Catholic Counter-Reformation: Crash Course European History #9
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- Опубліковано 6 чер 2019
- When the Protestant Reformation broke out in Western Europe, the Catholic Church got the message, at least a little bit. Pope Paul III called a council to look into reforming some aspects of the Catholic Church and try to stem the tide of competing Christian sects popping up all over the place. The Council of Trent changed some aspects of the organization, but doubled down on a lot of the practices that Martin Luther and other reformers had a problem with. Today you'll learn about the Council of Trent, the rise of the Jesuits, and Saint Teresa of Avila.
Sources
The Jesuits and Globalization. Historical Legacies and Contemporary Challenges. Thomas Banchoff and José Casanova, eds. (Washington DC: Georgetown University Press, 2016.
Rudolph Bell, “Teresa of Avila,” in Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History, Bonnie G. Smith, ed. New York: Oxford University Press 2008), 4: 213-214.
Natalie Z. Davis, Women on the Margins: Three Seventeenth-Century Lives (Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
Lynn Hunt et al., Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2019.
Benoit Vermander, “Jesuits and China,” Oxford Handbooks Online, April 2015.
www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/1...
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#history #crashcourse #europeanhistory
Martin Luther: *nails his 95 Theses to a church door*
Pope: *pulls out reverse Uno card*
Also known as the no U card.
REEEEeeeeeeeeeeformation
@@phil_cassidy no u
@@wandererofclouds no u
@@GwyddaShoot! I ran out of reverse uno cards.
First. -stan
Merry birthday
Love your videos
Second
U feeling ok
Why compete with us viewers for the first comment?😭
I am a post Vatican II Catholic, having completed RCIA in 1987. So I have been a Protestant from 1972-1987 and a Catholic for 35 years (1987-).
I somehow miss the antics of Me From The Past.
Mr Green Mr Green!
Everybody does. lol
Ditto
Agreed on that
College green.
"If I were a tiny baby Jesus, I would wear a fancy dress."
In the Philippines, we call the Infant of Prague the Santo Niño (Holy Child), and boy is he a big deal here. You'll find Tiny Baby Jesus sometimes dressed in a policeman or mall cop's uniform, as a tiny baby farmer or a tiny baby basketball player.
that's really cool! over here, in the Czech republic, we do dress up our tiny baby Jesus a lot, but I haven't seen it him in a police uniform yet. there is a tiny museum dedicated to his wardrobe though, and every few new outfits get into the local news.
@- king- the only stupid thing here is insulting people based on their religion. fyi I'm not religious, but I at least know how to act properly.
@- king- ya salty boi
Why not adult Jesus policeman/farmer/basketball player?
Mexican here, we have a giant baby Jesus, at least 3 meters tall 😅
Nobody expects the Counter-Reformation!
Our chief weapon is the Council of Trent. Jesuits and Trent. Two chief weapons, Trent, Jesuits and Saint Teresa of Ávila. Er, among our chief weapons are: Trent, Jesuits and Saint Teresa of Ávila and near fanatical devotion to the Pope. Um, I'll come in again...
I wasn’t expecting the Counter-Reformation
Nobody expects the Counter-Reformation! Amongst our weaponry are elements as: the Council of Trent, Jesuits, Saint Teresa of Ávila and a near fanatical devotion to the Pope... and nice red uniforms. Oh damn! I can't say it. You'll have to say it.
@@felipecrespo6197 Now you are accused of heresy on 3 counts. heresy by thought, heresy by words, heresy by deeds, and heresy by action. Actually that's four counts
The pope's secret weapon is Mario and Luigi. Good old Catholic boys. With Nintendo, we shall spread the gospel to the world!
John, is your semi-buttoned collar meant to reflect the duality between the reformation and the counter-reformation ? :-)
I wondered how many comments down I would have to go before the half-buttoned collar was mentioned. Yours was at the top
I think it’s meant to represent another small triumph over OCD.
Reflects the inability of the state (button) to control the Catholics (collar.)
It's John's enactment of Schrödinger's Collar - until your attention is directed to it, the collar is simultaneously both buttoned and unbuttoned
John is such a trendsetter
Actually the selling of indulgences were prohibited right after the council by Pope St. Pius on the year 1567, but the indulgences themselves were still retained and could be obtained only by particular acts of piety
@@stardust86x Actually I might suspect that book is called the Raccolta, it is a traditional book enlisting the various ways of attaining indulgences such as kissing the ring of the pope or other prelates of the Church.
That book does not merit indulgences, but is a good reference to attain one.
We tend to incorrectly think of indulgences as something you pay for to get into Heaven, but more often they are tied to actions moreso than money.
We have to remember that to the people of the past, money was more clearly a means to an end rather than an end in itself.
The gift of just money without a reason for it was largely worthless to medieval man. It isn't that way today because money is now much more powerful than other worldly sources of power.
2:20 Powerful Individuals And The Status Quo
*The Council of Trent* 1545
4:52 Ignatius of Loyola
The Jesuits, The Society of Jesus
8:27 St Teresa
9:47 Art 🖼
Baroque
11:37 Artemisia Gentileschi
12:26 So many questions
13:08 Next Time: Magic
Michael Pisciarino tanks b’y
Much thanks.
Michael Pisciarino thanks
Protestants: *start a reformation*
Catholics: "Hold my communion wine"
Catholics: "George Pell is Jesus!"
Protestants: start a reformation
Catholics: "Hold my communion wine, by which, of course, I mean the literal blood of Christ."
Hold my wine so I can sell some indulgences!
It's not wine
I attended a Jesuit university and have tried to practice Ignatian spirituality in my adult life, and I've always been very attracted to the intellectual rigor that lies at the heart of it.
So why did Spain keep trying to wipe them out?
@@SamAronow because nobody expected the spanish inquisition
There is no intellectual rigor to religious fairy tales. Go read up on george pell and the other disgusting cult members in the cult of stupidity.
eace you are wrong, jesuits make a great difference when they are teaching, between secular and religious subjects. For example, to become a jesuit priest, first you need to have a degree in a secular science (chemistry, like the pope, math, engineering, etc) then you start your theological studies. I went to a private school since kinder garden run by jesuits, and we saw the theory of evolution, contraception, and all the stuff that people say catholics are against, we saw it in the school. Just because they are religious order, doesnt mean they are stupid or blinded by their beliefs. I identified my self as an agnostic and i am against religious zealots, but i must admit that the knowledge i was given by my jesuits teachers was top quality.
hugo godinez Indeed, and it’s particularly dramatic when contrasted with unexamined assumptions made for ideological reasons such as the above.
I'm so happy they brought up Artemisia Gentileschi!! She was a badass in art and in life. She was the first woman admitted into an art academy in Florence, friends with Medici and Galileo and other influential people, her chiaroscuro was easily comparable to Caravaggio's, and she just gained so much success in a time that was against women. Her art shows female protagonists who were brave and powerful and defiant, equals to any men. She didn't let her trauma consume her life. She rose above it. I admire her strength a lot.
He talks like 17 times slower than he did in world history
Sim D marijuana is now legal in several US states lol
Is that bad?
i think it's more because people in the comments keep begging them to slow down.
Just change it to 1.25 speed it sound like the good old days
Just put world history on 0.75
Powerful individuals and the status quo: the greatest love story of this or any time. 💜
If it ain't broke - don't fix it! Nothing broke, according to those at the top. Everyone is at the top, well everyone worth listening to!
You forgot powerful MALE individuals 🙄
Thank you for talking about Artemisia Gentileschi. She is such an overlooked artist, while her art is on par or sometimes better than her contemporaries'.
+
"only hired the best people" Oh man. Sick burn. Subtle, classy, and well done. ;)
So William Wallace, what did you fight for? Was it FREEDOM! like Mel shouts out in the movie? Do you have a clue what you fought for? Will crashcourse tell you what you fought for, wiki or any major university; will they tell you what you fought for? Nope.
@@randyhughens5138 he wasnt talking about grabbing people by the nether regions by the dear leader
@@nosuchthing8 The current WWallace may never know what the original fought for but you will. King Edward laid claim to being head of the Scott's church; the Scottish said no thanx, we have Jesus Christ for the head of our church. That's what they fought for, period.
Just because you adhere to nepotism does not mean you are not appointing the best people. You need to look at the people appointed andctheir actions.
@@billboyd2009
And the you realise that they are usually (about 99 percent of the time) not the best ones available.
Slight correction! At around 3:35 John says the blood and wine become the body and blood of Jesus. It should be bread and wine!
Sage Seraph 315 okay. So I’m not the on,y one that noticed. Lol
Should be steak and wine :)
@@sleep2600 shut up you idiot. Don't disrespect Christianity
3:25 Not quite exact. The inquisition was banned from judging indigenous people after the first trial they made towards one of them. The church decided that natives were not under the inquisition's jurisdiction because they were not heretics nor infidels, but innocent ignorant pagans.
Is it truly? I am not doubting negatively; I am just curious.
@@wandererofclouds Indeed. I'd share some sources with you, but I ignore if there is a secondary source I could point you to, specially in English. I mean: I actually had to go to Mexico's national archives just to find it.
@@somedragontoslay2579That is harsh conditions to finding the truth. History has been manipulated before by enemies of truth.
@@wandererofclouds Oh, no! It's not because it's being censored. It's just because the human tendency to just look after shocking and surprising things. But colonial times were really boring in Spain's territories then and most sources are just mountains of legal stuff no one cares about. It's like a dark age but upside down: instead of too little information, we have too many and most of it has not been looked on. And because of that, it's not reproduced, translated or used in any way. Which makes the same result.
This makes me wonder if that's what's going to happen to the internet. I guess it won't because our times are interesting like 2016 was crazy, I bet a lot of historians will want to check it out in a couple of centuries.
@@somedragontoslay2579 Ohhhhh!! Okay. I understand. I won't be too quick to judge like that again. That is crazy to think about of having too much information for anyone to care about. There is way too much information from the Internet and there will definitely be a ton of unlooked information except certain years. Thank you for the information.
The efficiency of the Jesuits was something that protestants found very intimidating. In Sweden, there were frequent (and baseless) panics that a conspiracy of Jesuits was aiming to put the Catholic king of Poland on the Swedish throne.
Polish kings had a claim, but Jesuits were never involved.
Martin Luthier:I’m going to start a reformation.
Catholic Church:It’s rewind time.
AAAAAHHHHH that's hot.
I absolutely adore this series and how John Green talks about History. I'm currently studying for my final exams in history and you've provided immense help. Thank you!
Looking forward for next week, love the topic !
Are you going to talk about orthodox christianity and how it changed with the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople?
@@FlamingBasketballClub okay
It’s not AP, and I think that’s what he’s going with. It’s a shame that AP leaves out half of Europe 😑
Harry Paul wasn’t the muslim world pretty moderate around this time? Didn’t they only start to swing back into extremism in the 1790s with the birth of Wahhabism?
Maybe Shirvan of Caspian Report can make a video about it.
@@armorsmith43 it depends. There were periods of peace, of course. But it always depended on the particular region and the will of the ruling monarch.
Example: the Mu'tazilite school of theology, basically the only one in Islam that postulated that people have some sort of free will, became the official ideology under one caliph in 833, its opponents being persecuted and sometimes killed. 15 years later, under a new caliph, the trend was reversed. This time the opposing school of theology was declared true, while I quote: "Muʿtazilite doctrines were repudiated; their professors persecuted; Shi’ites, Jews, and Christians were also persecuted."
The Ottoman conquest made the newly-Catholic Easterners Orthodox again, denying the councils of Florence & Ferrera.
Martin: I'm starting a reformation
Catholic Church: How bout no....then he waddled away
Avery The Cuban-American Waddle waddle
@@TheMrJourneyer and then he waddled away
Please explain the diet of worms. Luther wasn't trying to reform the catholic church. He wanted to tear it down.
Until the very next day
Bum bum bum
So Luther walked up to the Catholic stand and he said to man running the stand he said hey...popes the Antichrist.
You again
That's such an interesting, refreshing take on the counter-reformation!
Without the counter Reformation we wouldn’t have Barroque Art... or at least it would be very different.
As an Art lover, I thank religious wars that brought beautiful forms of expression into this world.
Anybody feel like John has been less eccentric with his new series? Not sure why, but hope everything is going well. He's truly one of the best educators and writers in our lifetime and he deserves to be appreciated as that. Hope you're doing well John and that you can keep educating us with that knowledge of history that seems limitless! You're a great influence on millions and I hope you continue to be.
Best wishes,
Your Fans
Crash Course World History came out in 2012, when John was 34. Seven years later, he's now 41. I don't think it's unusual for people to grow up a bit and come across as more mature over that kind of timeframe. 🙂
Also Crash Course World History was the first series they did, and the channel has matured since 2012 too. The humour is less eccentric because crash course is a proper business and a widely used educational resource in schools now, not just an experimental educational web series.
Your channel has give me some of the best content on youtube. Thank you!
Thank you for presenting these facts i.e. both the good and bad of the church in a respectable way. I find that sometimes, people who do not agree with the church or have had bad experiences (which of course is terrible) tend to have a condescending tone when explaining the history of the church. I like that you presented the truth in an honest and respectable way. Thank you.
You finally don't sound like a tired educator. Thanks for this, John.
Was thinking the same thing. He seems to be getting more energized with every video
Thank you so much for the care you put into highlighting women's stories. It's natural, but always surprising when, like me, you've only ever heard of men in history classes.
The story of the painter was very touching. Thank you for sharing it.
Thank you so much for including Artemisia Gentileschi.
(1) If it didn't always work within Europe, the 'Counter' (incl Jesuit work and revivalist fervour) did confirm Roman Catholicism in many former colonies around the world (especially Latin America and, later, Africa). The oddest one is Philippines, overwhelmingly Christian (and Catholic). (2) nice to see some church art which was most people's ONLY experience of art/culture back then. The Protestant mob destroyed over 90% of church art (therefore, of public art) in Scotland
Whilst indulgences are still a part of the Catholic Faith, the SALE of indulgences was prohibited before and after the Council of Trent. John, I expect better of you and Crash Course! By the way, the Teresian Reform is called "Discalced', not "Discalceate'. But a good explanation of Teresa and her Reform. I belong to the Third Order of the unreformed Carmelites.
Doesnt matter if they were banned or not, they were "sold". Just like when you donate a few million dollars to a college. Its illegal to pay for your kid to get in, but we all know that when someone donates an entire building they _are_ basically paying for entrance. Same goes on today. When i was sick a Catholic friend "donated" to some special church with a special Saint and that got me on their prayer list to be prayed for in that church. He basically paid for me to be prayed for, but no Catholic would ever actually say thats how it went down.
I'm looking forward to the next episode. Hopefully, it will explain how the belief in magic and especially the persecution of people accused of witchcraft (associated with the "dark" Middle Ages) actually increased in early modern Europe (arguably even more so in the protestant areas), challenging the oversimplified ideas of progress.
"Powerful people and the status quo, the greatest love story of this or any generation." Well said, indeed.
"Infiltration" by Dr. Taylor Marshall has written a book regarding the history of the Church after the reformation and how it all went down. It runs that history up to to the present day.
Is anyone else incredibly distracted by his collar only having one of the buttons buttoned?
Evan so much lol
I am now
Finally !! Someone said it !!!
How to read Teresa Sánchez de Cepeda y Ahumada, for English speakers (capitals show where the emphasis lays):
teh-REH-sah
SAH-N-cheh-th
deh
theh-PEH-dah
ee
ah-oo-MAH-dah
AV-ila ....not uh-VIL-uh
@@thelandgravine Yes!
AH-bee-lah
No biggie ! Fácil
'And it ain't subtle' pretty much sums up everything about Baroque XDXD
In my country, the Netherlands, you can really tell that the north was more protestant and the south more catholic by the architecture. The architecture in the north is much more sober, and the south has a more decorative, exuberant style. This distinction is at least partly (that I know of) caused by the river which made for a very good border.
(Some cities are new(er), or had to rebuild, so exceptions occur.)
Jup, and also the more southern parts of the Netherlands, now Belgium, where occupied by the Spanish (needles to say, Catholic) forces, having a huge influence
That first painting of Paul III is fantastic. So much symbolism.
Watching this series has given me a couple ideas that I think would make really great series as well: History of China, like a DEEP dive and also Music History
FunkyHonkyCDXX the only problem is DEEP dive and CrashCourse are oxymoronic.
@@elaineandjohn9599 A very good point
I'd like any topic not really discussed in our curriculum here in the US. Our history books suck :(
Check out Krait, he's made a good video on the topic and will be making more China history videos in future
Wonderful, each and every video you post.
Where is college John Green? Bring him back he was hilarious.
Watch the first episode
Actually, that was high school green.
I do want to thank you for not only having 2 full episodes on the counter-reformation (I remember you had one in another history series) when most history UA-cam content tends to treat it as a footnote, but being fair about it’s contributions and effects in history. I feel like this channel in general has always tried to be fair in general about matters of faith, which is unfortunately rare on UA-cam.
Great work guys. I just hope you don't lose an arm and a leg putting together the next episode. (Or your brother! Run Hank!)
Set playback to x1.25 to make it sound a little more like the original crash course.
10:25 OMG! I love that ceiling painting of Chiesa di Sant' Ignazio di Loyola
Yo I love this mans videos its really helping me with my exams and now my junior cert this man is better than my teacher 10/10
thank you for showing artemesia’s work. one of my favorite pieces. have you read the novel blood water paint by joy mccullough?
artemisia gentileschi’s story breaks my heart...been through something similar. i wish she could have had proper help when she needed it.
Even it might not be thought favorably from the viewpoint of counter-reformation,
I like the humanistic multiculturalism in the picture on the Sistine Chapel ceiling by Michelangelo.
I love it as one of the masterpieces showing the emergence by international cultural interaction 💖.
Crash Course thanks so much for these videos. They are really informative, interesting and well-researched and doesn't seem to be biased. Nice work :)
And great job John :)
We seriously need a Crash Course *"Music (Piano)"* AND *"Accounting."*
And World Religions.
Good God I missed you John Green thanks for one more awesome video...!
Wow I'm SO exited for next episode
Noah Wilson exited the chat
I like how he said he isn’t going to try to pronounce Saint Teresa of Avila’s full name because it’s hard to pronounce but he ended up mispronouncing Avila anyway.
Very fair video. Bravo!
Glad to see talk of the Counter-Reformation. Protestantism gets too much praise. As a lifelong Catholic, thank you CrashCourse
I will point out the obvious logical fallacy of your comment, with your inference that talking about a topic such as "The Reformation" or "Counter-Reformation" is somehow an endorsement of the faith associated with that topic. Specifically your use of the word "praise", I would proffer that this would be better stated as "coverage", and on that point, I would agree with you that the Reformation seems to get more coverage than the Counter-Reformation.
@@SMC247 I'm sorry for the fallacy. What I meant to say was that I was glad that the Counter-Reformation was getting coverage. Coverage is the key word here
You brought up Artemisia gentileschi!!! She's so underloved, man. I love it.
Man I love your videos
john is the best history teacher I've ever had
I really like your channel but you should know that Teresa of Avila eventually rejected the practice of self-flagellation. She came to regard it as a practice based on a limited understanding of the path to spiritual perfection. She wrote about it.
john is so much less crazy and spontaneous in his videos now, he’s still really awesome
Another glorious episode.
Not from the US. I took a class on North American history in university, and the first two months were dedicated to religion, because , surprise, it has a huge impact on how people act. A good part of that class was analizing how and why USA and Mexico (and the rest of LA) had such different starts from the point of one was colonized by protestan England and German groups, while the other was conquered by catholic Spain
When you reach the Enlightenment, will you also do an episode on the Counter-Enlightenment? It would help explain the intellectual roots of many reactionary currents in 19th Century/20th Century/contemporary politics.
Ooh I can't wait!
Henry VIII wasn't really a protestant. He was a protestant for the sake of getting a diverce and absolute power and wealth. But he ran the place like a Catholic kingdom with a king instead of a pope. Priests who were married when Protestantism initially came to England were soon told they were not allowed to be married.
I had totally forgot the Infant of Prague..... The incongruity never struck me (or my parents) when I was immersed in the Catholic milieu and since leaving have not come across this particular bit of barminess again. Thanks for the reminder.
Cool video!
Christianity had already existed in Kerala, India long before it reached Britain even
(13:04) I'm looking forward to next week. ;)
great video
Jesuits not also stole techniques from Asia, but also brought new ones to them. One of these techniques Jesuits brought to Asia (Japan) was how to create bread/loaves. The word for bread in Japanese is Pan from the Portuguese Pão. This is due to "ão/õe" phoneme only existing in Portuguese and Arabic. It is a hard nasal sound that end up being used as in Japanese with "an". Jesuits also brought crops that were not in Japan previous to their arrival like Pumpkin, from Cambodia and tobacco.
JG, the very first thing I’ve known about you was your episode on Frankenstein, a crash course literature pearl. Back then, a friend that was a teen, and now is allowed to drink in the USA, dared me to get to know you, and read The fault in our stars. As a counterpart, he should read Persuasion. The point was, he saying “try to understand a teen’s perspective of life”, and I was like “try to figure out how women life is like”. Well, I got a the big prize. I’m not sure if my friend had ever read Jane Austen’s masterpiece, but I’ve started following Crash Course Literature, and whatever you are into. The fault... was a blast. I’m a researcher, interested in death as a research topic. I had never seen anyone talking so plainly about how teenager could face dying. I’m also a feminist, and I can’t wait for you perspective (or witty presentation) of witchcraft.
never expect that European history will become this spicy
Something tells me, despite the name "European History" only Western Europe is actually going to be discussed here.
Slavic history always gets ignored in America.
@@AbbeyRoadkill1 It's not well known and it had seemingly little impact on America.
Just like the real AP class!
Unfortunately yeah, because its based off our college Intro to Western Civilization and our AP European History course. Its a shame too. I loved learning about the history of places and rulers in Eastern Europe.
great video
Oh my god as a tamil (speaker/reader) seeing the Loyola institute in tamil on this English Channel was very very exciting :) what a shoutout !
6:17 That is Loyola College, Chennai, India written in Tamil, a classical language that is 3000 years old. Love from India❤️
Please add this video to the playlist. I almost missed it.
This is quite early. Thanks
“it ain’t subtle...”
love it
I'm working exactly across the street from the church where the Infant of Prague is. On Carmelite Street! And after work I'm going to write my thesis to the former Jesuit College. Yeah, Bohemia. Counter reformation hit us hard :)
Well in a couple of episodes Bohemians are gonna defenestrate some Catholics so I'm guessing Bohemia will be in the spotlight again soon.
Hello John, big fan of crash course.
You have talked about in another video about how the dark ages weren't so dark outside of Europe, how there was innovation in agriculture, trade and engineering in China, India and the middle east.
I would love for there to be a course about in depth history of Africa and the middle East during the middle age, how countries that were so adamant about teaching science and mathematics stopped being the center of innovation and transitioned to more destructive things.
Look up Caspian Report on UA-cam. They have a great 5 part series on the rise and decline of Islamic science
No one will expect John to cover the Spanish Inquisition.
2:12 I feel like this image has great meme potential
8:46 "mispronouncing things is my thing".
It would have been funny that you had tried to pronounce "Sánchez de Cepeda", because there is no unique way. Most of the Spanish speakers pronouce 'z' and 'c' as 's' in 'sing', but in Northen Spain (including Ávila) is pronounced as 'th' in 'thing'.
By the way, Ávila is pronounced A-bi-la and not a-VI-la, with the stress in the first syllable and the 'v' always as a 'b' ("beati Hispani, quibus bibere vivere est", Latin pun meaning "happy Spaniards, for whom drinking is living", because in Hispania both words were pronounced in the same way).
I think it’s important to note that the Council of Trent was initially a hoped for reconciliation. Luther and others of his leading thinkers and other Protestant leaders were all invited. Luther declined but others came. Unfortunately, the Church’s view on reconciliation was unwilling to accept some of the key changes, especially about the Pope. So, the Protestants left, and thus the rest of the meetings trended towards more Catholicism. Also, the Council did not meet continuously for 18 years, but in various bigger blocks of time. It was in the latter meetings, where the Protestants had refused to come, that the key decisions hardened into the Counter-Reformation. The Catholic Reformation and the Counter Reformation are related, but different issues. The view of the start of the Council of Trent reflects this as there was initially only this sense of finding common ground with Protestants, and then returning, hopefully, to a reformed Universal Church. When that didn’t happen, tools like the Index and people like Loyola ramped up their efforts.
Must admit, I'm still waiting to see if in this history series there will show up countries that aren't just England, France, Germany, Spain, Italy and so on. Ya'know, only the west/central part of Europe. Because Europe is far larger than that.
I need the new episode please!!
What about the Byzantines, the Ottomans and the Balkans? Great channel by the way!
2:58 “I’ve got one of my eyes on you!”
Being argentinian, I always heard from "las carmelitas descalzas".
I sort of got that they were nuns out of the context in which the phrase was used, but now I actually know
The counter reformation pushed the European artists to make the most beautifull pieces of art ever made! Like if you agree!
Love European history
Do a music theory series please!
Give Eastern and Southern Europe some attention as well