Відео

Good question!👍 The answer is that the minor occultation is a twelver shia belief tradition, the Qarmatians were sevener shia and thus did not have that view/tradition as they attribute the mahdi to different traditions.

@@theculturedjinni ah, Thankyou for replying. Subscribed and shared ♥️

@@kumailraza4105 It makes me happy to reply to questions on my videos.👍 And I am glad you subscribed and shared too!

👍 I bet this video really brought back the memories of the craziness that oneself and others used to do right?

@@theculturedjinni yep so is life in nordics

@@larrywave Indeed!👍

👍🤣 Indeed it does! 🇸🇪

magic mushrooms is psylocobin packed. "slättopskivling" and a major export of the north. It grows in the south as well well, but for some reason it lacks the psycedelic effects. In the south is is called dyngskivling and usually the cows eat it. It is the same speciemen, but the dynsgkivling becomes a "toppis" when they are exposed to eternal sunlight of the north for a few generations. They are illegal to harvest in sweden but not illegal to grow. so buy some land in arjepolg for less than the cost of your rent and start growing...

Potato is also strange in this way, if you try growing "mandelpotatis" a very yellow and oblong potato that come from the north it turns into regular rounded potato in a few years when grown in the south.

@@vardekpetrovic9716 Yes this is true, it is interesting that they have actually legally banned the use & trade of "slättopskivling" due to its drug usage unlike our red fly agaric. It is not a ban I think they can easily enforce though since slättopskivling is a naturally occurring mushroom. It is also pretty interesting how differently certain plants (such as your mentioned example of potatoes ) and fungi express themselves if they are planted in the north or the south of our country, shows just how much the soil & sun light difference have an impact upon their expression and traits.

@@theculturedjinni They have banned growing of cannabis even though it works great in the climate of northern europe especially the tornedalian area. even seeds are illegal in Sweden. Torne valley is the most fertile on earth and 6 months of the year you can grow anything even tropical fruits (as long as it does survive the winter somehow) this is solved by massive greenhouses nowadays. Even Pite has their own tomatoe production year round, Black podsol is the best best and most fertile ground on earth but it is rare. Ukraine has the most of it, or had since the donetsk region was the main area of the world for said soil. Russia has plenty but theirs are not as deep.

It is not deadly. Boiled and lued it is a stasty spicy taste. Murklar shrooms is also deady but missused. But why use it at all? It does not taste well, and if you live north of Örnskölsdsvik the drug growin wild of choise of the same comes in place, and i think the norse psylocobin "slättoppskivling" was used. They are usually dried now as then by druggies. The same sejdr has been using it forever. It has been sharing growth areas recently due to climate change almost as far south as gävle, but i doubt the long term growth is possible. Urea is making the slättoppskivlings effect stronger. There is no proof that the samei, nenets, komi och bothnians populations ever used flugsvamp.

@@vardekpetrovic9716 Murklor are tasty in my opinion as a food mushroom, you just need to prepare them correctly. Regarding Urea and the shrooms, from what I could read it is similar to the same effect of slättopskivlingar with Flugsvamp (red fly agaric) too in terms of the Urea making the effects stronger & also destroying a lot of the more deadly poisons in the red fly agarig and it has been said to be used by various peoples as such (not only in the nordic countries but also outside by a rather long list of peoples that found out the about the psychedelic aspect of the shroom).

It was delighful Thank you.

👍 Normally most coins are struck (and the was the standard in most of European history), but Abassid & Umayyad coins, depending upon type, were both struck and cast (like medallions usually are made), hence both dies and molds were used, some later Fatimid coins are even form etched/engraved too. Middle Eastern Islamicate coin making really experimented a lot with different techniques.

I am glad you liked it.👍

it is "theculturedjinni", no space between.

Glad that you noticed this !👍 I always try to keep myself as unbiased as possible (all in order to maintain historical rigour) and to try to analyze things without imposing & projecting modern political & moral biases onto the past, both with regards to the videos on this channel and IRL when I work with history. I will thus never shy away from “uncomfortable facts/truths”, regardless if it is describing the darker aspects of al-Andalus or of any other entity in history, nor will I either moralize about it as I feel that risks distorting history by imposing our biases and hinders fruitful analysis of (& learning from) history.

Yes, I kind of had to skip over it as my focus was more on the Arabic-Islamic side of things (as it is there where my main expertise is) and the video was more a rough overview of Al-Andalus (the Arabic-Islamic side) specifically, but I do intend to cover the re-conquista side some time in the future though.👍

Indeed, though again it all depends here upon how you define it and when it according to various definitions goes from re-conquest to just simple conquest is simply a matter of definition.

👍and I thank you for your nice comment!

They were called them barbary pirates because the area of North Africa was called the Barbary coast, from the Berbers that lived there and the Europeans of that time was not that good at making distinctions between the various groups that lived there and often called them all Turks, Berbers or Arabs with no distinction. And yes it was big business for the people involved in the slave trad. Also, interesting that you are from one of the major Berber groups it does kind thus interconnect with you here in a way. 👍

What ? 😂

Though I do think that Islam evolved/was created as a religion by taking things from both Judaism and Christianity and taking its own spin on it, I think many of the earlier sources we have, quran fragments and inscriptions mentioning Mohammed as well as other near time sources from third parties (that mention Mohammed often as a sort of king of the Arabs), do present Mohammed as distinct from Jesus. I also rather suspect Arian (due to the monotheist and Jesus as a human focus) and tawaheedo (due to its orthopractical traditions being similar) christian influence on Islam than Nestorianism (which in many regards is the complete opposite with its diaphysite division and transphysis view where Jesus becomes God).

@Teller_of_Tarikh07 He leaves a lot of these comments (about revisionist theories and hypotheses regarding early Islam) on my videos regardless of the subject of my videos, but I let him as I am for free speech and it is better to discuss things than to keep people silent and it is furthermore close to most of the things I deal with historically (& with regards to religion).

@@theculturedjinni Yeah, that could be possible i personally find the Quranic corpus and the paradigm it presents very interesting and the mythology and theological claims very fascinating.

@@DomainofKnowlegdia Same, it certainly is a fascinating religion & history to study.👍

I hope you liked it and that there was no issue here?👍

Yes, Andalusian history had a lot more examples of conflict and intolerance & also their opposites that I could have used to show the complexity (though that about the Maliki school I was unaware about, it seem interesting and I will have to look into it 👍). It is after all almost 800 (781) years of history and a lot happened during those years and I have to abbreviate a lot. Though, on the topic about how the writers from the Mashriq saw the Maghrib, I also did at times get the feeling (depending upon time, it is less so in the later medieval period) that Andalus and the Maghrib generally was kind of seen as this backward frontiers area. Probably this was due to its lower population and lesser cultural production versus the Mashriq even if in many regards (especially later) you would see some rather impressive developments there too that are even admitted as such with historically important cities such as both Balarm/Palermo, al-Qayrawan, Fez & Cordoba being favorably compared to Cairo for importance by for example al-maqrizi (if I am not mistaken and memory serves me right). So even here it was certainly also a pretty mixed and complex picture too.

👍 I am glad you like my channel! Regarding the Lakmids, from what I know that they did was that they sheltered Christians that fled from the Sassanid empire during persecutions but that occurred more than century before they were absorbed making it unlikely to be any cause for the absorption and regarding the tribute from which source is this? (I am genuinely interested because I did not come over it in my research), furthermore I do not think it is absolutely sure that the Lakhmids would join the Islamic forces as they were still not Muslims and it is not like all other Arab groups joined the Islamic armies willingly without a fight. Anyway the Lakhmids are an interesting entity and so are their overlords the Sassanids, which I intend to make some future videos about too as they are quite contextually important for a lot of Middle Eastern history.

Yes, I do agree that there are other indications that Islam in its beginning probably was less distinct, yet I still think it was a distinct religion due to the early Quran manuscripts (that even when they are not the modern Quran still have a distinct Islamic character) and I do also think that the coins are more a result of slowness in phasing out previous designs (you still see Zoroastrian symbols too on Arabic coins from this period too, who I also intend to maybe discuss in a future video hence why I did not mention it in this one) but again a lot of ideas about early Islam will be speculation as there is so little source material to work with.

👍 I am glad you liked it.

We all have our own preferences, but for me personally this is my favorite era (though admittedly having an academic background in studying Arabic history does kind of bias me towards it as at least I can read the sources in their original language) also funny little factoid: technically Spain as a country only came about in 1479 with the unification of Argon and Castile so technically Al-Andalus existed before, and for an older time than, Spain proper for most of its history.

​@@theculturedjinni:->

@@THEADVISOR-OneFromBelowAbyss 👀👍

@@theculturedjinniyes, the victorious Christian royal houses wouldn’t think of the land as “España / Spain”. They would say they are in Hispania (name of the Roman peninsula) as the rightful name of the territory, as was under Christian Rome dominance, as well as during som sole Visigothic rule. Adhering to this name helped to project a sense of continuity, justification, perhaps prestige, and above all, a reason to call it a “re-conquista”. The new word “España / Spain” obviously derives from “Hispania”. Also obviously the modern concept of “state” shouldn’t be applied anachronistically to this period.

@@AntonioBrandao 100% agree, and especially regarding the state aspect. Though I am in the historical school tradition that still uses the word state about certain pre-modern polities, I still think it is important to be aware that governments in the past and the idea of states and nations were very different in the past and did often not exist really in the forms we would recognize today.

I did want to tell a more balanced story about him as the popular view of him is kind of one-sided in only focusing upon his positive aspects and he was kind of a rather ruthless and back-stabbing ruler even for his own time. And there are also a lot of groups and families in Sweden who due to various events & reasons got into conflict with the Vasa family and I kind of wanted to highlight how Gustaf Vasa created a lot of enemies that he ruthless suppressed. I am in the future also going to go through his sons who arguably were even worse to just show how much of an utter mess the first 2 generations of the Vasa family dynasty were in certain regards. Though, Gustaf Vasa's son Karl IX did lay the groundwork for what his son Gustaf Adolf II would turn into the greatest age of power in Swedish history, so it certainly was not all bad either.

@@theculturedjinniPlease first talk about his other son Eric XIV. His role in the Livonian War, the Northern Seven Years' War that he started, how Estonia placed itself under his protection, his growing insanity in his later year which led to the Sture murders, his deposition by John III and his eventual assassination in prison...

👍 Indeed, though looking back at this and my earliest videos I kind of feel a mix of nostalgia, and sense of achievement, but also kind of embarrassment about how bad I was at making videos in the beginning.

To be fair they did not have much of choice, also if you take the highest estimates of the forces under Husayn and the lowest estimates of the forces under 'Ubaydullah ibn Ziyad then you get around 1000+ against about 3000 a circa 1vs3 which is bad, but not impossible odds.

You are correct, he kinda does 🤣

Yes, indeed the line of difference between a merchant ship and a pirate of opportunity was blurry! And slaves did play an important part in the agricultural economy of North Africa.

👍 Thanks for the show of appreciation and I intend to keep it up!

I had already actually considered doing something about the Nordic crusades. It is actually a rather fascinating and complex topic that has/will require some prep for me as it is not my field of speciality and I already have made a partial skeleton manuscript for it (it is still not done as I am kind of on the source gathering & writing stage). So it is a video in progress. 👍

Yes, but sometimes you were not allowed to join the military or offered any other way to get away from the tax and it was actually higher than the zakat as the common taxation of 1 dinar in Jiziya of a common yearly wage of 5-20 dinars is still more than the 2-5% that the Zakat was and the zakat tax rate was also not needed to be payed if your wealth was under the niSaab, the niSaab rules did not apply to the Jiziya by default (though in practice it was often applied). Furthermore, the Jizya had no set amount and changed from time and place. In Egypt it was 2 dinar per family head rather than 1 per adult male for example and during the reign of Abd ar-Rahman II (822-852) & Muhammed I (852-886) the tax was raised up into the double digits at most at times leading people to either starve, having to sell their children to slavery or to convert. Again I am not saying that this system was extremely repressive for its time, it was not in comparison to other systems of religious repression elsewhere, but it certainly was still repressive in its own way. I hope this clarified the matter.

​@@theculturedjinniit's not even repressive today. Actual Christians who practice Christianity would prefer living under Sharia as Dhimmis to living in western secular democracies, as in the former there would be no abortion, gay marriage, mandatory LGBTQ education for their children or predatory elites who are going to tell Christian women that their men have abused them since the begining of time and they should be divorced. Europeans said no to Allah and now he has humiliated them, they live a fate worse than death. You should abandon the study of history, find a living religion instead. Why do you want to be a forever tourist instead of a convert?

@@iraniandude2899 Do you actually have an unbiased source with a good research method for that a majority (not a single individual claiming such) of practicing Christians would prefer sharia to Secular democracies? Furthermore, I do not feel that God has humiliated me or that I live a fate worse than death despite all of those things you mention regardless of their merits or demerits. Also, I like studying history, it is an important subject that has many good benefits, and I do not see how this makes me wanting to be a "forever tourist" nor do I see the benefit in converting to a living religion if I do not believe in it as that would make me a hypocrite and that is not a good way to live.

Actually Jizya applies to all non Muslims living in the Islamic state. The Jizya has no upper limit and it is an extra tax on top of the land tax. Jizya is money in exchange to not be killed. This is dictated by the Quran and it's Tafsirs. Jizya has also the condition of humiliation. You are to only walk to the tax collector, kneel, get slapped and pay the Jizya. This Humiliation aspect is important as mentioned by Tabari, Ibn Kathir and other Tafsirs. If you were too poor to pay Jizya, you had to sell your women and children to slavery. This was enforced by Amr Bin Aas. No need to get a kneejerk reaction when someone points out the harsh realities of history and religion.

Yo where is that Iranian dude? He needs to be told that no one is forcing him to live in a secular society. Nor anyone is humiliating him. He also needs to stop with the whataboutery and focus on the issue of Jizya when discussing.

I might actually do a video about that raid in the future 👍

Yes, that is very much the way most people at that time saw it, as a religious reconquest, and the other views (about anti-colonialism/anti imperialism, nationalism, Spanish vs Arabs etc. ) about it are mostly (though not always) later attributions to it. And, you can rest assured that I will continue making new videos 👍

It is a nearly 800 year period with a lot of nuance and differences at various moments, far more then even I mentioned, and I think the entire matter of the history of al-Andalus & most of the matters surrounding it can be summed up in my favorite catchphrase: it's complicated! 😏

​@@theculturedjinniI love that phrase and this is what you enter our nightmares with whenever you are summoned oh great Jinn 😅 Are there any fictional stories from this era that you found intriguing??

@@Mustafa70116 There is one from the 9th century that involves cannibalism on one of the Iberian Islands that I have actually made the script for a video about. So you can look forward to that one once it is sound-recorded and edited together & uploaded. 👍

Have your experience with Finns really been this bad? I can just say I feel sorry for your experience with those individuals 🫂, mine has been of the Finns as a very nice people.

@@theculturedjinni Maybe you did not do them any favors that aroused their jealousy. They claim that as their "helmasynti", but I can think of several more.

👍I agree with you mostly, but to further complicate things (as I love to do): These things can be very complicated and often this has more to do with what you focus upon together with definitions of colonialism and of what time aspects you are actually looking at too. For example initially and at various moments afterwards too, the invasion and occupation of the iberian peninsula by the Arabs could be pretty imposing & segregated too, with clear segregation between Arabs and non-Arabs, and it should also be pointed out that the dialects of Latin that survived and became Spanish and Portuguese were the ones that lived in the north, outside of the heartlands of al-Andalus as many of the southern parts of the peninsula had been Arabized also at times by imposition. And this is not even mentioning the religious imposition at times. And it did take a couple of centuries for the Maghrib region (which Al-andalus was an extension of) to become its own unique thing together with the unique blend that al-andalus became due to its own local culture. In comparison the English colonial project on the indian sub-continent was pretty short in time (less than 2 centuries with the company to the end of the Raj and less than a century with only the raj in comparison to the nearly 800 (781) years of Andalusian history) and in a hypothetical scenario where English prescence stayed longer I think the interaction & merger would have been stronger. Regarding Arabic words in Spanish this is very much true, but, if you allow me to play devil's advocate, is there not English loan words in Urdu too? The opposite way seems to at least have happened, if Wikipedia is correct (I usually take it with a grain of salt): en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Hindi_or_Urdu_origin Which arguably kind of indicates at least some interaction and merger also in that direction. Indicating also that a merger was the direction that things were moving, it just did not take the sufficient time to do. The Mughals are a pretty fascinating political entity in themselves, especially in how they integrated and assimilated to the local area, that I have just briefly mentioned in my videos, but that I intend sometime in the future actually go further into them once I decide to go into the history of the indian-sub continent, though in that case I will have to rely a lot upon secondary and tertiary sources and that will be for the future.

The Mughals and other Islamic kingdoms did impose their will. It depends on the era. The larger Islamic Caliphate and empires are definitely a colonizers in my view. It has converted entire regions into Islam either by force or the humiliation of the Jizya tax forced ppl to convert. Non Arab Muslims over compensate their Islamic lifestyle. All of Pakistani conversation is laced with Islamic and Arab obsession. It's the after effects of Islamic colonialism.

​@@theculturedjinniyou bring up an interesting point of Arab and non Arab segregation. There are also examples of Muslim and non Muslim segregations. Non Muslims to this day aren't allowed near the Kaaba.

@@Mustafa70116 Though that is not really colonialist repression and has more with the ka'ba being a sacred space which is the background for that segregation. I do think there is a difference here that makes those 2 different from each other.

👍 I am glad to provide!

👍 I am glad you liked it and I do plan to make more videos about pre-Islamic Arabia and Persia certainly was influential on the Arabian peninsula & influenced several pre-islamic Arabic developments, which makes it likely that I will mention them more in the future. Speaking about the Lakhmids & poets, I also have a finished script (but no recording & video editing) written about a certain famous pre-islamic poet prince that was associated with the Lakhmid court, though of the Lakhmids' allies the Tayyi' tribe. So that is video that will come sometime in the future. The lakhmids though not as great in their poetic legacy as the Ghassanids they still left a large important legacy of poetry through patronage that is still recited to this very day and their greatness got recited and referenced in later poetry too. The only dynasty that comes close in Islamic times in importance of Poetic patronage and in fame due to their patronage is the Hamdanids under Sayfu d-dawla. So if you have a special connection to Arab poetry it is no wonder that you will feel a special connection to the Lakhmids & their poetic legacy.

👍I am delighted you liked it!

👍 And more are sure to come!

Rest assured, I will keep making videos like these!👍

@@theculturedjinni Can You make videos about pre islamic pakistan and how Islam become prominent in what is now modren day pakistan

@@masahibbhatti4088 Maybe, I would have to read up a bit, at least I do have access to some potential Arabic Umayyad and Abbasid period sources about the area & the conquest of it, where I might find something interesting. But, as I do not speaking any of the languages, old or new, of the area it will probably be me having to rely a lot upon secondary sources. I will at least write it up on my to do list of potential future videos.

Sources and further reading: Adams et al. (12 December 2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725-736 Ahmed, Z 1985. jizyah and kharāj in early islamic egypt. Islamic studies. 24(3), pp.377-387. Appian, 2011, The Roman History (Volume I: The Foreign Wars) Anwar, G. Chejne, 1947 Muslim Spain: Its History and Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press) Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Blázquez Martínez, José María (1969). "Explotaciones mineras en Hispania durante la República y el Alto Imperio Romano " . Anuario de Historia Económica y Social en España 2. (in English translation) Bloom, Jonathan (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. New Haven: Yale University Press Boone, James L., and Nancy L. Benco. “Islamic Settlement in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula.” Annual Review of Anthropology 28 (1999): 51-71. Boronha, Miguel António de Freitas. (2014) Male homosexuality in Islamic normative and in the mujun literature of al-Andalus and the Maghreb between the 10th and 13th centuries., University of lisbon college of arts department of history Bouachrine, Ibtissam, 2014, Women and Islam, Lexington Books Bulliet R.W, 1979., Conversion to Islam in the medieval period: an essay in quantitative history., . Harvard University Press; Cambridge, MA Bycroft, Clare; Fernandez-Rozadilla, Ceres; Ruiz-Ponte, Clara; Quintela, Inés; Carracedo, Ángel; Donnelly, Peter; Myers, Simon (1 February 2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 551. Crompton, L. 1997. Male Love and Islamic Law in Arab Spain. In: Roscoe, W. and Murray, S. ed. Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. New York, USA: New York University Press, pp. 142-158. Glick, Thomas F., Irrigation and Society in Medieval Valencia (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970). Hahnmueller, V. M. (2016). Living in the Far West. Society in the Iberian dominions of the Carthaginian Empire and Barcid social policy. Mélanges de La Casa de Velázquez, 46(2), 177-197. Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam, Futūḥ Miṣr wa-akhbāruhā, [Cairo], 1974 Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam (1922). The history of the conquest of Egypt, North Africa and Spain, known as the Futūḥ Miṣr of Ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥakam: ed. from the manuscripts in London, Paris and Leyden by Charles C. Torrey.. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press Ibn al-Faraḍī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad, 962-1013.. - Taʼrīkh al-ʻulamāʼ wa-al-ruwāh lil-ʻilm bi-al-Andalus : ʼAbdallah B. Mohammed B. Yusuf al-Azdi - 1953-1955, [al-Qāhira] ʻInān, Muḥammad ʻAbd Allāh (1964). Dawlat al-islām fī al-Andalus. ʻAṣr 3, ʻAṣr al-Murābiṭīn wa-al-Muwaḥḥidīn fī al-Maghrib wa-al-Andalus, Qism 2, ʻAṣr al-Muwaḥḥidīn wa-inhiyār al-Andalus al-kubrá. 1. ṭabʻah al-Qāhirah Jones, G. D. B (1980). "The Roman Mines at Riotinto". The Journal of Roman Studies. 70. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 146-165. Kamen, Henry (2005). Spain 1469-1714: A Society of Conflict (Third ed.). Pearson. Kennedy, Hugh (1996). Muslim Spain and Portugal: a political history of al-Andalus. London: Longman Lloret, S. G. (2019). The case of Tudmīr: archaeological evidence for the introduction of irrigation systems in al‐Andalus. Early Medieval Europe, 27(3), 394-415. al-Maqqarı̄, Nafḥ al-Ṭı̄b min Ghuṣn al-Andalus al-Raṭı̄b, ed. by I. ‘Abbās (Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1968) Menocal, María Rosa, 2002, The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain (New York:Little, Brown & Co.,). Murillo-Barroso, Mercedes & Montero Ruiz, Ignacio & Bartelheim, Martin. (2014). Native silver resources in Iberia. Metals of power - Early gold and silver. Tagungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte Halle, Halle Nashabe, Hisham, 1989, Muslim Educational Institutions (Beirut: Libraire du Liban,). Olalde et al. (15 March 2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years". Science. 363 (6432): 1230-1234. Puy, A. (2014). Land selection for irrigation in Al-Andalus, Spain (8th century a.d.). Journal of Field Archaeology, 39(1), 84-100. Roldan-Canas, J., & Fatima Moreno-Perez, M. (2013). Sustainable Irrigation Practices in Al-Andalus. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 35TH IAHR WORLD CONGRESS, VOLS I AND II, 882-893. Schiller Institute, Al-Andalus: The Melting-Pot Culture That Created a Renaissance, Schiller Institute. United States of America. Spínola, H.; Middleton, D.; Brehm, A. (2005). "HLA genes in Portugal inferred from sequence-based typing: in the crossroad between Europe and Africa". Tissue Antigens. 66 (1): 26-36. Rickard, T. A (1928). "The Mining of the Romans in Spain". The Journal of Roman Studies. 18. Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies: 129-143. Walker, Rose (2016). Art in Spain and Portugal from the Romans to the Early Middle Ages: Routes and Myths. Amsterdam University Press. Watt, Montgomery, 1965, A History of Islamic Spain (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press,). Watt, Montgomery, 1972, The Influence of Islam on Medieval Europe (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press,). Weissbach, Muriel Mirak, “Andalusia, Gateway to the Golden Renaissance,” Fidelio, Fall 2001 (Vol. X, No. 3)

​@@theculturedjinni damn that's some well researched sources ngl

@@kucingcat8687 👍 it is indeed, it also helps that I am active in closely related fields of history too.

@@theculturedjinni that's nice dude 👍

👍

👍 Indeed you are right regarding those points , though I actually mention that the conquest took 75 years in the video & I never claim that the Arabs were not invaders nor would I ever claim that the others were not, I like my consistency in historical interpretation. I just consider them one of many invaders in the history of the Island (that have all contributed to create the modern Sicilian people as you point out) and a group I have a particular focus upon and just like you state: "The domination lasted a maximum of 264 years, and a minimum of 161 years. Cultural contributions and a political, military and intellectual influence on the region that I find remarkable in such a short time." They indeed left an impressive legacy on the island. You are also correct in that they never converted the entirety of the population (most remained Christian as they had been) nor did they take over genetically either. But, they still managed to leave quite a legacy in culture & intellectually which is also due to the fact they were so centrally located in the Mediterranean which also brought them great opportunities for trade as they also were connected to the greater Islamicate world during this period, bringing in great wealth to the island through the sea trade occurring on the Mediterranean which fueled the richness that made them able to build & leave this legacy. And, being in the middle of a trade network also allowed them to spread their legacy even beyond the island in cultural contributions in such matters as Arabic poetry & other Arabic high-culture.

👍well technically these plates were coins (standardized metal objects used as a means for transactions), but it had to do mainly with a wish to get the copper into the trade circulation as they had so much of it and needed to use it for something and the silver was lacking thus they used these copper plates.

@theculturedjinni but if they was several kg of copper it won't be use as currency to heavy. If they maybe got rig of others silver coins they could of standardised the copper into useful coins of 10g pre coin or 30g it would of been easier for day to day

@@RyanCarlisle-h7l Maybe, but the plate coins were mostly used in larger trades and there we do know that they were used as many larger transactions are recorded with these coins. Also, the smallest of the daler coins (1 half daler) was only about 300g in weight, which sure is much heavier than what you propose but still something a person could reasonably carry around one of.

👍 Indeed you are indeed correct in that the Birmingham quran manuscript is probably the closest we do have to conforming to the standard Quran, but in my defense it is only 2 pages containing parts of Suura 19 & 20. it is not more and thus not a longer manuscript by my definition of it, hence why I said "longer" manuscript and I also wrote "often" with regards to fragments, intentionally to cover my bases here, because I knew that this would raise a couple of eye-brows and that there probably was some shorter manuscript out there that confirmed with the later clearly standard Quran considering how much of even the longer manuscripts such as the san'aa manuscript also conform with the Quran of today in sections (meaning that we could have a differing Quran but the small sample size just happens to be from the part that did not differ, though this has other significant indications). Still, It is not until the age of 'Abd al-Malik that we (at least to my current knowledge, new manuscripts can have been found) that we get anything close to even half a suura that entirely more or less conforms with the the modern standard Quran. Also, the Birmingham Quran manuscript even on those 2 pages, there are some minor differences too, like differences of the verse division for example regarding verse 19:91 being merged with 19:92 into one and some minor orthographic differences in how the silent alif is shown and potential for different semantic weight due to alif absence. Which at least in respect to the the verse division & vowel elision, indicates a potential difference in the standard qira'aat readings from today & classical medieval time, if nothing else (though the differences are still within the span of differences within the qira'aat of today). I intend to look at this again in more detail sometime in the future, for a future video as it has been quite a while since I studied the various Quran manuscripts (which I did for uni studies IRL back in the day) including the Birmingham Quran manuscript and I think there is some fascinating history to discuss here. The Birmingham Quran is sure a fascinating piece of history as it contains parts of what is the modern standard Quran, which are more or less conforming entirely, and even the majorly divergent Quran manuscripts also often contain sections that are conforming with the quran of today, hence even if we are still talking about versions we are actually discussing a rather stable shared tradition between them, which points towards the fact that the modern standard Quran ought to have been rather non-divergent from a possible & presumably shared "original quran". This is also partially why I *reject* some of the revisionist theories that propose a complete rejection of the standard classical narrative in its entirety and that portray Islam as being non-existent in any recognizable form until the later Umayyad period even if I am also skeptical of the classical unchanged Quran narrative too. The history around the Quran probably differed from than the classical narrative due to the differing Quran versions, without making it an entirely made up narrative in its entirety either due to their similarities & obvious shared origin. It is probably the case that some sort of modified version of the classical narrative of the Quran's codification is closest to what happened. In order to get close to this we will probably need either more sources for it (new longer manuscripts to be found) or some sort of theoretical argumentation based upon various exo-quranic sources too in combination with the Quranic manuscripts. Sorry, if I made this response a bit too long, I just wrote and wrote because I got immersed in the subject matter as it brought back memories to previous discussions about that I had at the university when I was a student. 😅

@@theculturedjinni on the contrary, I appreciate the long response, that’s actually shows how competent and passionate you are about the subject. Basically “you know what you’re talking about”. I really appreciate both you and your channel, and the amount of hard work you put in your research is just an unimaginable. I truly wish the best for you and for your channel. 🌹

@@moaz441 And I am happy you appreciate my work! 👍

👍 Exactly, I do think too that the evidence for those claims are lacking

I think that they were in any case rather shrewd political leaders, regardless of whatever religion you attribute to them (I mostly try to stay neutral in questions regarding if a person was a true believer or not).

👍

👍 Indeed that is a possibility too, that it was just a simple symbol used to decorate the coin or used with some other meaning.

Bro are you delusional or what... The quran was standardized during the era of the 3rd caliph Usman, who made one copy and ordered the use of this standard. This step was taken as the quran was initially mostly transmitted orally and in a war, Muslims lost alot of Hafizs(People who memorised the entire quran)....No other "version " of quran was ever present unlike the christian bible which was sorted and mixed with roman paaganism in nicea.

While there are holes in the classical narrative with contradictory statements, other statements in sources outside of the Islamicate world at the time of the rise of Islam, and the fact that we actually do not have what is called the uthmani quran untill the time of abd al-malik (what manuscripts we have before are all different in various ways such as the San'aa manuscript, the BnF Arabe 328(ab), which I have worked on a bit through a photo copy, and the Birmingham Quran manuscript & some more). But, we still have quran fragments, statements & inscriptions that are still clearly part of a different religiously Islamic tradition distinct from Christianity & judaism. So Mu'awiya was in all likelihood not a christian, but a Muslim.

@@RajaTalhaKhalid 👍 While I disagree somewhat with mr.anglosonassis ,there are some possible issues with the Uthmaani narrative though and that is that all early quran fragments that we have (the San'aa manuscript, the BnF Arabe 328(ab), which I have worked personally on a bit through a photo copy IRL, and the Birmingham Quran manuscript & some more) are all different from the standard Quran of today and it is not until the era of Abd al-malik that we actually have a fragment of the quran in use to day (i.e. a fragment that does not differ in content) and we do also know that abd al-malik did enforce a kind of standardization himself where he burned qurans that he deemed to not be in accordance with the true quran & religion. It is possible that the uthamaani quran existed from the beginning and Abd al-malik simply enforced this standard like the narrative says (or it was not really a standard quran but just a collection made by Uthmaan but other Qurans were still allowed until abd al-malik), but it is also possible that the uthamaani quran did not really exist and you had a lot of different versions of the message and abd al-malik either created the standard quran we have today or enforced a Quran version, a version among many that existed, that later got attributed to Uthmaan. The quran of today being just one version of many earlier Qurans is something you can see some indications of with for example the al-ahaadith al-qudsiya (the hadiths containing divine revelation) where various divine revelations and aayaat (miraculous verses) are mentioned, but they are not contained in the quran of today (indicating that they existed as part of at least some other Quranic recitation tradition), and one of them is mentioned even in one of the pre-abd al-malik quran fragments (though I will have to look up which one of them it was as It has been a long while since I worked with this, and I might discuss this in future video). Furthermore you also have conflicting narratives about 3 different Qurans during the Raashiduun caliphs, with one quran variant ascribed to 'Umar, one to Uthmaan and one to 'ali. The last one in certain Shia traditions is described as to have been the true Quran and the Uthmaan quran of today is a flawed version of the message in those interpretations. Hence there are a couple of issues and thus reasons to be somewhat skeptical of the classical narrative around the Uthmaani Quran, as it seems to not have been that straightforward as Uthmaan collected the Quran then all agreed upon it. I hope this brought to light some of the complexity that exist here and I hope I have not come off as offensive to you considering the sensitive nature of this subject, as this is simply me humbly trying to shed some light on this rather fascinating piece of religious history. 👍

@@theculturedjinni Even the shias themselves differ, but both secular and mainstream consensus is that there are minimal differences in the earlier manuscripts and that the Qur'an is the only text with the earliest stability out of any other religious text.

​@@michealbadman6411 👍 Yes , which is why I wrote "certain" shia traditions, it is not all as they differ regarding this. And while I would not say "minimal" differences in the earlier manuscripts as some of the differences are rather substantial, it is still remarkable how close many of the pre-abd al-malik manuscripts are to the known standardized quran in many parts. Implying at least a strongly shared similar source origin and strong stability in those traditions found therein.

👍 If you fought against a Middle Eastern army, yes most probably you met a very well armored army.

@@theculturedjinni but our knights were better trained and less fractioned, of course with better physique innit

@@prsimoibn2710 probably not, because if you look at all the fighting manuals produced in both the middle east and in Europe, they are actually rather similar in the training regimes. Hence they ought to have been at least equal in that aspect.

According to interpretations such as made by Fred Donner they probably started of as some sort of christian/jewish sub-sect that later evolved into something more unique, my view is more that they started as a unique syncretic abrahamic religion from the beginning.