Orthodox aren't really seen as European, they're seen more as a Middle Eastern religion. No, I don't know why. But they also split from the Catholic Church much earlier (1054) than the time period John started with.
As a catholic i absolutely hated how corrupt and bad the church was before the counter-reformation. what annoys me even more however, is when modern catholics deny that the church ever made any mistakes and act like criticising the church means you are criticising god himself.
It’s annoying how modern Catholics deny the principles and doctrines of the Church set by and died for by the martyrs and church fathers and doctors. To insult the Church, not necessarily the men in the Church, is to insult her groom who is Christ.
@@Ugly_German_Truths Frederick V Elector Palatinate, Winter King of Bohemia is only part of the 2nd generation of Protestant Princes and his group is called Protestant (Action) Union.
So glad to see John back in the seat! As a teacher of world history, I do not know what we would do if we were forced to show those boring videos that makes us all go to sleep. John puts the cool back in learning history. Keep up the good work!
That's because people confuse Christianity with Catholicism. Protestantism did split the Catholic Church, but Catholicism is just one branch of Christianity
**Just to clarify something for a lot of people in the comment section who seem confused - ** When John says "Christianity split from two groups into many different sects" he is first referring to the original split that happened before Luther in Christianity, and then he transitions into what Martin Luther brought about, which was Christianity splitting into many sects. But he does acknowledge that before Marthin Luther there was already two main sects of Christianity that being Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox which came about becomes of the Great Schism in 1054 long before Martin Luther. What Martin Luther did was split Christianity even further by kick-starting the creation of many different Protestant groups who now (because of his actions) felt they had the right to be their own thing separate from the Roman Catholic church. When he says there were two groups he is not referring to Catholicism and Protestants, because the term "Protestant" is a catch-all term that refers to all the denominations that came about because of the Protestant Reformation, so being "Protestant" is not in it of itself a sect in Christianity, but refers to many sects that came from Martin Luther's actions. This is why when he says "Christianity split from two groups (Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox) into many different sects. (these would be the Protestant)" Hopefully, this explanation helps the people who thought he forgot about Eastern Orthodox, because he did not, he just did not refer to it by name.
I would say that is one of the reasons but not the main reason. Its influence as a factor could be summarized in 2 ways; firstly yes for some it appealed to their greed but it can't be forgotten that there was a high risk in the move the princes were taking in the move as Charles or the Pope would have punished them if they were defeated, something that given the incredible wealth of the Hapsburg and Papacy was seen as likely, therefore another more deep reason must exist and that leads me to the... Second factor would have been that the desire to take church property would have at most been a 'sweetener' for the Protestant Princes who had already been convinced by Luther/others.
This was also the main reason why Sweden converted to Protestantism. The state treasury was empty so it was a quick way for our king to get cash, simply seize the vast wealth of the church, nationalize the future clergy income, and become even more powerful by also being the head of the church and not just the head of the state. And then we have England .. where a king simply wanted to bang a hot chick and thus needed to get a divorce.
@@fredrikengstrom2107 ....and also English noblemen and king also wanted all dat land owner by Catholic church. Seriously. There's reason why protestant Church in UK and King is still biggest landowner in kingdom. In the end, it was about Church as power structure with lots of resources up to grab. Also I think it was sort of check on Church's 'moral superiority'. Also a bit more pragmatical POV without this land grab Capitalism kickstart wouldn't be possible. There was no way to own the land for just simply rich guy.
Even better, when the peasants rose up against the princes, which Luther supported, the Princes gave him an ultimatum - support us and condemn the peasants or lose our protection. Luther went ahead and wrote polemics against the peasants, which gave the Princes forces all the reasons they required to slaughter the revolting peasants and out an end to their revolt
Confiscation of church property is an important reason a bit later on. In the beginning, until way after the Diet of Worms, it was not completely clear yet that there would be an actual split, and how the new Protestant churches would be organised. So while financial considerations probably played a role, it was more about the indulgences bleeding the people dry, and church taxes on the princes. For the early supporters like Frederick the Wise, seizing church lands was not yet an option.
Don't let the secularized and Protestant-ized presentations of history fool you. While the Catholic Church made critical errors, most presentations neglect the true character of Luther by making him into some noble figure. He really was not. Also, most historical presentations do not address the actual instances of heresy and nuanced theological debates that were at the heart of the Reformation.
@@mr.johnson3844 I found this video interesting because my school never taught me the Reformation or the difference between my beliefs and that of Protestants.
I have done a fair amount of research on this subject and think overall you did a pretty accurate and good job. I would recommend one change. Martin Luther’s 95 theses was a common practice that the monks did. They would each come up with topics they wished to discuss. His theses was taken and because it included many of the grievances of the people it was nailed to the door without his knowledge and consent. He never pushed for creating a separate group or religion. He always believed that he could convince the Catholic leadership of the errors of their ways.
Acually, the unrest about reforms in the Catholic church started at least a century earlier. Jan Hus, a Bohemian theologian, philosopher, master, dean, and the rector of the University of Prague was burned in 1415 as a heretic who preached church reforms to his followers. This all happened during the times of the Papal Schism (there were two or even three Popes at the same time).
Hi, if john green has seen this comment than I just want to say that i really liked your world history videos. Many of them helped me with the revision for exams)) and I appreciate it very much. thank you that you are taking part in this show again - i hope you will continue doing it (ps. my english may sound wierd because i am a russian who is learning english)
I mean, it'll likely happen when Russia enters the picture, but I don't think it will be too in-depth given that schism happened well before the start of this series.
@@animefreak753 yeah but the series is already way passed the time of the Byzantine empire. The Balkans play a somewhat minor role in history from this point on in contrast to other major powers of Europe. I would love to see it since I am Eastern Orthodox, but in terms of the scale of the show, it's too geographically isolated to talk about.
@@culwin Plus they already had some differences from the days of Constantinople's(nova Roma,new Rome,Byzantium or Istanbul her other names) foundation.
For those interested in some of the more bonkers details behind what went on with Anabaptists and specifically the Munster rebellion, I highly recommend Dan Carlin's Hardcore History episode 48. It's a 6 hour long podcast but it's fantastic.
Haha, this is so funny to listen to, when Schmalkalden is like a stone throw away from you. ;) I had no idea John Green was doing Crash Course History again and I gotta say, I'm pleasantly surprised! He talks so much more relaxed and is all in all so much more chill and likeable! :) I like his old videos too, they're great, but the whole presentation of the information is much better here! That was a great video and Martin Luther is one important and intriguing figure to this day. So, in that spirit - "Hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders."
In the German Church, there were abuses of indulgences that were never meant to be sold. Luther's doctrine of Sola Scriptura was his invention that was unheard of until Luther came along. This doctrine was the single reason for the cleaving of Christendom as others decided they could interpret the scriptures themselves. Even the reformers could not agree on biblical doctrine and used the scriptures to refute each other.
what happened to him? He seems a lot more shaken, I don't watch the show that much but he talks so much slower and more serious. He really got rid of all the jokes.
Its interesting to hear that there was a time when "good deeds" were allowed by the church to be conflated with buying salvation. We tend to think of good deeds as the good part of faith, but I can see how corrupt church practices would give them a bad name in the eyes of the early Protestants.
Great episode as always John! As a Catholic, I have long felt that the importance of the Reformation has often been overblown in historiography, especially here in the US where Protestantism has long been the dominant religious force. If anything the division between the Catholic/Orthodox church is more important, or the Arian Crisis. GK Chesterton wrote "One need not count the differences between a Catholic and a Protestant any more than a Catholic and a Pelagian". In other words, from a Catholic perspective the Lutheran crisis is no different than the Pelagian crisis, or the Arian crisis, or the Albigensian crisis. In all cases an individual or group of individuals (often among the clergy or religious) quibble with a particular Catholic doctrine enough to engage in a split from papal and magisterial authority. (For example, while the Lutherans wanted faith without works, the Pelagians wanted works without faith) The benefit of all these movements for the Church is that they not only help define & refine Church doctrine by offering challenges to it, but they often spring up in times when the Church has drifted from its Gospel message. In that way, they force those within the Church to reckon with abuses and sources of corruption and encourage internal reform. The Arian crisis gave us the Nicene Creed, the Albigensians prompted the creation of religious orders like the Dominicans and the Franciscans, and in the time of the Lutheran and Calvinist schisms the Jesuits and Catholic Reformation bloomed. I guess the only historical difference between the Protestant Reformation and these earlier heresies is its staying power and ability to spread quickly due to the political circumstances of the 16th century (princes willing to back it to get back at either the Pope or Holy Roman Emperor) and the new information technologies available. Either way, as strange as it is to say I can express some gratitude that in even these contentious times, good comes out of it. Much love to any Protestant brothers and sisters out there! Keep up the good work John and team!
John has really matured from is early videos. He doesn’t sugar coat things, doesn’t add a touch liberal bias and has a more serious tone to his videos.
I'm a former Protestant who converted to Catholicism, and I insist that a few things should be corrected. Firstly, Catholics do not and never have believed in salvation through faith and works; rather, we believe that faith without works is dead and that we can reject God by doing enough bad deeds. (James 2:24) This goes against Luther's position which is that once grace is given, it is there to stay we have to be passive subjects in that relationship. Furthermore, indulgences were not sold, that would be simony. Rather, contributing to the Church and reconstructing of St Peter's gave you indulgences, not because of the money itself, but because you did something exceptional. Indulgences are still given by the Catholic Church today, but have to be combined with confession and communion within a short period of the indulgence-granting prayer or deed in question. Indulgences only cut your time in purgatory, not 'get you to heaven'. If you're in purgatory, you're on your way to heaven. We also still believe in purgatory, Catholic doctrine doesn't get contradicted. The Catholic Church furthermore accepted 91 of of the 95 theses.
People often forget that the Reformation didn't only create the Protestant churches but also actually lead to important reforms in the Catholic Church, not to mention Vatican II (and many steps in between).
@@SantomPh While there has always been corruption in the Church, I don't see where you get those facts from. It depends on how you look at things, and I don't see how the Church has actually changed its positions on the things Luther criticised it for - its doctrine was always much more correct.
I guess he just decided to change the format of how he does Crash Course episodes. In the Crash Course World and US history episodes he would talk fast and was playing a character. But now I guess he's just trying to be himself and talk slower and take his time.
@@edwardaugustus9680 OMFG. was scrolling the comments to see if somebody noticed the drop of energy and speed, saw this. Tried the 1.25x trick, and IT IS SCARILY LIKE LISTENING TO HIS OLD VIDEOS. thank you. Maybe a smidge too quick, but DUDE
Slight complaint: the Catholic Church /still/ believes in Purgatory. We’re just not very talkative about it, because no one’s very sure what happens there other than that you repent for the sins you committed since you last went to Confession.
Yeah, we are actually pretty sure about heaven (being united with G-d’s love, reevaluations, etc etc etc.) and hell (eternal separation from all of G-d’s love and possibly creation). Please feel free to maybe not make a joke at my expense, thanks
John your videos are my favorite I love your videos on history and literature and your insightful parenthetical commentaries thank you sir you are a gift
I'm a born again evangelical Christian who never knew much about Catholicism until very recently, and oh my goodness. The more I learn, the more I am absolutely, utterly horrified by it. Talk about unbiblical. I still cannot believe they believe what they do; I'm just like, do they even believe the Bible? And catholics have all these ready, pat explanations that they think solves everything when challenged by non-catholics..."we're not really praying to Mary, we're just asking her to intercede for us"..."we don't worship Mary, we just honor her"...oh really? well not sure what 'Hail Mary' is then, and what all those statues (graven images) are about; sure seems like worship to me...And that's just the tip of the iceberg I am discovering.Their deception is so much deeper than I ever imagined it could be; very sad. I heard someone say years ago that the Catholic church is the biggest cult in the world, and I sure believe that now more than ever.
Wish this had been out 1 week ago when I had my exams 😂😭 Great content as always. Can you do a video on Henry the 8th and the English reformation specifically?
Funny thing is, Frederick the Wise had lost a "bribing match" with Joachim Nestor of Brandenburg to aquire the Archbishopric of Mainz and was then frustrated because he couldn't benefit from the money the archbishop of Mainz could earn with indulgences and then forbade the sale of indulgences out of spite. He was also the favorite candidate of the Pope for the position of emperor.
@King Peppy the catholic/protestant issue and the Vikings where not really a thing there is about a 500 year gap in between. Denmark was by then a triving kingdom that did good on trading with in the Hanseatic League. that was way more profitable and safe to do. here in the Netherlands the protestantism came up do direct influence of Spain. (it's even a key reason why the Netherlands became a independent republic o and the biggest reason for all the wars we had trade deals and trading in general)
Part 1/10 So... agnostic, skeptic, pluralist, secular humanist, secularist, and naturalist here... Recovering Catholic in the sense that I lapsed, pray some, don't really agree/approve of a significant number of matters with the Catholic Church..... But chiefly I think of myself as an agnostic and I am proud of that. So... listening to this rendition of the Reformation felt very pro-protestant to my ear... really even very American-centric in its thinking and views of Europe. I wanted to offer my perspective and then explain why I think my perspective as worth writing out. I will try to put time indexes to give some context to remarks.
True, but there's a lot of dissect here. I'm not well read on the history of the Catholic church but I am aware of some groups escaping to America to hide from prosecution in Europe and a lot of wars that might have used religion as a means to push an agenda by certain opportunistic leaders.
@@Madhattersinjeans Yes, especially at first from the Church of England.... in the original colonies Maryland, the only Catholic majority colony, was the only shining example of religious tolerance. At least at first. So while people may of fled to America to escape religious persecution that doesn't mean that America was much better... or in some cases better at all...
My favourite bit about history is when your 8th grade history teacher lies to you about henry viii being the first guy to reform the church and how crazy that was (it wasn't). thanks, england! i really appreciate it!
@@SantomPh No, not to this amount. You should probably read his writings on the Jews. And it's an extremely relevant part of history since the Nazis used this to get the Church on their side during the Holocaust.
To be honest, that wasn’t strange. I mean, did you see what the Protestants and Catholics (Mostly the Catholics) did to each other? Can you imagine how completely different religions were viewed.
@@Redbird-dh7mu Mate..Judaism ain't a completely different religion. It's literally where both these religions (and alot of others) have their roots. Either way, I still think it holds alot of relevance and should've been mentioned.
@@Redbird-dh7mu Luthers views on Jews were considered too extreme even in those days, the Catholic church never ordered a systematic persecution of Jews. It is no surprise that German Catholics opposed Hitler while most Protestants followed him.
My professor of Renaissance literature talked about this in like 2 classes, and it bored so much. And with this video, it hasn't change, hahha, but it's definitely more dinamic and funny Nice work :D
I held my concern for a few videos but I really have to say so now. John you are seriously only looking at WESTERN Europe in this European history. Orthodox Christians exist, the final byzantine emperor died in battle not beheaded. I do hope you look at the concerns of eastern Europe as they are very very important even if you admit to being euro centric
I really love your history crash course. It reminds me of my love for history. Why do people hate history so much? And maths? Maths is awesome! But so is history. History kicks a**
Hay ! I've heard this one a few times over the years But Never with the Orthodox Church even as a side note as how they felt .... West side, East side thing ?
The Orthodox Church has its own splits between the Greek, Slavic and other divisions but it was only on the surface unlike Protestantism and Catholicism which led to wars and outright genocides.
The west and east church had their own split in 1054. But in general Orthodoxy, while having it's own separate churches, never had a real major split. The only one I can think of was a split within the Russian Orthodox Church in the 17th century primarily, splitting them into Old believers and New believers
@@Thevlogboy1 And what was the Orthodox Church Feelings one the on going Beginnings of the Reformation ? Martin Luther ? Martin Luther getting Married ? I can See people write a few books on something in a popular style of that time. Newer work Builds of that Style. School lesson Style and books are Locked in and we get the same patters of small chunks of learning in the same Scope generation after generation. Living history becomes stale Social Trivia or niche fetish Add work with A Teacher might try to add with say a niche fetish of questions of 'Early Protestant Meeting Formats ' Martin Luther's average weekly To Do list' or 'Martin Luther's general health ailments' But what is the chance that and expanding curriculum these days..... And Yes it has to entertain ....but maybe it's the fault of a limited view of a subject that makes something less interesting ? With in a public School say adding gossiping trends, sportsmanship activities, personal grooming and Daly upkeep tools might spark interests ?
@@Kz-ds8gb they would have seen it as a positive thing. better that those idiots in the west are fighting among them selves then that they are paining attention to the east. (rest is better for the trade.)
K z as a Roman Catholic with orthodox friends they (at least the ones I know) see Protestantism as a Catholic heresy so they don’t want to pursue union with Rome or discuss it until we can figure out what they see as a problem with 1/3 of western Catholics being heretics. Of course we catholics don’t view Protestants as belonging to the Catholic Church and Protestants of course dont consider themselves members (except for anglicans sometimes which is a little confusing)
Really I didn’t know that, the only thing that I know was Karl Marx’s political stages are Primitive Communism, Feudalism, Capitalism, Socialism, the final stage is Communism (Marxism) that’s what I know. You may not agree with me but let me know if I’m right or I’m wrong.
There is no free will. That’s what philosophy of Libertarianism believes in free will. Hard Determination does not believe in free will and it doesn’t exist. In politics the meaning of libertarianism means freedom, liberty, minimum government, equality, and more.
Free will is an illusion just like equality same thing no difference. People either you born with natural talent and some people don’t have it. There is no equality Shane they’re never will and they’re never will be such of equality it’s a joke.
He did say Christianity in Europe, by which lots of people really mean western Europe. Eastern Europe, where the Orthodox church was, had a lot more carry over with the Middle East and Russia.
Well memes aside there was more to Henry's split with Rome than 'muh divorce', divorce just happened to be the final straw. Many reformers were gaining ground in England at that time.
What also astonishes me is the common depiction of Charles V: Just as in 1415, he guaranteed safe travel to and from Worms for Luthers, but he actually stuck to it and did not sack Luther, as king Sigismund did with Jan Hus - albeit he could have argued just like Sigismund: Since Jan Hus was a heretic, oaths given to him were not binding - and Sigismund did not have to stick to it. Charles could have argued the same way, but did not. Then, Charles captured many of his opponents, starting with the Landgraf of Thüringen, whom he actually captured twice, the second time after the Landgraf swore loyalty to Charles, but Charles released him again. Charles also captured king Franz of France after Franz invaded Italy, and released him again, only to being invaded by Franz again. The Protestant nobles, in order to weaken Charles, gave the imperial cities of Metz and Verdun to king Franz - which is nothing but High Treason, and Charles did not punish them. Instead, he conducted the taking of Algier in order to free Christian slaves. Charles also was the first (and up to my knowledge, the only) Emperor who abdicated and went into a monastery. He truly seems to have been naive, trusting in the oath of people despite the fact that they were repeatedly broken, but a man of honesty, considering himself bound to defend Christianity, and not only tried to extend his power - unlike most of his opponents like Franz of France and the Prostestant nobles - who only sought to become more powerful.
Phil Plait please teach astronomy again with updated content. Your astronomy videos are very interesting. Please accept my hubble request to Crash Course. And yaa Crash Course's videos are also great. We salute and thank you for your great work on you tube.
The return of John doing Crash Course History is the best thing to happen since sliced bread
yes!!
ow, an IJ fan.
Well... there was John doing the Crash Course for the first time
Which is the body of christ...sliced.
Did you know that sliced bread was invented in 1928?
If UA-cam existed in that age
#1 trending, *95 reasons why Catholic Church is wrong*
Meanwhile on a parallel universe...
can it be more clickbaity?
Vitruvianus AMAZING: A FUCC TON OF REASONS TO FUCC THE CHURCH! YOU WONT BELEIVE!
LOL
The Catholic Church is canceled
Martin Luther had 95 problems, and the Pope was one.
Lol
😂
@@apalsnerg yeesh
Catholism: *_exists_*
Martin Luther: Hold my thesis
ThomasTurner69 German Peasants: Can we use that?
Martin Luther: Thieves.
"Hold my meade"
@Jesus Christ K
Beer is the most germany, priesty thing. I’ll take hold my beer here.
low level meme
John Green: European Christianity split into two in the 16th century.
Orthodox Christianity: Am I a joke to you?
Eastern europeans are a joke to westerners
Orthodox aren't really seen as European, they're seen more as a Middle Eastern religion. No, I don't know why. But they also split from the Catholic Church much earlier (1054) than the time period John started with.
Thessarabian umm... no.
@@Martoto94 well that was an intelligent reply.🙄
Thessarabian that’s as much as an unintelligent statement deserves. Orthodox Christianity seen as middle eastern? By who? Come on man.
As a catholic i absolutely hated how corrupt and bad the church was before the counter-reformation.
what annoys me even more however, is when modern catholics deny that the church ever made any mistakes and act like criticising the church means you are criticising god himself.
Also worth noting that Luther initially wanted the church to reform itself, he didn't want to start a new denomination.
It’s annoying how modern Catholics deny the principles and doctrines of the Church set by and died for by the martyrs and church fathers and doctors.
To insult the Church, not necessarily the men in the Church, is to insult her groom who is Christ.
Yeah. I wish John had mentioned that many of the practices indicted in the 95 theses were abandoned by *Catholics*, not just Protestants.
I hate how the churches are still not being held accountable for criminal acts.
The pope: We own all of western civilization!
Martin Luther: I'm about to end this man's whole career!
The pope: :(
Lol
There were multiple pope's and a few different religious hierarchies (e.g. Lullards).
Mans whole career* ;)
40 Years Later...
The Pope: I now own the rest of the world.
I'm still waiting for Disney to buy the rights to the Schmalkaldic League of Protestant Princes from SONY so they can finally enter the MCU
Man, I can't wait for the Phillip the Magnanimous movie and Frederick the Wise movie. They're my favourite characters.
@@mjr_schneider Well "Winter King" is a much better story than "Winter Soldier" so much is sure :D
@@mjr_schneider "i'm sorry Charles but he's my friend"
I hate the internet 😂😂
@@Ugly_German_Truths Frederick V Elector Palatinate, Winter King of Bohemia is only part of the 2nd generation of Protestant Princes and his group is called Protestant (Action) Union.
So glad to see John back in the seat! As a teacher of world history, I do not know what we would do if we were forced to show those boring videos that makes us all go to sleep. John puts the cool back in learning history. Keep up the good work!
As a senior having to take 3 years worth of history classes in 1 year, this show is truly a blessing. thank you!
I like how when people are talking about the Protestant Reformation, they say "Christianity Split in 2" like orthodoxy just never existed.
That's because people confuse Christianity with Catholicism. Protestantism did split the Catholic Church, but Catholicism is just one branch of Christianity
Yeah, or the Coptics or Nestorians. There were a lot of early Christian schisms.
@@CDexie the great debates in the early days of Christianity are really interesting to learn about
2E the first Extra History has a series about early christian schisms.
@@armorsmith43 yeah that's where i learnt about them
**Just to clarify something for a lot of people in the comment section who seem confused - **
When John says "Christianity split from two groups into many different sects" he is first referring to the original split that happened before Luther in Christianity, and then he transitions into what Martin Luther brought about, which was Christianity splitting into many sects. But he does acknowledge that before Marthin Luther there was already two main sects of Christianity that being Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox which came about becomes of the Great Schism in 1054 long before Martin Luther. What Martin Luther did was split Christianity even further by kick-starting the creation of many different Protestant groups who now (because of his actions) felt they had the right to be their own thing separate from the Roman Catholic church. When he says there were two groups he is not referring to Catholicism and Protestants, because the term "Protestant" is a catch-all term that refers to all the denominations that came about because of the Protestant Reformation, so being "Protestant" is not in it of itself a sect in Christianity, but refers to many sects that came from Martin Luther's actions. This is why when he says "Christianity split from two groups (Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox) into many different sects. (these would be the Protestant)"
Hopefully, this explanation helps the people who thought he forgot about Eastern Orthodox, because he did not, he just did not refer to it by name.
The main reason why princes helped Luther were vast lands owned by Catholic Bishops in Germany. Thanks to Reformation they were able to seize them,
I would say that is one of the reasons but not the main reason. Its influence as a factor could be summarized in 2 ways; firstly yes for some it appealed to their greed but it can't be forgotten that there was a high risk in the move the princes were taking in the move as Charles or the Pope would have punished them if they were defeated, something that given the incredible wealth of the Hapsburg and Papacy was seen as likely, therefore another more deep reason must exist and that leads me to the... Second factor would have been that the desire to take church property would have at most been a 'sweetener' for the Protestant Princes who had already been convinced by Luther/others.
This was also the main reason why Sweden converted to Protestantism. The state treasury was empty so it was a quick way for our king to get cash, simply seize the vast wealth of the church, nationalize the future clergy income, and become even more powerful by also being the head of the church and not just the head of the state.
And then we have England .. where a king simply wanted to bang a hot chick and thus needed to get a divorce.
@@fredrikengstrom2107 ....and also English noblemen and king also wanted all dat land owner by Catholic church. Seriously. There's reason why protestant Church in UK and King is still biggest landowner in kingdom.
In the end, it was about Church as power structure with lots of resources up to grab. Also I think it was sort of check on Church's 'moral superiority'. Also a bit more pragmatical POV without this land grab Capitalism kickstart wouldn't be possible. There was no way to own the land for just simply rich guy.
Even better, when the peasants rose up against the princes, which Luther supported, the Princes gave him an ultimatum - support us and condemn the peasants or lose our protection.
Luther went ahead and wrote polemics against the peasants, which gave the Princes forces all the reasons they required to slaughter the revolting peasants and out an end to their revolt
Confiscation of church property is an important reason a bit later on. In the beginning, until way after the Diet of Worms, it was not completely clear yet that there would be an actual split, and how the new Protestant churches would be organised. So while financial considerations probably played a role, it was more about the indulgences bleeding the people dry, and church taxes on the princes. For the early supporters like Frederick the Wise, seizing church lands was not yet an option.
I can say... Luther *nailed* the Catholic Church with his thesis
Ha
Jesus: *PTSD kicks in*
The Pun Police will get you
Mature German man NAILS the entire Church with ninety five THESES
@Jesus Christ omg
Me: has a church history final in 11 hours
John green a few days ago: here, have this
This is one of the best series you've done. I've learnt more about my own history here that I ever learnt in school. Thank you.
I grew up in the Swiss protestant church and "It's a symbol" is a great description of the entirety of the religious teaching I got.
Catholic Church: Let's sell indulgences
Martin Luther: OBJECTION!
I how i wish I could insert the phoenix wright memee
@@ilikedota5 same here, bro. I feel you.
Catholics: Lets pursue scientific inquiry and not take the bible too literally
Fundamentalist Protestants: OBJECTION!
@@LIAM-cd6qd sadly, the whole galileo fiasco has led to some misconceptions.. Galileo was a bit of a douche
" Catholic Church: Let's sell indulgences"
Literally never happened. Not a single shred of evidence for this.
I'm literally learning about the Reformation RIGHT NOW in school.
Great timing.
I *have* to watch this for class 😅
As a Roman Catholic myself this episode was really interesting to me, thanks.
Don't let the secularized and Protestant-ized presentations of history fool you. While the Catholic Church made critical errors, most presentations neglect the true character of Luther by making him into some noble figure. He really was not. Also, most historical presentations do not address the actual instances of heresy and nuanced theological debates that were at the heart of the Reformation.
Ryan Reeves has the best commentary on the Reformation and on Luther that I've ever seen or heard. All impartial, sourced, and cleanly presented.
@@mr.johnson3844 I found this video interesting because my school never taught me the Reformation or the difference between my beliefs and that of Protestants.
William Wood I’m not overly religious myself but I believe a firm understanding of multiple religions is crucial for understanding the world.
@@mr.johnson3844 Was a tinfoil hat included when you got that indoctrination?
I have done a fair amount of research on this subject and think overall you did a pretty accurate and good job. I would recommend one change. Martin Luther’s 95 theses was a common practice that the monks did. They would each come up with topics they wished to discuss. His theses was taken and because it included many of the grievances of the people it was nailed to the door without his knowledge and consent. He never pushed for creating a separate group or religion. He always believed that he could convince the Catholic leadership of the errors of their ways.
oooh, that makes a bit more sense actually.
So he wasn't trying to set up some seperation with his work it was just a byproduct of his beliefs?
Acually, the unrest about reforms in the Catholic church started at least a century earlier. Jan Hus, a Bohemian theologian, philosopher, master, dean, and the rector of the University of Prague was burned in 1415 as a heretic who preached church reforms to his followers. This all happened during the times of the Papal Schism (there were two or even three Popes at the same time).
Hi, if john green has seen this comment than I just want to say that i really liked your world history videos. Many of them helped me with the revision for exams)) and I appreciate it very much. thank you that you are taking part in this show again - i hope you will continue doing it (ps. my english may sound wierd because i am a russian who is learning english)
Hey Crash Course! Can you make a video on Eastern Orthodoxy in the future please? Please do consider!🙏🙏
Yes please!
Would love it but I don't think they would include it in European history series. Maybe Middle Eastern/ Asian series
I mean, it'll likely happen when Russia enters the picture, but I don't think it will be too in-depth given that schism happened well before the start of this series.
crevice pounder but Eastern Orthodox was the religion of the Byzantine Empire and still a major religion in the Balkans...which are in Europe
@@animefreak753 yeah but the series is already way passed the time of the Byzantine empire. The Balkans play a somewhat minor role in history from this point on in contrast to other major powers of Europe. I would love to see it since I am Eastern Orthodox, but in terms of the scale of the show, it's too geographically isolated to talk about.
I'm not even in school anymore but I still love listening to these. History is great
what about the great schism in 1054 that split the orthodox and roman catholic church
That was 500 years earlier
@@culwin Plus they already had some differences from the days of Constantinople's(nova Roma,new Rome,Byzantium or Istanbul her other names) foundation.
i think that was mentioned in an earlier episode. this one is just about the Protestant Reformation
I had to pause this video and come back, and when I did, I was greeted by a very unamused expression from John and the large word "REPENT."
Yikes.
LOL.
For those interested in some of the more bonkers details behind what went on with Anabaptists and specifically the Munster rebellion, I highly recommend Dan Carlin's Hardcore History episode 48. It's a 6 hour long podcast but it's fantastic.
A thoughtful and unbiased explication of a most complicated period. Thank you!
Art Koenig Is this sarcastic?
@@rozempire2843 No this is patrick.
Mad Hatters in jeans Cool name, I meant the comment though.
No that comment is a comment, Patrick is someone else.
@@rozempire2843 It was not meant to be sarcastic. I enjoyed the presentation.
Please do the Counter Reformation!!
He'll probably talk about it next week
Haha, this is so funny to listen to, when Schmalkalden is like a stone throw away from you. ;)
I had no idea John Green was doing Crash Course History again and I gotta say, I'm pleasantly surprised! He talks so much more relaxed and is all in all so much more chill and likeable! :) I like his old videos too, they're great, but the whole presentation of the information is much better here!
That was a great video and Martin Luther is one important and intriguing figure to this day.
So, in that spirit - "Hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders."
Easter Orthodox: Are we a joke to you
True
>Pepehands.jpeg
In the German Church, there were abuses of indulgences that were never meant to be sold. Luther's doctrine of Sola Scriptura was his invention that was unheard of until Luther came along. This doctrine was the single reason for the cleaving of Christendom as others decided they could interpret the scriptures themselves. Even the reformers could not agree on biblical doctrine and used the scriptures to refute each other.
speed x1.25 and you get back the old John Green. You're welcome.
Oh my god thank you
Ok, I found out how, but I think I need to be on a "real" desktop computer. So, unless there's a trick I missed I think I'm done for now! ;)
what happened to him? He seems a lot more shaken, I don't watch the show that much but he talks so much slower and more serious. He really got rid of all the jokes.
@@gandalfthegrey2592 To be honest I like the more serious jokes and I'm glad he dropped the jokes which I didn't find funny.
@@user-uy1rg8td1v Humor is subjective, even though not all his jokes landed, his personality made history more fun to learn.
Its interesting to hear that there was a time when "good deeds" were allowed by the church to be conflated with buying salvation. We tend to think of good deeds as the good part of faith, but I can see how corrupt church practices would give them a bad name in the eyes of the early Protestants.
Thanks John Green! I appreciate all the work you put into these
Great episode as always John! As a Catholic, I have long felt that the importance of the Reformation has often been overblown in historiography, especially here in the US where Protestantism has long been the dominant religious force. If anything the division between the Catholic/Orthodox church is more important, or the Arian Crisis. GK Chesterton wrote "One need not count the differences between a Catholic and a Protestant any more than a Catholic and a Pelagian". In other words, from a Catholic perspective the Lutheran crisis is no different than the Pelagian crisis, or the Arian crisis, or the Albigensian crisis. In all cases an individual or group of individuals (often among the clergy or religious) quibble with a particular Catholic doctrine enough to engage in a split from papal and magisterial authority. (For example, while the Lutherans wanted faith without works, the Pelagians wanted works without faith) The benefit of all these movements for the Church is that they not only help define & refine Church doctrine by offering challenges to it, but they often spring up in times when the Church has drifted from its Gospel message. In that way, they force those within the Church to reckon with abuses and sources of corruption and encourage internal reform. The Arian crisis gave us the Nicene Creed, the Albigensians prompted the creation of religious orders like the Dominicans and the Franciscans, and in the time of the Lutheran and Calvinist schisms the Jesuits and Catholic Reformation bloomed. I guess the only historical difference between the Protestant Reformation and these earlier heresies is its staying power and ability to spread quickly due to the political circumstances of the 16th century (princes willing to back it to get back at either the Pope or Holy Roman Emperor) and the new information technologies available. Either way, as strange as it is to say I can express some gratitude that in even these contentious times, good comes out of it. Much love to any Protestant brothers and sisters out there! Keep up the good work John and team!
John has really matured from is early videos. He doesn’t sugar coat things, doesn’t add a touch liberal bias and has a more serious tone to his videos.
We’d really like to hear about the Orthodox Church
I'm a former Protestant who converted to Catholicism, and I insist that a few things should be corrected. Firstly, Catholics do not and never have believed in salvation through faith and works; rather, we believe that faith without works is dead and that we can reject God by doing enough bad deeds. (James 2:24) This goes against Luther's position which is that once grace is given, it is there to stay we have to be passive subjects in that relationship. Furthermore, indulgences were not sold, that would be simony. Rather, contributing to the Church and reconstructing of St Peter's gave you indulgences, not because of the money itself, but because you did something exceptional. Indulgences are still given by the Catholic Church today, but have to be combined with confession and communion within a short period of the indulgence-granting prayer or deed in question. Indulgences only cut your time in purgatory, not 'get you to heaven'. If you're in purgatory, you're on your way to heaven. We also still believe in purgatory, Catholic doctrine doesn't get contradicted. The Catholic Church furthermore accepted 91 of of the 95 theses.
Your perspective is more modern and sensible than the Catholic Church of Luther's time, which was pretty much a business and social exploitation.
People often forget that the Reformation didn't only create the Protestant churches but also actually lead to important reforms in the Catholic Church, not to mention Vatican II (and many steps in between).
@@SantomPh While there has always been corruption in the Church, I don't see where you get those facts from. It depends on how you look at things, and I don't see how the Church has actually changed its positions on the things Luther criticised it for - its doctrine was always much more correct.
Is it me or is he WAY lower energy than he used to be? Also, this seemed very accurate and unbiased for a summary of the Reformation, thank you.
He got older.
I think it could be that he is just older now. I have been watching this series at 1.25 speed and it really sounds like his younger self.
I guess he just decided to change the format of how he does Crash Course episodes.
In the Crash Course World and US history episodes he would talk fast and was playing a character.
But now I guess he's just trying to be himself and talk slower and take his time.
@@edwardaugustus9680 Wow, I can really hear it after seeing your comment. I might have to do this for his videos from now on.
@@edwardaugustus9680 OMFG. was scrolling the comments to see if somebody noticed the drop of energy and speed, saw this. Tried the 1.25x trick, and IT IS SCARILY LIKE LISTENING TO HIS OLD VIDEOS. thank you. Maybe a smidge too quick, but DUDE
I'm glad John Hus got mentioned. He was a hero and he is remembered as an important figure of Czech history.
The romance between Katherine and Martin Luther fascinates me to no end, would highly suggest researching it
"It's Martin Luther: HIDE YOUR DAUGHTERS! HIDE YOUR DAUGHTERS!" (One of the better Python sketches;)
I love the can of worms gag Stan played on John. That was so funny.
Monday i have a test about this topic! Thank you 😎
Good luck at the exam!
Ioan Duca thank you 😊
Martin Luthers really got a habit of changing the world.
John grew a beard between episodes 5 and 6. That's impressive!
I feel like John Green or someone in Crash Course really like talking about the Protestant Reformation in their history videos
Slight complaint: the Catholic Church /still/ believes in Purgatory. We’re just not very talkative about it, because no one’s very sure what happens there other than that you repent for the sins you committed since you last went to Confession.
"no one’s very sure what happens there" - as opposed to everyone being certain of what happens in hell or heaven , right ? ;)
Yeah, we are actually pretty sure about heaven (being united with G-d’s love, reevaluations, etc etc etc.) and hell (eternal separation from all of G-d’s love and possibly creation). Please feel free to maybe not make a joke at my expense, thanks
@@scriptorpaulina don't worry, you are making jokes on your expense :)
Edd Grs the only real insult you’ve made is making me read your poor grammar, so go off I guess
"In short, more bloodshed was to follow." You could end every episode that way.
30 years war🎉
NO WAY?! I have a uni exam on this on Monday... thank you thank you thank you 🙏
If you're that lucky you should try winning the lotery.
robiking011 ahaha almost lucky, he didn’t touch on the scientific revolution much which is the main focus of my exam 😅
Catholic Church: 1 like = 1 soul out of purgatory
Won't work. No money involved.
Does that mean my dislike will cause a purified soul to go back to purgatory?
John your videos are my favorite I love your videos on history and literature and your insightful parenthetical commentaries thank you sir you are a gift
I'm a born again evangelical Christian who never knew much about Catholicism until very recently, and oh my goodness. The more I learn, the more I am absolutely, utterly horrified by it. Talk about unbiblical. I still cannot believe they believe what they do; I'm just like, do they even believe the Bible? And catholics have all these ready, pat explanations that they think solves everything when challenged by non-catholics..."we're not really praying to Mary, we're just asking her to intercede for us"..."we don't worship Mary, we just honor her"...oh really? well not sure what 'Hail Mary' is then, and what all those statues (graven images) are about; sure seems like worship to me...And that's just the tip of the iceberg I am discovering.Their deception is so much deeper than I ever imagined it could be; very sad. I heard someone say years ago that the Catholic church is the biggest cult in the world, and I sure believe that now more than ever.
Wish this had been out 1 week ago when I had my exams 😂😭 Great content as always. Can you do a video on Henry the 8th and the English reformation specifically?
coming shortly
Funny thing is, Frederick the Wise had lost a "bribing match" with Joachim Nestor of Brandenburg to aquire the Archbishopric of Mainz and was then frustrated because he couldn't benefit from the money the archbishop of Mainz could earn with indulgences and then forbade the sale of indulgences out of spite. He was also the favorite candidate of the Pope for the position of emperor.
Hi crashcourse, could you show more often maps with state boundaries? It would be really nice to get a bit more info of the geopolitical situation :D
well back then state boundaries where not really a thing. or at least not very clear. nation states where not yet there.
@King Peppy the catholic/protestant issue and the Vikings where not really a thing there is about a 500 year gap in between. Denmark was by then a triving kingdom that did good on trading with in the Hanseatic League. that was way more profitable and safe to do.
here in the Netherlands the protestantism came up do direct influence of Spain. (it's even a key reason why the Netherlands became a independent republic o and the biggest reason for all the wars we had trade deals and trading in general)
Part 1/10 So... agnostic, skeptic, pluralist, secular humanist, secularist, and naturalist here... Recovering Catholic in the sense that I lapsed, pray some, don't really agree/approve of a significant number of matters with the Catholic Church..... But chiefly I think of myself as an agnostic and I am proud of that.
So... listening to this rendition of the Reformation felt very pro-protestant to my ear... really even very American-centric in its thinking and views of Europe. I wanted to offer my perspective and then explain why I think my perspective as worth writing out. I will try to put time indexes to give some context to remarks.
True, but there's a lot of dissect here. I'm not well read on the history of the Catholic church but I am aware of some groups escaping to America to hide from prosecution in Europe and a lot of wars that might have used religion as a means to push an agenda by certain opportunistic leaders.
@@Madhattersinjeans Yes, especially at first from the Church of England.... in the original colonies Maryland, the only Catholic majority colony, was the only shining example of religious tolerance. At least at first.
So while people may of fled to America to escape religious persecution that doesn't mean that America was much better... or in some cases better at all...
Martin Luther: *Holding 95 Theses* I call it "Bold and Brash"
Catholic Church: More like "Belongs in the Trash"
I can’t believe that crash courses views crashed its great content
Can we get a Crash Course Asian History?
just realized how slowed down his speech is... a win for those of us who needs exactly that
the way John reads the indulgence sounds like a punic radio pledge drive... what sort of swag do I get at each level. 🤪
Kind of dissapointing that no mention of Hussites wars and Anabaptist war was mentioned, both super interesting stories.
Really useful video .Thank you Crash course and John Green for making this
My favourite bit about history is when your 8th grade history teacher lies to you about henry viii being the first guy to reform the church and how crazy that was (it wasn't). thanks, england! i really appreciate it!
Should've probably mentioned the fact that Luther was a raging anti-semite, and wrote some pretty horrific things about the Jews.
To be honest everyone was at the time.
@@SantomPh No, not to this amount. You should probably read his writings on the Jews. And it's an extremely relevant part of history since the Nazis used this to get the Church on their side during the Holocaust.
To be honest, that wasn’t strange. I mean, did you see what the Protestants and Catholics (Mostly the Catholics) did to each other? Can you imagine how completely different religions were viewed.
@@Redbird-dh7mu Mate..Judaism ain't a completely different religion. It's literally where both these religions (and alot of others) have their roots.
Either way, I still think it holds alot of relevance and should've been mentioned.
@@Redbird-dh7mu Luthers views on Jews were considered too extreme even in those days, the Catholic church never ordered a systematic persecution of Jews. It is no surprise that German Catholics opposed Hitler while most Protestants followed him.
They came out with a crash corse Protestant reformation on my birthday and I can’t help but feel it was for me
Happy Birthday!
My professor of Renaissance literature talked about this in like 2 classes, and it bored so much.
And with this video, it hasn't change, hahha, but it's definitely more dinamic and funny
Nice work :D
"My professor of Renaissance literature"
Well, there you have, honestly.
@@peste2574 hahahahahaha
Great work as always! Please consider doing a video on the Orthodox Church and the Great Schism as well. Thank you!
I held my concern for a few videos but I really have to say so now. John you are seriously only looking at WESTERN Europe in this European history. Orthodox Christians exist, the final byzantine emperor died in battle not beheaded. I do hope you look at the concerns of eastern Europe as they are very very important even if you admit to being euro centric
What began with burning of books, evolved into popularity of reading and printing
I really love your history crash course. It reminds me of my love for history.
Why do people hate history so much? And maths? Maths is awesome! But so is history. History kicks a**
The Catholic Church remained one. Martin Luther's church kept splitting
Better to be split than corrupt
All humans reading a book by humans...
Hay ! I've heard this one a few times over the years But Never with the Orthodox Church even as a side note as how they felt ....
West side, East side thing ?
The Orthodox Church has its own splits between the Greek, Slavic and other divisions but it was only on the surface unlike Protestantism and Catholicism which led to wars and outright genocides.
The west and east church had their own split in 1054. But in general Orthodoxy, while having it's own separate churches, never had a real major split.
The only one I can think of was a split within the Russian Orthodox Church in the 17th century primarily, splitting them into Old believers and New believers
@@Thevlogboy1 And what was the Orthodox Church Feelings one the on going Beginnings of the Reformation ?
Martin Luther ?
Martin Luther getting Married ?
I can See people write a few books on something in a popular style of that time. Newer work Builds of that Style. School lesson Style and books are Locked in and we get the same patters of small chunks of learning in the same Scope generation after generation. Living history becomes stale Social Trivia or niche fetish
Add work with A Teacher might try to add with say a niche fetish of questions of 'Early Protestant Meeting Formats ' Martin Luther's average weekly To Do list' or 'Martin Luther's general health ailments' But what is the chance that and expanding curriculum these days.....
And Yes it has to entertain ....but maybe it's the fault of a limited view of a subject that makes something less interesting ? With in a public School say adding gossiping trends, sportsmanship activities, personal grooming and Daly upkeep tools might spark interests ?
@@Kz-ds8gb they would have seen it as a positive thing. better that those idiots in the west are fighting among them selves then that they are paining attention to the east. (rest is better for the trade.)
K z as a Roman Catholic with orthodox friends they (at least the ones I know) see Protestantism as a Catholic heresy so they don’t want to pursue union with Rome or discuss it until we can figure out what they see as a problem with 1/3 of western Catholics being heretics. Of course we catholics don’t view Protestants as belonging to the Catholic Church and Protestants of course dont consider themselves members (except for anglicans sometimes which is a little confusing)
7:04 You've gone full dad-mode, Mr. Green. There is no return.
John Greene is good people, I've been saying this. Thx John for your take on a delicate subject.
We soo want a *crash course Indian History*
"Malkaldic League of Protestant Princes, Schmalkaldic League of Protestant Princes" - Charles V
Underrated xD
*I'm looking forward to the nuanced and thoughtful conversations in the comment section*
People's stupidity never ceases to amaze me.
Yea I'm not happy being this early here, I have to come back later to lose little more of my faith in humanity.
John Green: Can grow a better beard than my tour guide at Harper's Ferry, WV can, and in a whole week!
Your channel is awesome! Thank you very much for doing this!
Are you going to upload a video on the history of the Roman Catholic Church for CrashCourse?
Really I didn’t know that, the only thing that I know was Karl Marx’s political stages are Primitive Communism, Feudalism, Capitalism, Socialism, the final stage is Communism (Marxism) that’s what I know. You may not agree with me but let me know if I’m right or I’m wrong.
There is no free will. That’s what philosophy of Libertarianism believes in free will. Hard Determination does not believe in free will and it doesn’t exist. In politics the meaning of libertarianism means freedom, liberty, minimum government, equality, and more.
Free will is an illusion just like equality same thing no difference. People either you born with natural talent and some people don’t have it. There is no equality Shane they’re never will and they’re never will be such of equality it’s a joke.
I love this series, and Crash Course in general. When is there going to be a Crash Course series for foreign languages?
I'd have liked to see Luther placed in context with Hus, Wycliffe, etc.
You said that Christianity split in 2 but wasn't it Already in 2 ? Catholics and eastern church?
Not just in two ,but three or four, between the Syriac church and the Orientals in Egypt and Ethiopia.
He did say Christianity in Europe, by which lots of people really mean western Europe. Eastern Europe, where the Orthodox church was, had a lot more carry over with the Middle East and Russia.
Please if possible do a history for Arabia...pre/post-islamic Arabia.
Love the mention of the anabaptists!!!!
You had to create your own church, Henry....I guess that’s what happens when you’ve been married to six wives
Well memes aside there was more to Henry's split with Rome than 'muh divorce', divorce just happened to be the final straw. Many reformers were gaining ground in England at that time.
@Kim Jong-un
He was very nasty to his wives. Killes and teror. What a pontifex maximus in comparison to pope.
Legally he only had 3 wives (consecutively). Three of his marriages were annulled, which means they never happened.
Edward Augustus And there was a lot of greed, not just reformers, but people who wanted to gain the Catholic church’s holdings for themselves.
crash course should make a separate channel (or new series) about more hands on things like car mechanics, plumbing, electric, etc.
I'm just throwing this bold prediction out there - A LOT of people get whacked in the next video.
I came to the comment section expecting a barrage of angry religious comments and they were all drowned out my memes. Good work, everyone.
He has done a 360 look wise. I did even recognize the guy speaking!!
Thank you for doing this video. Got to write an essay about this for Friday. 👍
I mean, Jesus did throw the merchants and money lenders out of the temple...
Europe: *religious wars*
Poland's-Lithuanian multicultural population: is this some peasant joke I'm too tolerant to understand?
Yes, Poland is some "peasant joke". Always has been, always will be.
I'm loving this course.
What also astonishes me is the common depiction of Charles V:
Just as in 1415, he guaranteed safe travel to and from Worms for Luthers, but he actually stuck to it and did not sack Luther, as king Sigismund did with Jan Hus - albeit he could have argued just like Sigismund: Since Jan Hus was a heretic, oaths given to him were not binding - and Sigismund did not have to stick to it. Charles could have argued the same way, but did not.
Then, Charles captured many of his opponents, starting with the Landgraf of Thüringen, whom he actually captured twice, the second time after the Landgraf swore loyalty to Charles, but Charles released him again.
Charles also captured king Franz of France after Franz invaded Italy, and released him again, only to being invaded by Franz again.
The Protestant nobles, in order to weaken Charles, gave the imperial cities of Metz and Verdun to king Franz - which is nothing but High Treason, and Charles did not punish them.
Instead, he conducted the taking of Algier in order to free Christian slaves.
Charles also was the first (and up to my knowledge, the only) Emperor who abdicated and went into a monastery.
He truly seems to have been naive, trusting in the oath of people despite the fact that they were repeatedly broken, but a man of honesty, considering himself bound to defend Christianity, and not only tried to extend his power - unlike most of his opponents like Franz of France and the Prostestant nobles - who only sought to become more powerful.
Phil Plait please teach astronomy again with updated content. Your astronomy videos are very interesting. Please accept my hubble request to Crash Course.
And yaa Crash Course's videos are also great. We salute and thank you for your great work on you tube.