Summary of Leukemias
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- Опубліковано 4 жов 2024
- This is a brief summary of four leukemias: CML, CLL, AML, ALL.
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ADDITIONAL TAGS
Leukemia
CML
CLL
AML
ALL
Chronic
Myelogenous
Leukemia
Chronic
Lymphocytic
Leukemia
Acute
Myeloid
Leukemia
Acute
Lymphoblastic
Leukemia
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Neoplasm of progenitor stem cell → considered myeloproliferative
Malignant cells can still differentiate → morphological heterogeneity
Clinical: ambiguous symptoms (fever, sweats, weight loss) or asymptomatic; occurs in adults (median 66); hepatosplenomegaly; high WBC (neutro/baso/eosinophils), low RBC, high plts
Characteristic translocation t(9;22) forming the Philadelphia chromosome
New BCR-ABL fusion protein codes for an oncogenic tyrosine kinase
Diagnose with FISH for t(9:22) or PCR for BCR-ABL transcript
Chronic phase → accelerated phase → blast phase (AML, ALL)
Treat with imatinib (tyrosine kinase inhibitor), cure with allogeneic stem cell transplant
CML
CLL
AML
ALL
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
CML
CLL
AML
ALL
Peripheral blood (MGG stain): marked leucocytosis with granulocyte left shift
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
CML
CLL
AML
ALL
Peripheral blood (MGG stain): marked leucocytosis with granulocyte left shift
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Malignancy of mature (but naive) B cells; which are differentiated → morphological homogeneity, clonal
Clinical: ambiguous symptoms (fever, sweats, weight loss); occurs in adults (median 72); hepatosplenomegaly; lymphadenopathy; high WBC (neutro/baso/eosinophils), low RBC, low plts; hypogammaglobulinemia → frequent infections (respiratory by encapsulated bacteria)
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia; immune thrombocytopenia (2%)
Spherocytes, smudge cells
Flow cytometry: CD19+, CD20+, CD23+, CD5+, Zap-70, CD38+, gamma OR lambda but not both
CD10- (unlike follicular, burkitt, ALL); CyclinD1- (unlike mantle cell)
Rai: stage 0 is leukocytosis only; stages I, II, III, IV has lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, respectively (I,II,III,IV=L,S,A,T)
Not curable, but good long-term prognosis
CML
CLL
AML
ALL
zap70 is the itams associated with TCR, usually on T-cells but its on CLL B cells… CD38 is white blood cells in general
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
CML
CLL
AML
ALL
Peripheral blood (MGG stain): marked leucocytosis with granulocyte left shift
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
CML
CLL
AML
ALL
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Malignancy of immature myeloid progenitor; proliferation of granulocyte blast cells; cannot differentiate → morphological homogeneity, clonal
Smear: large blasts; 20% blasts; Auer rods (crystallization of mpo, DIC)
Clinical: high WBCs, low RBCs, low neutrophil, low plts
Arise from t(15;17) → Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL)
Disrupts RAR, which inhibits maturation, because retinoic acid (RA) is a differentiator → treat with ATRA, good prognosis
Arise from FLT3 mutation (de novo), which makes tyrosine kinase → bad
Other bad prognoses → deletion of chr 5 or 7, old age, AML from previous MDS or treatment (chemo/rad)
Curable: treat with 7+3 chemo → 7 d cytarabine and 3 d anthracycline; potential for allogeneic stem cell transplant
CML
CLL
AML
ALL
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
CML
CLL
AML
ALL
Peripheral blood (MGG stain): marked leucocytosis with granulocyte left shift
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
CML
CLL
AML
ALL
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Malignancy of immature lymphoid progenitor; proliferation of B or T blast cells; cannot differentiate → morphological homogeneity, clonal
Clinical: low RBCs, low neutrophil, low plts, hepatosplenomegaly
Tumor lysis syndrome: high K, high uric acid, high LDH, high PO43-, low Ca → renal failure
Lymph node, mediastinal mass
Most common cancer in children (peak incidence ages 2 to 5)
Risk factors: chemo/rad, down’s, NF, Bloom synd, ataxia telangiectasia
B cell ALL is more common, expresses CD10+, TdT+, CD19+, CD20+
Good prognosis if: hyperdiploid, age 1-10, t(12;21),
Bad prognoses if: hypodiploid, high WBC, t(9;22), abn(11q23)
T cell ALL is less common, represents as thymic mass in teenagers
CML
CLL
AML
ALL
young - median age is 11
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
CML
CLL
AML
ALL
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As a biomed wirh already some background knowledge i really enjoyed this video thus far as there is not "unecessary" starter knowledge and your narrative is very good to follow along. Keep it up ❤
This is the best video I have ever seen ! Thank you
This is a great summary, thanks!
why the screen blackout?
Simply excellent. Very grateful for clear, concise and well presented video. Thank you for the great channel. 13/8/2018 😊
Well done, thank you!
You're videos are great but you speak a little too quickly why the rush? is its a lot of information crammed in if you space out the info it will be fantastic I've watched all of your videos keep up the good work
Very informative and helpful. Thank you very much)
Excellent!!
Great explanation
May God bless you
Thank you so much sir ❤️❤️❤️☺️
thanks
Very nice!!!
Thx a lots
for CLL is it gamma and lambda or kappa and lambda??
Great summary, a contrast of CML v. CNL (Chronic Neutrophilic Leukemia) would've been appreciated, nonetheless, thanks for this video tutorial.
🔥🔥🔥
CLL is not showing up at all..
To learn more about Leukemia and its treatments, you can consult Dr. S. K. Gupta. He is one of the best hematologists in India. If you can't visit his hospital, Dr. S. K. Gupta has a facility for video consultations too. Visit their website for consultation or for a second opinion regarding treatment.
..wait there it is.
I just wanna die :)
But thank you, nonetheless.
Leukemia?
Wha???