. even seeds are illegal in Sweden. Torne valley is the most fertile on earth and 6 months of the year you can grow anything even tropical fruits (as long as it does survive the winter somehow) this is solved by massive greenhouses nowadays. Even Pite has their own tomatoe production year round, Black podsol is the best best and most fertile ground on earth but it is rare. Ukraine has the most of it, or had since the donetsk region was the main area of the world for said soil. Russia has plenty but theirs are not as deep.
I hope you will like this video about the politics regarding this psychedelic shroom & its cultural and historic significance in Sweden! Please, don't be afraid to comment or voice any questions as I love interacting with you my dear viewers and I will try to respond as quickly as possible to you. Also, please like, subscribe & push the bell icon as those actions do help this channel to grow!
It is not deadly. Boiled and lued it is a stasty spicy taste. Murklar shrooms is also deady but missused. But why use it at all? It does not taste well, and if you live north of Örnskölsdsvik the drug growin wild of choise of the same comes in place, and i think the norse psylocobin "slättoppskivling" was used. They are usually dried now as then by druggies. The same sejdr has been using it forever. It has been sharing growth areas recently due to climate change almost as far south as gävle, but i doubt the long term growth is possible. Urea is making the slättoppskivlings effect stronger. There is no proof that the samei, nenets, komi och bothnians populations ever used flugsvamp.
@@vardekpetrovic9716 Murklor are tasty in my opinion as a food mushroom, you just need to prepare them correctly. Regarding Urea and the shrooms, from what I could read it is similar to the same effect of slättopskivlingar with Flugsvamp (red fly agaric) too in terms of the Urea making the effects stronger & also destroying a lot of the more deadly poisons in the red fly agarig and it has been said to be used by various peoples as such (not only in the nordic countries but also outside by a rather long list of peoples that found out the about the psychedelic aspect of the shroom).
It was delighful Thank you.
Coins are struck, not cast. R
👍 Normally most coins are struck (and the was the standard in most of European history), but Abassid & Umayyad coins, depending upon type, were both struck and cast (like medallions usually are made), hence both dies and molds were used, some later Fatimid coins are even form etched/engraved too. Middle Eastern Islamicate coin making really experimented a lot with different techniques.
Great work Thank you
I am glad you liked it.👍
hey, I can't log into my old discord account. I wann add u on my new one. Can you give me your discord acc. so I can add you?
it is "theculturedjinni", no space between.
I appreciate your care for historical truth without falling too much for modern historical political correctness. I expected a politically correct perspective (sorry I’m new to the channel) but in the end your perspective included harsh facts such as those only presented in books that become controversial in the current political climate like “The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise”. I respect your faithfulness to historical rigour.
Glad that you noticed this !👍 I always try to keep myself as unbiased as possible (all in order to maintain historical rigour) and to try to analyze things without imposing & projecting modern political & moral biases onto the past, both with regards to the videos on this channel and IRL when I work with history. I will thus never shy away from “uncomfortable facts/truths”, regardless if it is describing the darker aspects of al-Andalus or of any other entity in history, nor will I either moralize about it as I feel that risks distorting history by imposing our biases and hinders fruitful analysis of (& learning from) history.
Just missed you diving more into the role of Asturias and the families who survived there + details of their initial expansion.
Yes, I kind of had to skip over it as my focus was more on the Arabic-Islamic side of things (as it is there where my main expertise is) and the video was more a rough overview of Al-Andalus (the Arabic-Islamic side) specifically, but I do intend to cover the re-conquista side some time in the future though.👍
Nice overview. We can say it was a re-conquest for “Christendom”, as the peninsula had been mostly Christian before and was so again after it. And a re-conquest as well for the Visigothic nobles, descended from the original Visigothic families who survived in the Asturias, from where they expanded again, forming themselves the main “clans / houses” that took over in the end. You can trace most Lords of these new houses back to Visigoths.
Indeed, though again it all depends here upon how you define it and when it according to various definitions goes from re-conquest to just simple conquest is simply a matter of definition.
Very informative video thanks 🙏
👍and I thank you for your nice comment!
i do not understand why they call them barbary pirate they s[eak arabic and ruled by automans and themoste of then are slaves who convert to islam and the leaders are agent of christians its just bisness between vatican and istambul was big bisness i am KABYLIAN i now the HISTORY of criminal religions
They were called them barbary pirates because the area of North Africa was called the Barbary coast, from the Berbers that lived there and the Europeans of that time was not that good at making distinctions between the various groups that lived there and often called them all Turks, Berbers or Arabs with no distinction. And yes it was big business for the people involved in the slave trad. Also, interesting that you are from one of the major Berber groups it does kind thus interconnect with you here in a way. 👍
It appears that "Muhammad" was a title attributed to Jesus of Nazareth, and the Nestorian Christians held the belief in Jesus having two different natures, one human and one divine. The Quranic texts oppose the doctrine of the Trinity, suggesting the existence of a Nestorian sub-sect within Christianity that rejected the Trinity, acknowledged only Jesus' human nature, and regarded him as the ultimate prophet of God, the Word of God, who received the Gospel.
What ? 😂
Though I do think that Islam evolved/was created as a religion by taking things from both Judaism and Christianity and taking its own spin on it, I think many of the earlier sources we have, quran fragments and inscriptions mentioning Mohammed as well as other near time sources from third parties (that mention Mohammed often as a sort of king of the Arabs), do present Mohammed as distinct from Jesus. I also rather suspect Arian (due to the monotheist and Jesus as a human focus) and tawaheedo (due to its orthopractical traditions being similar) christian influence on Islam than Nestorianism (which in many regards is the complete opposite with its diaphysite division and transphysis view where Jesus becomes God).
@Teller_of_Tarikh07 He leaves a lot of these comments (about revisionist theories and hypotheses regarding early Islam) on my videos regardless of the subject of my videos, but I let him as I am for free speech and it is better to discuss things than to keep people silent and it is furthermore close to most of the things I deal with historically (& with regards to religion).
@@theculturedjinni Yeah, that could be possible i personally find the Quranic corpus and the paradigm it presents very interesting and the mythology and theological claims very fascinating.
@@DomainofKnowlegdia Same, it certainly is a fascinating religion & history to study.👍
I hope you will like this video about the politics regarding taking wives, slave-concubines & mistresses! Please, don't be afraid to comment or voice any questions as I love interacting with you my dear viewers and I will try to respond as quickly as possible to you. Also, please like, subscribe & push the bell icon as those actions do help this channel to grow!
1:45
I hope you liked it and that there was no issue here?👍
another great video Interesting thing about the myth of toleration, as ummayads adopted maliki school, they followed the opinion that to even be deserving of the Dhimmi status, the person had to admit that the prophet pbuh was the true prophet and islam is the true faith, in practice people who stayed christian/jewish were required to admit they were in the wrong to continue worshiping also, pretty much the only time andalusia was stable was after the reight of Alhakam Alrabdi tell the death of Mundir (with many small rebellions and raids) and during the brutal reign of Annasir, and his son, other than those two periods, pretty much there was always a civil war, rebellion, or a foreign invasion going on and lastly, it is very famous today the stereotype of medieval and early modern iberian christian peasantry/elite hated philosophy and innovative ideas, but primary arab sources (which usually are from travelers) seem to suggest that this attitude most likely came from the andalusian population, with exception of the almohad dynasty and the reign of Alhakam Almustansir, philosophy was always banned, and there are many stories from 800s-1200s of andalusian population burning either books or attacking scholars (even burning on the stack) people who practiced philosophy in public. the funny thing is that easterners always saw andalusia and the maghreb in general as both being a scientific backwater and a heavily traditional/intolerable place
Yes, Andalusian history had a lot more examples of conflict and intolerance & also their opposites that I could have used to show the complexity (though that about the Maliki school I was unaware about, it seem interesting and I will have to look into it 👍). It is after all almost 800 (781) years of history and a lot happened during those years and I have to abbreviate a lot. Though, on the topic about how the writers from the Mashriq saw the Maghrib, I also did at times get the feeling (depending upon time, it is less so in the later medieval period) that Andalus and the Maghrib generally was kind of seen as this backward frontiers area. Probably this was due to its lower population and lesser cultural production versus the Mashriq even if in many regards (especially later) you would see some rather impressive developments there too that are even admitted as such with historically important cities such as both Balarm/Palermo, al-Qayrawan, Fez & Cordoba being favorably compared to Cairo for importance by for example al-maqrizi (if I am not mistaken and memory serves me right). So even here it was certainly also a pretty mixed and complex picture too.
The lakhmids were already betraying the sassanids by the time of khosrow parviz. They shelterd rebels and refused to pay tributes to the King. The whole duaghter story is just an excuse, and they would have eventually joined the islamc forces regardless of getting absorbed or not. btw great channel!
👍 I am glad you like my channel! Regarding the Lakmids, from what I know that they did was that they sheltered Christians that fled from the Sassanid empire during persecutions but that occurred more than century before they were absorbed making it unlikely to be any cause for the absorption and regarding the tribute from which source is this? (I am genuinely interested because I did not come over it in my research), furthermore I do not think it is absolutely sure that the Lakhmids would join the Islamic forces as they were still not Muslims and it is not like all other Arab groups joined the Islamic armies willingly without a fight. Anyway the Lakhmids are an interesting entity and so are their overlords the Sassanids, which I intend to make some future videos about too as they are quite contextually important for a lot of Middle Eastern history.
I have a feeling that Islam was indeed more Christian. Atleast in the first century of it's existence. It then evolved. The earliest Manuscript of the Quran in Birmingham has chapters 18-20, the most Christian chapters based on Christian legends. The Talmudic references in the Quran may have been a later addition. This is only speculation. I read I believe in Shadow of the Sword that Muawiya allegedly had performed a Christian pilgrimage. However he also did attempt to take Constantinople but he had suffered losses from Siffin earlier from the near defeat at the hands of Ali. Though one can argue Muawiya, just like any warlord was trying to appease the locals by performing their customs. We find Canadian PMs in Mosques but we won't accuse them of being Muslim. Then again different time periods, different circumstances. It still doesn't explain the crosses. I feel like the convenience of having crosses on coins is only part of the reason. I have a feeling that the region was more Christian or Heretic Arab Christian, with a mix of Judaism and Arab Paganism. I have a feeling that part of Muhammad's story is more legend, similar to Romulus and Remus of the Romans. Muhammad being the founder of the Islamic empire, is presented as pro Christian and Jew then he slowly becomes less pro Christian and Jew. This may have been a reflection of the Islamicate world at the time. Again all this is speculation.
Yes, I do agree that there are other indications that Islam in its beginning probably was less distinct, yet I still think it was a distinct religion due to the early Quran manuscripts (that even when they are not the modern Quran still have a distinct Islamic character) and I do also think that the coins are more a result of slowness in phasing out previous designs (you still see Zoroastrian symbols too on Arabic coins from this period too, who I also intend to maybe discuss in a future video hence why I did not mention it in this one) but again a lot of ideas about early Islam will be speculation as there is so little source material to work with.
I appreciated you explaining how the social structures contributed to armor availability.
👍 I am glad you liked it.
Easily the most cursed era of Spain.
We all have our own preferences, but for me personally this is my favorite era (though admittedly having an academic background in studying Arabic history does kind of bias me towards it as at least I can read the sources in their original language) also funny little factoid: technically Spain as a country only came about in 1479 with the unification of Argon and Castile so technically Al-Andalus existed before, and for an older time than, Spain proper for most of its history.
@@theculturedjinni:->
@@THEADVISOR-OneFromBelowAbyss 👀👍
@@theculturedjinniyes, the victorious Christian royal houses wouldn’t think of the land as “España / Spain”. They would say they are in Hispania (name of the Roman peninsula) as the rightful name of the territory, as was under Christian Rome dominance, as well as during som sole Visigothic rule. Adhering to this name helped to project a sense of continuity, justification, perhaps prestige, and above all, a reason to call it a “re-conquista”. The new word “España / Spain” obviously derives from “Hispania”. Also obviously the modern concept of “state” shouldn’t be applied anachronistically to this period.
@@AntonioBrandao 100% agree, and especially regarding the state aspect. Though I am in the historical school tradition that still uses the word state about certain pre-modern polities, I still think it is important to be aware that governments in the past and the idea of states and nations were very different in the past and did often not exist really in the forms we would recognize today.
From 0:07 to 0:11 I never saw someone bashing his own King so much, even less the father of his nation...🤣
I did want to tell a more balanced story about him as the popular view of him is kind of one-sided in only focusing upon his positive aspects and he was kind of a rather ruthless and back-stabbing ruler even for his own time. And there are also a lot of groups and families in Sweden who due to various events & reasons got into conflict with the Vasa family and I kind of wanted to highlight how Gustaf Vasa created a lot of enemies that he ruthless suppressed. I am in the future also going to go through his sons who arguably were even worse to just show how much of an utter mess the first 2 generations of the Vasa family dynasty were in certain regards. Though, Gustaf Vasa's son Karl IX did lay the groundwork for what his son Gustaf Adolf II would turn into the greatest age of power in Swedish history, so it certainly was not all bad either.
@@theculturedjinniPlease first talk about his other son Eric XIV. His role in the Livonian War, the Northern Seven Years' War that he started, how Estonia placed itself under his protection, his growing insanity in his later year which led to the Sture murders, his deposition by John III and his eventual assassination in prison...
And here a legend was born...
👍 Indeed, though looking back at this and my earliest videos I kind of feel a mix of nostalgia, and sense of achievement, but also kind of embarrassment about how bad I was at making videos in the beginning.
I just sincerly wanna know who the hell though it was a good idea to fight 30.000 professional soldiers with just 145 volunters...
To be fair they did not have much of choice, also if you take the highest estimates of the forces under Husayn and the lowest estimates of the forces under 'Ubaydullah ibn Ziyad then you get around 1000+ against about 3000 a circa 1vs3 which is bad, but not impossible odds.
0:17 seems like the guy didn't sleep much before having to pose for his portrait...😂
You are correct, he kinda does 🤣
The seafarers had a unique position. When they had goods, they were willing to be merchants. But when they had no goods, they became pirates. This was because they had to obtain goods. With the goods they obtained, they traveled the entire Mediterranean Sea. Among these goods were plundered goods, but also captured slaves. Slaves were the core of the Islamic economic structure, where there were few independent farmers.
Yes, indeed the line of difference between a merchant ship and a pirate of opportunity was blurry! And slaves did play an important part in the agricultural economy of North Africa.
Great video! Keep up the fantastic work!
👍 Thanks for the show of appreciation and I intend to keep it up!
have you also made videos on Christian invasion and persecution of the north? if you are a Scandinavian guy then this video would be so ironic considering how they war lord Christian’s utterly snuffed out indigenous north peoples and their faiths with such impunity and bloodshed..
I had already actually considered doing something about the Nordic crusades. It is actually a rather fascinating and complex topic that has/will require some prep for me as it is not my field of speciality and I already have made a partial skeleton manuscript for it (it is still not done as I am kind of on the source gathering & writing stage). So it is a video in progress. 👍
the jizya tax only apply to the man who are in military age who's not disabled who have to pay the jiziya tax and women and run an old man who's prevent from paying the jizya tax if a non Muslim join the army he can he even prevent from paying the jiziya and the jiziya is not higher than Zakat who was Muslim obligatory to pay
Yes, but sometimes you were not allowed to join the military or offered any other way to get away from the tax and it was actually higher than the zakat as the common taxation of 1 dinar in Jiziya of a common yearly wage of 5-20 dinars is still more than the 2-5% that the Zakat was and the zakat tax rate was also not needed to be payed if your wealth was under the niSaab, the niSaab rules did not apply to the Jiziya by default (though in practice it was often applied). Furthermore, the Jizya had no set amount and changed from time and place. In Egypt it was 2 dinar per family head rather than 1 per adult male for example and during the reign of Abd ar-Rahman II (822-852) & Muhammed I (852-886) the tax was raised up into the double digits at most at times leading people to either starve, having to sell their children to slavery or to convert. Again I am not saying that this system was extremely repressive for its time, it was not in comparison to other systems of religious repression elsewhere, but it certainly was still repressive in its own way. I hope this clarified the matter.
@@theculturedjinniit's not even repressive today. Actual Christians who practice Christianity would prefer living under Sharia as Dhimmis to living in western secular democracies, as in the former there would be no abortion, gay marriage, mandatory LGBTQ education for their children or predatory elites who are going to tell Christian women that their men have abused them since the begining of time and they should be divorced. Europeans said no to Allah and now he has humiliated them, they live a fate worse than death. You should abandon the study of history, find a living religion instead. Why do you want to be a forever tourist instead of a convert?
@@iraniandude2899 Do you actually have an unbiased source with a good research method for that a majority (not a single individual claiming such) of practicing Christians would prefer sharia to Secular democracies? Furthermore, I do not feel that God has humiliated me or that I live a fate worse than death despite all of those things you mention regardless of their merits or demerits. Also, I like studying history, it is an important subject that has many good benefits, and I do not see how this makes me wanting to be a "forever tourist" nor do I see the benefit in converting to a living religion if I do not believe in it as that would make me a hypocrite and that is not a good way to live.
Actually Jizya applies to all non Muslims living in the Islamic state. The Jizya has no upper limit and it is an extra tax on top of the land tax. Jizya is money in exchange to not be killed. This is dictated by the Quran and it's Tafsirs. Jizya has also the condition of humiliation. You are to only walk to the tax collector, kneel, get slapped and pay the Jizya. This Humiliation aspect is important as mentioned by Tabari, Ibn Kathir and other Tafsirs. If you were too poor to pay Jizya, you had to sell your women and children to slavery. This was enforced by Amr Bin Aas. No need to get a kneejerk reaction when someone points out the harsh realities of history and religion.
Yo where is that Iranian dude? He needs to be told that no one is forcing him to live in a secular society. Nor anyone is humiliating him. He also needs to stop with the whataboutery and focus on the issue of Jizya when discussing.
you're Swedish I don't know if you do the video about the Viking raid Al Andalus and they're defeat and I don't know is that true and they settle down and become cheese maker
I might actually do a video about that raid in the future 👍
I think the term reconquista should not be understood in a cultural sense or a claim to nativity. I think it should be viewed within the context of religion and specifically the context of the crusades. Wherein Christians saw the conquest of previously Christian lands as an inherent reconquest. It's religious irredentism. Love your work ❤ keep it up.
Yes, that is very much the way most people at that time saw it, as a religious reconquest, and the other views (about anti-colonialism/anti imperialism, nationalism, Spanish vs Arabs etc. ) about it are mostly (though not always) later attributions to it. And, you can rest assured that I will continue making new videos 👍
I am so glad you finally did Al Andalus or Islamicate Spain. The biggest highlight of this is how you debunk the myths of this period being "Peaceful" for non Muslims or a period of progress. Almost 800 years of history. You address the issue of over simplifying history of this era. I see this in both Western Academics, Eastern Academics along with the Dawah crowd. This era is overly praised. I see so many insta posts which makes me roll my eyes. You are very grounded and you don't spew propaganda which I heavily appreciate. YES YES the Jizya. This no one addresses. The tax was usually very high for the Dhimmis and yes it caused starvation. The humiliation aspect aka being pulled by the collar and slapped also applied for those who had to pay the Jizya. Many non Muslims throughout the Islamic world converted due to this. Jizya had no upper limit and you could be forced to sell your possessions and even children to slavery. This is something many people in the modern world don't understand about Jizya. They simply equate it to modern tax. That irks me so much. Growing up as a Shia, this part of history I was told that the Ummayads ruled for 800 years in Spain. Shias tended to demonize this era of history. I also saw Black groups over glorify it as the dominance of Moors. But looking into it, there were 3 major dynasties. On top of that you clarify that even within the Ummayad Emirate there were different eras. I was under the impression that Spain was conquered later but in reality it was conquered far earler in the year 711. This was followed by another conquest post Abbasid-Ummayad civil war. Of course we had characters who were playing all sides. That Musa fellow is a trouble maker alright. Even that Rodrigo El Cid. -____- Not all eras had scientific progress. Sure there was progress but I am also happy you mentioned the bad treatment of men of knowledge along with book burnings cuz it didn't agree with the Islamic faith. Yes Tribes and clans did influence politics. The Arabs being the dominant class is fairly consistent with Ummayad policy from the Uthman and even Muawiya days. I would only use the moral argument here against the Dawah or Islamic supremacist crowd. Especially if they argue any form of Islamic morality. Did this affect the Renaissance? I feel like it only adds a missing puzzle or turning point, post Rome.
It is a nearly 800 year period with a lot of nuance and differences at various moments, far more then even I mentioned, and I think the entire matter of the history of al-Andalus & most of the matters surrounding it can be summed up in my favorite catchphrase: it's complicated! 😏
@@theculturedjinniI love that phrase and this is what you enter our nightmares with whenever you are summoned oh great Jinn 😅 Are there any fictional stories from this era that you found intriguing??
@@Mustafa70116 There is one from the 9th century that involves cannibalism on one of the Iberian Islands that I have actually made the script for a video about. So you can look forward to that one once it is sound-recorded and edited together & uploaded. 👍
Finnish Orthodox are angels compared to Finnish Lutherans, and the worst Lutherans of all are the Körtit. Finnish hymn singing is hypocritical. As a friendly gesture in 2014, I translated into singable rhyme and meter Malmivaara's 19th--century hymnal, the whole hymnal of ca 10.000 rhymed lines and only made enemies by doing so. Finns hate foreigners so much that all they can do is spit in their faces if a foreigner admires something in their culture and does a kind act to bring it to others' attention.
Have your experience with Finns really been this bad? I can just say I feel sorry for your experience with those individuals 🫂, mine has been of the Finns as a very nice people.
@@theculturedjinni Maybe you did not do them any favors that aroused their jealousy. They claim that as their "helmasynti", but I can think of several more.
about the colonialism, there is a difference. As a Pakistani American, I draw the line at did they merge both cultures or impose one. Pakistan is in the unique position of being both "colonizer" by some definitions and "colonized" by others depending on where you start Pakistani history(eg Hinduvita extremists equate Mughals with foreign colonizers and Pakistan as a continuation). Mughals started off as Turkic invaders and speaking Farsi under Babur but the last Mughal Bahadur Shah was writing poetry in a local language, Urdu. The British East India company came in speaking English, the Raj took over from the company in 1857 also speaking English and they left in 1947 still speaking English and having starved Bengal to feed the British, just like they had done previously with their Irish colonies. English never lived among the people and never valued them even nearly as equals, Mughals did. Taking this concept to Spain, Spanish and Mexican culture to this day has Arabic words, they have names similar to Arabic names, and cook dishes similar to many Arabic ones. And while the rulers were Arab, their culture was different to that of Arab culture in the east so they did merge.
👍I agree with you mostly, but to further complicate things (as I love to do): These things can be very complicated and often this has more to do with what you focus upon together with definitions of colonialism and of what time aspects you are actually looking at too. For example initially and at various moments afterwards too, the invasion and occupation of the iberian peninsula by the Arabs could be pretty imposing & segregated too, with clear segregation between Arabs and non-Arabs, and it should also be pointed out that the dialects of Latin that survived and became Spanish and Portuguese were the ones that lived in the north, outside of the heartlands of al-Andalus as many of the southern parts of the peninsula had been Arabized also at times by imposition. And this is not even mentioning the religious imposition at times. And it did take a couple of centuries for the Maghrib region (which Al-andalus was an extension of) to become its own unique thing together with the unique blend that al-andalus became due to its own local culture. In comparison the English colonial project on the indian sub-continent was pretty short in time (less than 2 centuries with the company to the end of the Raj and less than a century with only the raj in comparison to the nearly 800 (781) years of Andalusian history) and in a hypothetical scenario where English prescence stayed longer I think the interaction & merger would have been stronger. Regarding Arabic words in Spanish this is very much true, but, if you allow me to play devil's advocate, is there not English loan words in Urdu too? The opposite way seems to at least have happened, if Wikipedia is correct (I usually take it with a grain of salt): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Hindi_or_Urdu_origin Which arguably kind of indicates at least some interaction and merger also in that direction. Indicating also that a merger was the direction that things were moving, it just did not take the sufficient time to do. The Mughals are a pretty fascinating political entity in themselves, especially in how they integrated and assimilated to the local area, that I have just briefly mentioned in my videos, but that I intend sometime in the future actually go further into them once I decide to go into the history of the indian-sub continent, though in that case I will have to rely a lot upon secondary and tertiary sources and that will be for the future.
The Mughals and other Islamic kingdoms did impose their will. It depends on the era. The larger Islamic Caliphate and empires are definitely a colonizers in my view. It has converted entire regions into Islam either by force or the humiliation of the Jizya tax forced ppl to convert. Non Arab Muslims over compensate their Islamic lifestyle. All of Pakistani conversation is laced with Islamic and Arab obsession. It's the after effects of Islamic colonialism.
@@theculturedjinniyou bring up an interesting point of Arab and non Arab segregation. There are also examples of Muslim and non Muslim segregations. Non Muslims to this day aren't allowed near the Kaaba.
@@Mustafa70116 Though that is not really colonialist repression and has more with the ka'ba being a sacred space which is the background for that segregation. I do think there is a difference here that makes those 2 different from each other.
Sorry. But KKK🤣🤣🤣🤣. No more like St Lucia Dressing Up! Great video. News to me again! Thanks
👍 I am glad to provide!
as a person who’s family history is so complex, i find this video so informative and has definitely taught me so much more about my own history! i wish there were more videos around talking about arabic history (specifically pre-islamic arabia) as well as the persians relation to them because i can’t seem to find much (if any) historical references that talk about this, and pre-islamic arabia is *rarely* talked about, even in arabic countries! also something i found kinda funny was the poets from this tribe because i, as well as many from my family, have always had a special connection with poetry 😂
👍 I am glad you liked it and I do plan to make more videos about pre-Islamic Arabia and Persia certainly was influential on the Arabian peninsula & influenced several pre-islamic Arabic developments, which makes it likely that I will mention them more in the future. Speaking about the Lakhmids & poets, I also have a finished script (but no recording & video editing) written about a certain famous pre-islamic poet prince that was associated with the Lakhmid court, though of the Lakhmids' allies the Tayyi' tribe. So that is video that will come sometime in the future. The lakhmids though not as great in their poetic legacy as the Ghassanids they still left a large important legacy of poetry through patronage that is still recited to this very day and their greatness got recited and referenced in later poetry too. The only dynasty that comes close in Islamic times in importance of Poetic patronage and in fame due to their patronage is the Hamdanids under Sayfu d-dawla. So if you have a special connection to Arab poetry it is no wonder that you will feel a special connection to the Lakhmids & their poetic legacy.
Very nice
👍I am delighted you liked it!
Another well researched video🎉❤
👍 And more are sure to come!
Love the video keep them coming
Rest assured, I will keep making videos like these!👍
@@theculturedjinni Can You make videos about pre islamic pakistan and how Islam become prominent in what is now modren day pakistan
@@masahibbhatti4088 Maybe, I would have to read up a bit, at least I do have access to some potential Arabic Umayyad and Abbasid period sources about the area & the conquest of it, where I might find something interesting. But, as I do not speaking any of the languages, old or new, of the area it will probably be me having to rely a lot upon secondary sources. I will at least write it up on my to do list of potential future videos.
I hope you will like this video about the complexity of al-Andalus! Please, don't be afraid to comment or voice any questions as I love interacting with you my dear viewers and I will try to respond as quickly as possible to you. Also, please like, subscribe & push the bell icon as those actions do help this channel to grow! (Edit: due to the long list of sources for the video and further reading in related topics exceeding the character limit of the video description, it has been moved to here in the comment section as a response to this pinned comment)
Sources and further reading: Adams et al. (12 December 2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725-736 Ahmed, Z 1985. jizyah and kharāj in early islamic egypt. Islamic studies. 24(3), pp.377-387. Appian, 2011, The Roman History (Volume I: The Foreign Wars) Anwar, G. Chejne, 1947 Muslim Spain: Its History and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press) Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Blázquez Martínez, José María (1969). "Explotaciones mineras en Hispania durante la República y el Alto Imperio Romano " . Anuario de Historia Económica y Social en España 2. (in English translation) Bloom, Jonathan (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press Boone, James L., and Nancy L. Benco. “Islamic Settlement in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula.” Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999): 51-71. Boronha, Miguel António de Freitas. (2014) Male homosexuality in Islamic normative and in the mujun literature of al-Andalus and the Maghreb between the 10th and 13th centuries., University of lisbon college of arts department of history Bouachrine, Ibtissam, 2014, Women and Islam, Lexington Books Bulliet R.W, 1979., Conversion to Islam in the medieval period: an essay in quantitative history., . Harvard University Press; Cambridge, MA Bycroft, Clare; Fernandez-Rozadilla, Ceres; Ruiz-Ponte, Clara; Quintela, Inés; Carracedo, Ángel; Donnelly, Peter; Myers, Simon (1 February 2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 551. Crompton, L. 1997. Male Love and Islamic Law in Arab Spain. In: Roscoe, W. and Murray, S. ed. Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. New York, USA: New York University Press, pp. 142-158. Glick, Thomas F., Irrigation and Society in Medieval Valencia (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970). Hahnmueller, V. M. (2016). Living in the Far West. Society in the Iberian dominions of the Carthaginian Empire and Barcid social policy. Mélanges de La Casa de Velázquez, 46(2), 177-197. Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam, Futūḥ Miṣr wa-akhbāruhā, [Cairo], 1974 Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam (1922). The history of the conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain, known as the Futūḥ Miṣr of Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam: ed. from the manuscripts in London, Paris and Leyden by Charles C. Torrey.. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press Ibn al-Faraḍī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad, 962-1013.. - Taʼrīkh al-ʻulamāʼ wa-al-ruwāh lil-ʻilm bi-al-Andalus : ʼAbdallah B. Mohammed B. Yusuf al-Azdi - 1953-1955, [al-Qāhira] ʻInān, Muḥammad ʻAbd Allāh (1964). Dawlat al-islām fī al-Andalus. ʻAṣr 3, ʻAṣr al-Murābiṭīn wa-al-Muwaḥḥidīn fī al-Maghrib wa-al-Andalus, Qism 2, ʻAṣr al-Muwaḥḥidīn wa-inhiyār al-Andalus al-kubrá. 1. ṭabʻah al-Qāhirah Jones, G. D. B (1980). "The Roman Mines at Riotinto". The Journal of Roman Studies. 70. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 146-165. Kamen, Henry (2005). Spain 1469-1714: A Society of Conflict (Third ed.). Pearson. Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: a political history of al-Andalus. London: Longman Lloret, S. G. (2019). The case of Tudmīr: archaeological evidence for the introduction of irrigation systems in al‐Andalus. Early Medieval Europe, 27(3), 394-415. al-Maqqarı̄, Nafḥ al-Ṭı̄b min Ghuṣn al-Andalus al-Raṭı̄b, ed. by I. ‘Abbās (Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1968) Menocal, María Rosa, 2002, The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain (New York:Little, Brown & Co.,). Murillo-Barroso, Mercedes & Montero Ruiz, Ignacio & Bartelheim, Martin. (2014). Native silver resources in Iberia. Metals of power - Early gold and silver. Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle, Halle Nashabe, Hisham, 1989, Muslim Educational Institutions (Beirut: Libraire du Liban,). Olalde et al. (15 March 2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years". Science. 363 (6432): 1230-1234. Puy, A. (2014). Land selection for irrigation in Al-Andalus, Spain (8th century a.d.). Journal of Field Archaeology, 39(1), 84-100. Roldan-Canas, J., & Fatima Moreno-Perez, M. (2013). Sustainable Irrigation Practices in Al-Andalus. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 35TH IAHR WORLD CONGRESS, VOLS I AND II, 882-893. Schiller Institute, Al-Andalus: The Melting-Pot Culture That Created a Renaissance, Schiller Institute. United States of America. Spínola, H.; Middleton, D.; Brehm, A. (2005). "HLA genes in Portugal inferred from sequence-based typing: in the crossroad between Europe and Africa". Tissue Antigens. 66 (1): 26-36. Rickard, T. A (1928). "The Mining of the Romans in Spain". The Journal of Roman Studies. 18. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 129-143. Walker, Rose (2016). Art in Spain and Portugal from the Romans to the Early Middle Ages: Routes and Myths. Amsterdam University Press. Watt, Montgomery, 1965, A History of Islamic Spain (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press,). Watt, Montgomery, 1972, The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press,). Weissbach, Muriel Mirak, “Andalusia, Gateway to the Golden Renaissance,” Fidelio, Fall 2001 (Vol. X, No. 3)
@@theculturedjinni damn that's some well researched sources ngl
@@kucingcat8687 👍 it is indeed, it also helps that I am active in closely related fields of history too.
@@theculturedjinni that's nice dude 👍
Lakhmids🇮🇶🗿
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Hello, 1) Concerning the historical aspect: firstly the conquest of Sicily was not done in one go, it took almost 75 years since the call to Jihad (827 - 902), if we count the different attempts under Byzantine control before 827, since the 7th century, I'll let you count. Then the Muslim influence and the Arab populations were not homogeneous throughout the territory. Global domination lasted only a hundred years compared to the 800 years of Al-Andalus. I do not think that the entire population was converted, especially since many may have decided to live as dhimmis by agreeing to pay kharâj. If you have contemporary Arabic texts I would like to read them. 2) Concerning DNA: Firstly, North African and Arab traces are not present in the entire modern Sicilian population, and for those who have them the contribution is heterogeneous, but overall is quite weak as much as the contribution of the Normans in the DNA of these same populations, because in both cases the conquerors did not stay long enough to influence the DNA of the natives. Finally, we must consider that Sicily is located at a crossroads of several cultures, and that it has experienced different waves of migrations since the Neolithic (for those that we know), notably of Anatolian farmers and Iranian farmers (Zagros). The Greeks, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Byzantines who mixed with the local populations brought a signature of the Natufian farmers and more to increase that of the other two. All these populations in the Neolithic and in Antiquity lived in the Near East on the lands of Phenicia, Mesopotamia, the Persian Empire, that of Alexandre Legrand (Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Pakistan, etc. .) in North Africa (Cartharge, Ifriquia). The contribution to the DNA of the Sicilians is very likely to predate the period of the conquest completed in 902 until the Norman Conquest (1061 - 1091). The domination lasted a maximum of 264 years, and a minimum of 161 years. Cultural contributions and a political, military and intellectual influence on the region that I find remarkable in such a short time. If you present the Italians, Germans, add the Normans, the French (Angevins) and the Spanish (Aragonese) who arrived after the Aghlabids as invaders towards the indigenous Muslims, you must also present the Muslims as invaders towards of the Greco-Byzantines in 827, as the Vandals and Ostrogoths were also invaders against the Romans, as the Romans were also invaders against the Greeks, as the Greeks were also invaders against the Sicanes, the Sicules and Élymes. Modern Sicilians are a mixture of all these peoples from the first European hunter-gatherers (WHG) to the late Italians from the north and modern migrants from Africa.
👍 Indeed you are right regarding those points , though I actually mention that the conquest took 75 years in the video & I never claim that the Arabs were not invaders nor would I ever claim that the others were not, I like my consistency in historical interpretation. I just consider them one of many invaders in the history of the Island (that have all contributed to create the modern Sicilian people as you point out) and a group I have a particular focus upon and just like you state: "The domination lasted a maximum of 264 years, and a minimum of 161 years. Cultural contributions and a political, military and intellectual influence on the region that I find remarkable in such a short time." They indeed left an impressive legacy on the island. You are also correct in that they never converted the entirety of the population (most remained Christian as they had been) nor did they take over genetically either. But, they still managed to leave quite a legacy in culture & intellectually which is also due to the fact they were so centrally located in the Mediterranean which also brought them great opportunities for trade as they also were connected to the greater Islamicate world during this period, bringing in great wealth to the island through the sea trade occurring on the Mediterranean which fueled the richness that made them able to build & leave this legacy. And, being in the middle of a trade network also allowed them to spread their legacy even beyond the island in cultural contributions in such matters as Arabic poetry & other Arabic high-culture.
Why didn't they just make them into coins when England got rid of their silver pennies they replaced it with cartwheel 1797 penny's 1d was 30g n 2 d 60g of copper. Until the 1860s, they shrink the penny's to 8g of bronze.
👍well technically these plates were coins (standardized metal objects used as a means for transactions), but it had to do mainly with a wish to get the copper into the trade circulation as they had so much of it and needed to use it for something and the silver was lacking thus they used these copper plates.
@theculturedjinni but if they was several kg of copper it won't be use as currency to heavy. If they maybe got rig of others silver coins they could of standardised the copper into useful coins of 10g pre coin or 30g it would of been easier for day to day
@@RyanCarlisle-h7l Maybe, but the plate coins were mostly used in larger trades and there we do know that they were used as many larger transactions are recorded with these coins. Also, the smallest of the daler coins (1 half daler) was only about 300g in weight, which sure is much heavier than what you propose but still something a person could reasonably carry around one of.
Great and interesting video! I just would love to correct one point though, 1:30 there's actually a quranic manuscript called "Birmingham Quran manuscript" before the time of the Chliph abdul Al Malik dated back to the time of the Prophet Muhammad. the manuscript entirely conforms to the modern standard Quran. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Quran_manuscript keep up with the amazing work!
👍 Indeed you are indeed correct in that the Birmingham quran manuscript is probably the closest we do have to conforming to the standard Quran, but in my defense it is only 2 pages containing parts of Suura 19 & 20. it is not more and thus not a longer manuscript by my definition of it, hence why I said "longer" manuscript and I also wrote "often" with regards to fragments, intentionally to cover my bases here, because I knew that this would raise a couple of eye-brows and that there probably was some shorter manuscript out there that confirmed with the later clearly standard Quran considering how much of even the longer manuscripts such as the san'aa manuscript also conform with the Quran of today in sections (meaning that we could have a differing Quran but the small sample size just happens to be from the part that did not differ, though this has other significant indications). Still, It is not until the age of 'Abd al-Malik that we (at least to my current knowledge, new manuscripts can have been found) that we get anything close to even half a suura that entirely more or less conforms with the the modern standard Quran. Also, the Birmingham Quran manuscript even on those 2 pages, there are some minor differences too, like differences of the verse division for example regarding verse 19:91 being merged with 19:92 into one and some minor orthographic differences in how the silent alif is shown and potential for different semantic weight due to alif absence. Which at least in respect to the the verse division & vowel elision, indicates a potential difference in the standard qira'aat readings from today & classical medieval time, if nothing else (though the differences are still within the span of differences within the qira'aat of today). I intend to look at this again in more detail sometime in the future, for a future video as it has been quite a while since I studied the various Quran manuscripts (which I did for uni studies IRL back in the day) including the Birmingham Quran manuscript and I think there is some fascinating history to discuss here. The Birmingham Quran is sure a fascinating piece of history as it contains parts of what is the modern standard Quran, which are more or less conforming entirely, and even the majorly divergent Quran manuscripts also often contain sections that are conforming with the quran of today, hence even if we are still talking about versions we are actually discussing a rather stable shared tradition between them, which points towards the fact that the modern standard Quran ought to have been rather non-divergent from a possible & presumably shared "original quran". This is also partially why I *reject* some of the revisionist theories that propose a complete rejection of the standard classical narrative in its entirety and that portray Islam as being non-existent in any recognizable form until the later Umayyad period even if I am also skeptical of the classical unchanged Quran narrative too. The history around the Quran probably differed from than the classical narrative due to the differing Quran versions, without making it an entirely made up narrative in its entirety either due to their similarities & obvious shared origin. It is probably the case that some sort of modified version of the classical narrative of the Quran's codification is closest to what happened. In order to get close to this we will probably need either more sources for it (new longer manuscripts to be found) or some sort of theoretical argumentation based upon various exo-quranic sources too in combination with the Quranic manuscripts. Sorry, if I made this response a bit too long, I just wrote and wrote because I got immersed in the subject matter as it brought back memories to previous discussions about that I had at the university when I was a student. 😅
@@theculturedjinni on the contrary, I appreciate the long response, that’s actually shows how competent and passionate you are about the subject. Basically “you know what you’re talking about”. I really appreciate both you and your channel, and the amount of hard work you put in your research is just an unimaginable. I truly wish the best for you and for your channel. 🌹
@@moaz441 And I am happy you appreciate my work! 👍
A lot of people accuse Muawiya, Yazid and Abu Sufyan ibn Harb to have been Nestorian Christians. There's no proof though.
👍 Exactly, I do think too that the evidence for those claims are lacking
Mu'awiyah was just a power hungry goon, and like his father, Abu Sufyan and his own son, Yazid, were essentially pagans who pretended to be Muslim. Most Sunnis have no clue that this pretense to be a Muslim was as much as a charade as anything else. So wake up Sunnis, you are truly lost!
I think that they were in any case rather shrewd political leaders, regardless of whatever religion you attribute to them (I mostly try to stay neutral in questions regarding if a person was a true believer or not).
underated
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crosses have millions of meanings
👍 Indeed that is a possibility too, that it was just a simple symbol used to decorate the coin or used with some other meaning.
Islam was codified during a long period over 300 years following Mu'awiya. It was not 'revealed' all at once. A historical process of development obviously occurred. The standard Islamic narrative has holes ... very many holes. Islam was plagiarized by non-scholarly people who had no idea of what they were doing. These non-scholarly compilers took from multiple religious sources including deutero-canonical ones and local sermons and created a Koran under the command of Abd al Malik. The Koran is a mishmash (mainly of sermon notes) that is self-referentially incoherent. Mu'awiya's family was no doubt Christian.
Bro are you delusional or what... The quran was standardized during the era of the 3rd caliph Usman, who made one copy and ordered the use of this standard. This step was taken as the quran was initially mostly transmitted orally and in a war, Muslims lost alot of Hafizs(People who memorised the entire quran)....No other "version " of quran was ever present unlike the christian bible which was sorted and mixed with roman paaganism in nicea.
While there are holes in the classical narrative with contradictory statements, other statements in sources outside of the Islamicate world at the time of the rise of Islam, and the fact that we actually do not have what is called the uthmani quran untill the time of abd al-malik (what manuscripts we have before are all different in various ways such as the San'aa manuscript, the BnF Arabe 328(ab), which I have worked on a bit through a photo copy, and the Birmingham Quran manuscript & some more). But, we still have quran fragments, statements & inscriptions that are still clearly part of a different religiously Islamic tradition distinct from Christianity & judaism. So Mu'awiya was in all likelihood not a christian, but a Muslim.
@@RajaTalhaKhalid 👍 While I disagree somewhat with mr.anglosonassis ,there are some possible issues with the Uthmaani narrative though and that is that all early quran fragments that we have (the San'aa manuscript, the BnF Arabe 328(ab), which I have worked personally on a bit through a photo copy IRL, and the Birmingham Quran manuscript & some more) are all different from the standard Quran of today and it is not until the era of Abd al-malik that we actually have a fragment of the quran in use to day (i.e. a fragment that does not differ in content) and we do also know that abd al-malik did enforce a kind of standardization himself where he burned qurans that he deemed to not be in accordance with the true quran & religion. It is possible that the uthamaani quran existed from the beginning and Abd al-malik simply enforced this standard like the narrative says (or it was not really a standard quran but just a collection made by Uthmaan but other Qurans were still allowed until abd al-malik), but it is also possible that the uthamaani quran did not really exist and you had a lot of different versions of the message and abd al-malik either created the standard quran we have today or enforced a Quran version, a version among many that existed, that later got attributed to Uthmaan. The quran of today being just one version of many earlier Qurans is something you can see some indications of with for example the al-ahaadith al-qudsiya (the hadiths containing divine revelation) where various divine revelations and aayaat (miraculous verses) are mentioned, but they are not contained in the quran of today (indicating that they existed as part of at least some other Quranic recitation tradition), and one of them is mentioned even in one of the pre-abd al-malik quran fragments (though I will have to look up which one of them it was as It has been a long while since I worked with this, and I might discuss this in future video). Furthermore you also have conflicting narratives about 3 different Qurans during the Raashiduun caliphs, with one quran variant ascribed to 'Umar, one to Uthmaan and one to 'ali. The last one in certain Shia traditions is described as to have been the true Quran and the Uthmaan quran of today is a flawed version of the message in those interpretations. Hence there are a couple of issues and thus reasons to be somewhat skeptical of the classical narrative around the Uthmaani Quran, as it seems to not have been that straightforward as Uthmaan collected the Quran then all agreed upon it. I hope this brought to light some of the complexity that exist here and I hope I have not come off as offensive to you considering the sensitive nature of this subject, as this is simply me humbly trying to shed some light on this rather fascinating piece of religious history. 👍
@@theculturedjinni Even the shias themselves differ, but both secular and mainstream consensus is that there are minimal differences in the earlier manuscripts and that the Qur'an is the only text with the earliest stability out of any other religious text.
@@michealbadman6411 👍 Yes , which is why I wrote "certain" shia traditions, it is not all as they differ regarding this. And while I would not say "minimal" differences in the earlier manuscripts as some of the differences are rather substantial, it is still remarkable how close many of the pre-abd al-malik manuscripts are to the known standardized quran in many parts. Implying at least a strongly shared similar source origin and strong stability in those traditions found therein.
We lost to this 😅
👍 If you fought against a Middle Eastern army, yes most probably you met a very well armored army.
@@theculturedjinni but our knights were better trained and less fractioned, of course with better physique innit
@@prsimoibn2710 probably not, because if you look at all the fighting manuals produced in both the middle east and in Europe, they are actually rather similar in the training regimes. Hence they ought to have been at least equal in that aspect.
they were arians/pagans/polytheists/heretics expelled from the Orthodox Roman Empire.
According to interpretations such as made by Fred Donner they probably started of as some sort of christian/jewish sub-sect that later evolved into something more unique, my view is more that they started as a unique syncretic abrahamic religion from the beginning.