The No Cloning Theorem
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- Опубліковано 4 тра 2024
- Support MinutePhysics on Patreon: / minutephysics
Three Blue One Brown: / @3blue1brown
Why you can’t clone Schrödinger’s cat: this video presents the full proof of the “No Cloning” Theorem in Quantum Mechanics - without any fancy math! (stereotypical qubit has been replaced with Schrödinger’s cat).
The full proof relies on the linearity of quantum (aka unitary) transformations, and the tensor product of multiple systems, to show that perfect cloning is impossible (though teleportation is allowed)
Thanks to everyone who supports MinutePhysics on Patreon!
Link to Patreon supporters here: www.minutephysics.com/supporte...
REFERENCES:
The No-Cloning Theorem: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-clon...
MinutePhysics on Schrödinger’s Cat: • Schrödinger's Cat
Original No-Cloning Paper by Wootters and Zurech: www.nature.com/nature/journal/...
Original “Beyond No-Cloning” (ie, no-cloning workarounds) paper by Buzek & Hillery: arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9607018
Optimal Quantum Cloning paper: arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9801009
Optimal Quantum Cloning paper II: arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9910048
Quantum Cloning: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum\_cloning
The History of Schrödinger’s (& Einstein’s) Cat: nautil.us/issue/41/selection/h...
The Stability of Black Powder (from the Civil War!): www.jpyro.com/wp-content/uploa...
Proof by contradiction: www.personal.kent.edu/\~rmuhamma/Philosophy/Logic/ProofTheory/proof\_by\_contradictionExamples.htm
MinutePhysics is on Google+ - bit.ly/qzEwc6
And facebook - / minutephysics
And twitter - @minutephysics
Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!
Created by Henry Reich
Music by Nathaniel Schroeder - Наука та технологія
Hello everyone! I am back from a 2+year comment hiatus and excited to say hi! (my account wasn't linked with any google+ account, so I couldn't comment on UA-cam from the MinutePhysics account for the last 2-3 years; google finally gave up on google+ enough that now I can comment on UA-cam again!!)
goood!! btw will you continue uploading videos?
PD: your channel is awesome :)
WOOO coool !
welcome back!
Hello Mr. Min-phys, I cant remember your name but trust me its a warm welcome none the less.
i believe his name is Henry.
Heisenberg was stopped by the police. The officer asked "Do you know how fast you were going?" Heisenberg responds "No, but I knew EXACTLY where I was."
Iron_Spartan-137 The officer tells him that he was driving at 90 mph. Heisenberg responds angrily:"oh great! Now I'm lost!"
Great!
you guys made my day
The cop searches the car because of the odd behavior. The checks the trunk and shouts "You guys know there is a dead cat back here?" Schrodinger shouted from the back seat, "THERE IS NOW JERK"
+
(Ten) MinutePhysics
Got to get that ad revenue.
I'd hate to see this explained in 1 minute
thought so too, but awesome vid!!
BM Piano Yeah most of the stuff on this channel is impossible to explain in a minute. Just find it funny that the whole idea of the channel has gone out the window
pleb - ist i mean if he wanted ad revenue he wouldve split the video into 5 separate 2 minute videos
Noobs all you need to do is Ctrl + C and Ctrl + V
Noobs all you need to do is Ctrl + C and Ctrl + V Noobs all you need to do is Ctrl + C and Ctrl + V
Control or how it is prounced in german: *_Steuerung_*
copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste copypaste
IQ 3,000
IQ 3,000
IQ 3,000
Or an old pre windows method that still works on everything, Shift delete, Shift insert
My cloning machine searches the universe for a perfect clone, and teleports it to the user.
Just because it doesn't remain a perfect clone doesn't mean it never was
@@Satheo05 clone a vase and drop one... Are they no longer clones?
So things aren't clones unless they occupy the same space?
HowStupidlyLongCanThisNameThingAllowMeToGo??? ???? Even objects change over time. The vase might lose some particles or get dustier than the other.
@@Satheo05 It could still lose some particles and be slightly different. Just because it is no longer a perfect copy it doesn't mean it never was.
I was gonna make a joke about cloning, but someone might copy it.
Edit: Why did I think this was funny? Its legit a facebook level joke
ah dam i was gonna copy it
I see what you did there!
I was gonna make a joke about cloning, but someone might copy it.
I was going to make a. .. doh!
Cloning a joke is theoretically impossible. You see, jokes have several factors other than the joke itself that make it funny. If I were to just copy and paste your joke, the timing would be different, author would be different, and the amount of likes would probably be different too. You won't have to worry about someone cloning your joke, only re-posting it.
i once interfered with myself and left a nice pattern on the wall
Lol....extremely funny
xD
good one
i was reading the comments while listening to the video
right when he said this line, i came across this.
creepy.
Seminal art? I guess if frescoes are a thing so can that be a thing too.
Why are you putting a box of unstable gunpowder that may or may not explode at any moment through a cloning machine?
For science
Yes
A lot of things are in superpositions like the gunpowder
Because you really don’t care about your cloning machine, or you just got a new one so you’re trying to blow it up with two gunpowder explosions at once right after it cloned the original exploding gunpowder.
Makes me think if there were a cloning machine that everyone can afford, there will be youtubers doing video about it. "Cloning a hot metal knife cutting through spacetime" With shitty editing thumbnail and some arrows.
ngl fam, totally read "no clothing theorem"
bruh
Hu... me too
You actually made me realise it wasn't
( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)
LOL SAME
click bait!!!!! ahahahahahahaha
Very mixed feelings in re to format length. Longer and more in depth is great. But I would hate to lose the shorter format that really made your brand. They both serve a purpose. Two channels is probably not a good solution, especially from a business perspective. Perhaps clearly mark each format, perhaps not just by name, (ten minute physics works), but by some distinctive visual clue. This works on other channels that have multiple formats. People can readily pick out the series they want. You can keep separate playlists for those checking out your back catalogue.
Great idea. Thumb up so he can read this
+
Or just post two videos. One cool style and one to somewhat satisfy UA-cam and be longer
Or you could just look at the length of the video to determine if it is 1 min or 10. not trying to be rude but a 'distinctive visual clue' just seems a bit unnecessarily difficult and pointless
Thomas R. Jackson the way UA-cam is set up, they force creators to have longer videos to stay relevant. It's out of the creators hands. They have to adapt to the situation is around them.
people that are interested in what you have to say most likely have an attention span that is
You mean >60s?
"people lost interest in anything longer than 10 seconds unless it's boxing match"
I watch these videos just to be reminded that I am dumb as hell and have no clue what he is talking about. But the topics are interesting!
real steel?
Vilestine try crash course physics! Everyone deserves their universe's rule book
Object a = new Object();
Object b = a.clone();
Ha!!
or... just.. object b = a;
@@nyxa8734 Depending on the language, this (b=a) would make b only a reference to a, whereas b=a.clone() creates a new object.
Object a;
Object b;
memcpy(&b, &a, sizeof(Object));
Is it a deep clone?
// Compile in code chef, tutorialspoint or gcc
// Compilar con/Compile with: gcc -Wall -std=c99 -o clone clone.c
#include
#define FALSE 0
#define TRUE 1
typedef struct point {
int x,y,active;
} Point;
int main() {
Point one = {8,16,TRUE};
Point two = one;
Point *ptr = &one; //Change [&one] to [&two]
printf("Point one:
x: %d
y: %d
active: %d
Point two:
x: %d
y: %d
active: %d
",one.x,one.y,one.active,two.x,two.y,two.active);
if (&one == &two) puts("one and two are equal"); else puts("one and two are not equal"); //Always not equal
if (&one == ptr) puts("one and ptr are equal"); else puts("one and ptr are not equal"); //Depends on ptr address
if (&two == ptr) puts("two and ptr are equal"); else puts("two and ptr are not equal"); //Depends on ptr address
printf("Point one address: %p
Point two address:%p
",&one,&two);
return 0; }
//GCC Approved this
0:29 "There are a few too many atoms of carbon-14 in the new canvas." I loved that one! 😂
1:22 "The universe is a party pooper, and perfect cloning is impossible." So, the universe says: No cloning around!
*groan*
Master Therion *Laugh Track Plays*
Perfect reaction! 10/10! xD
Nice Antivist logo!
Gamerz The Box LOL
Hi, something seems off about the proof in the video - at the start you said that there are 3 things needed for cloning:
1) the original object (O)
2) the materials that comprise the object (M)
3) cloning process (C)
But the proof only considers O and C (as a function of O), while it should be O, M and C (as a function of O and M).
Cloning shouldn't be C(O)=OxO but C(OxM)=OxO.
If O exists in superposition as O1+O2 then cloning would be C((O1+O2)xM)=(O1+O2)x(O1+O2).
We then need to examine the cloning process for O1 and O2, however the materials needed for cloning O1, O2 and O might be different.
Let's say M1 is the materials for cloning O1 and M2 is the materials for cloning O2, so the materials needed for cloning O=O1+O2 are M=M1+M2.
C(O1xM1)=O1xO1,C(O2xM2)=O2xO2
O1xO1+O2xO2+O1xO2+O2xO1=(O1+O2)x(O1+O2)=OxO=C(OxM)=C((O1+O2)x(M1+M2))=C(O1xM1)+C(O1xM2)+C(O2xM1)+C(O2xM2)=O1xO1+O2xO2+C(O1xM2)+C(O2xM1)
So the process could exist so long as O1xO2+O2xO1=C(O1xM2)+C(O2xM1). Consider for example the trivial solution where M=O and cloning is an empty action.
PS - great videos, learned a lot from them.
He didn't take C(O)....but took the hypothetical end product as a function of O
@@itsnotme7868 I'm not sure I understand you mate. If C is the cloning process as a function of O, then the end product would be C(O)=OxO.
And regardless as I've stated in my previous comment I think the proof is lacking M to truly prove anything meaningful.
Without M all that is proven is that there is no process that can take an object O and turn it into 2 of the same object OxO - which I would think is already covered by conservation of matter.
@Danamo999 Sorry, I'm a year out of context so I might be missing something obvious.
"C(O1xM2) is only defined if M2 is the materials to clone O1" - why would that be the case?
The only thing we know about the process C is that given an object O/O1/O2 and the materials needed to reproduce it M/M1/M2, the process results in 2 objects O/O1/O2 and under these conditions C would be cloning.
We know nothing about what process C does given an object O1 and the materials M2.
Imagine a trivial example where C is an empty action - it does absolutely nothing. And the materials M to reproduce an object O are the object itself, M=O.
Let's say O is a cat, O1 is a dead cat and O2 is a living cat, O=O1+O2. The materials to reproduce a cat O is another cat exactly like it M=O.
The materials to reproduce a dead cat is another dead cat just like it M1=O1, the materials to reproduce a living cat is a living cat just like it M2=O2.
You put a dead cat O1 in a box together with another dead cat M1=O1, then open the box and have 2 dead cats O1. You've successfully (though trivially) cloned a dead cat.
You put a dead cat O1 in a box together with a living cat M2=O2/=O1, then open the box and find a living cat O2 and a dead cat O1.
Is the process C of doing nothing to the objects inside perfectly defined? Yes.
Does it successfully clone an object given the right materials? Yes.
Must the materials M1 for producing a dead cat O1 be the same as the materials M2 for producing a living cat O2? No.
Will the process successfully clone an object given the wrong materials? No. But then again it's not supposed to.
math class: 2+2
you close your eyes
math class:
I know I am 3 years late but for cloning to be possible the cloning transformation should distribute. So,
C((O1+O2)×M) = C(O1×M + O2×M)
must be equal to
C(O1×M) + C(O2×M)
for cloning to be possible. But since
(O1+O2)×(O1+O2) is not equal to
O1×O1+O2×O2, cloning shouldn't be possible right?
Well there's goes my only chance I get to a friend
FunkyPlayz makes me sad :(
bold of you to assume that you'd hang out with you.
*there
Damn dude... you good
@@simoneangeliquemaloney3990 naw
I wouldn't mind a hourphysics video!
Ritwik Sharma apparently people would...
that is such a mean/racist comment
Go back to your hick country your racist hillbilly pleb
Yeah, hillbilly land
I don't see any rascism.
I am in a superposition of both liking these videos and really liking these videos.
I'm in a super position of not writing this comment and writing this co- Dang it, you just had to observe me, not I'm not cool. ):
me neither :v
If the phase of the wavefunctions are offsef by 1 Pi rad, their sum is cancelled out by destructive interference. So you no longer like the videos. Unless both WFs are in the same (or similar) phase
@@Rudxain wut?
Psh, you just need a Heisenberg compensator
Silly Star Trek
If only it where that easy
for some reason I readed 'the no cleaning' theorem and came here expecting a excuse to give to my mom
quantum bracket you sound a little to young to grasp the concept of quantum physics,
@@Satheo05 Yes indeed, how old? The answer is it doesn't matter as long as you can understand it.
@@Satheo05 Yeah, I know. I answered for him.
@@Satheo05 lol, fine
Lol
So it IS feasibly possible for two things in the universe to be exactly the same, just not for us to make exact copies of something that there's only one of in existence. This brings to light an interesting concept concerning consciousness.
Suppose that the universe is spatially infinite. Also, suppose that the number of types of particles that exist in the universe is finite. On top of that, assume that there's only a certain number of ways to arrange those particles that complies with known physical law, and that those particles can only exist in a finite number of states. As such, if space is infinite, that would mean that, if you go far enough in any direction, you'll eventually run across an exact copy of the place you just left. So, if you left earth, then eventually you'd run across an exact replica of earth. Down to the people on it. Down to the arrangement of the neurons in those peoples' brains. Down to the properties of the sodium and potassium ions in those brains. And not only would there be one exact copy. If space were infinite, there would be an infinite number of exact copies.
Now, as far as we know of today, there is no mystical aspect of consciousness that determines its properties. You are you simply because your brain is arranged a certain way, and your neurons are firing in a particular pattern that is unique to you. But here's the catch - if there were to exist an exact copy of you, down to the position of the neurons and the arrangement of the neural activity, then which "you" would you be? Which head would you reside in? What would differentiate your mind from the mind of the other you? Assuming that they truly were an exact copy, then nothing at all would differentiate the two of you.
Now, if you two were to be in the same location and interacting with each other, then it could be determined which "you" was you, as the very act of interacting would break the symmetry. The other "you" would respond to your gestures, therefore altering his neural state in a way that's unique from yours. But, if the two of you were to forever remain isolated in your little bubbles, then you could conceivably reside in both heads at once. And, if there's an infinite number of "you's" out there, then you'd reside in all of their heads at once. And, since they'd all be exact copies, then they'd all be experiencing and doing the same thing simultaneously. So there wouldn't be any way for you to differentiate between the copies.
In short, your mind could be simultaneously existing in an infinite number of locations at once. You simply don't know because each location is an exact copy of the other, so you get the exact same sensory input and experience the exact same responses to that input at every location.
What's more, let's assume that every copy of you suddenly became curious and said "I want to find this supposed replica-world." Afterwards, they all set out in their collective high-tech spacecraft in a random direction, intent on traveling until they run across the replica-earth. Now, let's say that after an arbitrarily long amount of time (assuming that you could somehow do it before the universe suffered heat death) you finally run across this replica world. Here's the kicker. The "you" of this world would've left long ago, at the exact moment YOU decided to leave, in search of this mysterious "replica-world" he thought of. That means that, from the perspective of the people that inhabit that world, "you" set off in one direction, bound for a replica-world, but instead simply returned to your own world, coming from the opposite direction. From their perspective, you simply would've circled the entire universe, then come back around. And the crazy thing is that, from your perspective, this would be a perfectly reasonable explanation as well, as you'd never run in to any copy of you, and there would be no way of differentiating the earth you find from the earth you left behind. Similarly, a copy of you would show up on the earth you left, which the people on that world would assume was you after having circled the entire universe. So is there really any difference between a universe with an infinite number of "you"s and "earth"s, and a universe that curves in on itself?
Ethan d
Interesting to read :) seriously, but the assumption that "space is infinite" is not correct.
so there is no replica of earth to be found, because the universe is really TINY! to have such exact replica !!
Zaid Al-Omari He did say "suppose"
Raffael Davila
excuse me i am not native english speaker, I thought "suppose" means that he is trying to use the logical argument "Prove by Contradiction". so i thought he tried to make an assumption then prove its true.
Quantum Woo
yes thats why I disagreed.
holy shit that was really interesting to read... kind of mind-bending
I liked the CGP Grey reference.
glad i am not the only one to notice :)
7:34 Is that about some particular comment of Grey's or just about Grey in general?
It's a recurring theme in Grey and Brady Haran's Podcast, Hello Internet.
I love this video style! It makes things so much more intuitive. I hope you continue uploading such videos
Extremely clear and positive! Very good explanation of concepts with very simple mathematical derivations. It leaves several points worth discussing further, but that might be a debate for another day.
Thanks a lot for this video and for your channel!
The long format is really good. CGP Grey +
krysman I noticed too! There should be a CGP Grey emoji
My brain just exploded plus not exploded = exploded² + not exploded² = A²+2AB+B²
Mohd Asyraf or (A+B)^2
Agreed.
Mohd Asyraf I don't know why I'm pretending to understand quantum mechanics or physics or whatever
Haha awesome too awesome answer
actually it should be (exploded +not exploded)^2=A^2+2AB+B^2 dumb ass learn some algebra
OMG ! I just loved how creatively you explained one of the most confusing things ever and made it look so look!! looking forward for more such videos
This video is brilliant!
perfect illustrations to get insights on eigenvalues and eiegenstates in ket notation 👌
Longer videos are the way to go!!!
A 10 minute video! What is this? Christmas?
*Looks at Calender*
*Feels dumb*
*Looks at the length*
It's just over 10 minutes so they make more money.
They haven't put any mid roll adds though, so they aren't actually making more money
I LOVE THE SHERLOCK REFERENCE. YOU ARE BECOME THE NEW EMPEROR OF TUMBLR. ALL HAIL EMMA L!
10 minutes that I can only understand 10 seconds
"I'm trying a new format" a.k.a. UA-cam formula forcing content creators to make a video 10 minutes long.
Neat! I re-found your channel after rewatching the video you did with Hank Green, so youtube started suggesting you again. I loved the fact that you brought up (star trek!! :D) teleporters, because that's exactly where my brain was when I was watching the rest of the video.
I liked this video a lot the ad is placed right and it was worth to put my time watching it. great job I hope the up coming videos are as great as this one did
Am I the only one who likes to pretend that I understand what these kinds of video are really about?
jkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk i laughed
i don't pretend you dingler tingler
nope.
simply watching it doesn't work because most of these terms and examples are unknown to me so before I understand this I'dd have to research a lot more basic stuff..
even if you don't exactly know what those terms mean you can get a pretty good idea of what they represent in this context. But you have a point it took me a while to completely understand this video but that's probably because i'm 14 and i had no clue about quantum mechanics
10minutesphysics*
It's an adjective, not a noun.
minute (adjective)
[mahy-noot, -nyoot, mi-]
1. extremely small, as in size, amount, extent, or degree: minute differences.
2. of minor importance; insignificant; trifling.
3. attentive to or concerned with even the smallest details: a minute examination.
Murad Beybalaev
It *is also a noun
minute
ˈmɪnɪt
noun
noun: minute; plural noun: minutes; noun: arc minute; plural noun: arc minutes; noun: minute of arc; plural noun: minutes of arc
1.
a period of time equal to sixty seconds or a sixtieth of an hour.
"we waited for twenty minutes"
the distance covered in a minute by someone driving or walking.
"the hotel is situated just ten minutes from the centre of the resort"
informal
a very short time.
"come and sit down for a minute"
synonyms: moment, short time, little while, second, bit, instant; More
informalsec, nanosecond, jiffy, jiff;
informaltick, mo, two ticks
"it'll only take a minute"
a point in time.
"she was laughing one minute and crying the next"
synonyms: point in time, point, moment, instant, time, juncture, stage
"at that minute, Tony walked in"
2.
a sixtieth of a degree of angular measurement (symbol: ʹ).
"Delta Lyrae is a double star with a separation of over 10 minutes of arc"
Dipshit (sorry in advance if it was a joke)
or 10x the minutephysics.
Captain Cygni I believe he was referring to the context in which it was used, not the word as a whole. Yes, it is a noun, but the minute used in the channel name is not a noun. As in, it’s not used as a noun.
Conveniently just past the 10min advert money split too. Which means he artificially lengthened the video to get more money.
I really appreciate the way of explanation on this channel. Got to learn a lot from here.. thanks!
You draw well ! And so your explainations are so cool and understandable 👌🏼
Thank you !
10 minutes of Minute Physics, hell yeah!
Really love this more in depth video :)
The God Emperor same here!
A great video, while keeping it simple, staying informative. Great job man! I really enjoyed it. Please consider more quantum mechanics based videos. Thank you
"simple" :)
@@freblox812it is simple lol
Daim you explain such complex topic so easy to follow and get the gist of
and even if this cloning was possible, one second later, both the clone and the original would be exposed to different stimuli, this would make them diverge.
That would be funny if the matrix exists and we're trying to make sense of physics when that's not even the real physics. Then we wake up and everything is fucked up and doesn't make sense to us because the rules of everything fundamental that we know are different. o_O
Aidan Maley I've thought of that before too
You might be interesting in reading about cartesian or academic skepticism.
That why pragmatism is the best approach to science. Who cares about the metaphysics, just do the thing.
what if gravity pushed you away instead of pulling you
Mr Slayz, LMFAO the most powerful known psychedelic substance is DMT, and it's not really "where we go" but more of "what gets opened up to us in terms of perception" since it's a conscious/subconscious journey, not a physical one.
This is the best video I have seen ever!!!!!! All the conepts are made clear along with the basics needed to understand that concept. Please make more !!!!!
Love the longer format!
Soo, if a teleporter breaks my atoms down and reassembles me it actually will still be my own conscious self on the destination, and not just a clone with the exact same personality?
Pincsi01
Pfft, wow, you cut me deep.
Dual Wield We still don't know if consciousness is purely the result of the matter that makes us up and it's unique arrangement. It could be something inconceivable as nature has had 4.5 billion years to shape a being as advanced as us. We, as a bunch of atoms, understand that we are atoms and can grasp amazing concepts like our place and purpose in the universe. Then again, what is consciousness and does it really exist. How can you know if you have the awareness that you are having your own thoughts and are not just programmed or destined based on your biochemistry to do what you do? These are perplexing questions I hope we can shed some light on in the coming century, especially with the arrival of artificial intelligence that pass the Turing Test with flying colors. Could we reach the point where beings we create in simulation actually perceive their world in the same way as we do. Is it ethical to create a conscious creature to serve our will? It would be like slavery. Or we couldn't really tell if the robots actually 'felt' anything on a emotional level. Mind-boggling stuff, truly.
of course it's not "you" because "you" exist right NOW
now "you" are something newer, and by the time "you" finish reading this
BAM "you" are something newer, and by the time "you" finish reading this
BAM "you" are something newer, and by the time "you" finish reading this
BAM "you" are something newer, and by the time "you" finish reading this
BAM "you" are something newer, and by the time "you" finish reading this
BAM "you" are something newer, and by the time "you" finish reading this
Point being - fear of teleportation, and by extension death itself, is completely silly. The idea of a constant identity and "self" is illusory in the first place, "you" die all the time.
It's a bit like the thought that you could potentially not exist in time. You could be frozen in an instant, with only the feelings you presently have suggesting that there was something before. Of course, each instant you remember tells you that at that moment it was not the case, but it wouldn't even have to exist. It's a bit odd.
It depends on what you consider "you." If the most fundamental thing that makes you "you" is your conscientiousness, then you'd have to find out if the most fundamental thing that makes you conscientious is chemical bonds and neurons firing in your brain. If that's the case, teleportation is possible because there is no physical law preventing an advance in technology that can measure chemical bonds and neurons. If the most fundamental thing that makes up conscientiousness is at the quantum level of the subatomic particles that make up your brain, then teleportation of exactly "you" is not possible because the act of measuring at the quantum level changes the particle or energy level of the particle being measured. At that point, you have to ask yourself, am I really going to change THAT much by teleporting? Right now, no one can be sure because science has not advanced that far.
Love the longer videos!
I Agree, but longer videos means less frequent videos because of the time and effort but into them, so maybe some shorter videos wrinkled in with the longer ones?
"more perfecter"
-Henry Reich
10-15 minutes videos is perfect, but rather shorter than longer, because you have topics that demands attention all the way through the video! Really liked it the length of this video, Keep going with that 😉
u know something is confusing when u hear quantum.
nuka cola quantum
When your username is Quantum but everything involving quantum confuses you.
@@Quantum-yz9fc lmao
Henry has discovered the UA-cam algorithm.
DrBuffaloBalls hahahahahah
Great content - really inspiring me to learn more about science, as well as inspiring ideas for my sci-fi fiction
I've only studied physics through highschool but i've always been interested in the whole magic of it and this channel is the only place i can get my share of mind blowing physics pieces that are actually fun.
Keep up the great work. I absolutely love the videos ❤
And it didn't feel longer at all.
Likely my favorite MinutePhysics video so far. It's in depth enough for me to feel that I fully grasp the topic, but not swallowing over half an hour of my time. Great work!
It was a great video, long format also good! Keep it up :)
MinutePhysics is becoming HourPhysics.
Only to hit the 10 min mark for that SWEET AD REVENUE BABY!
Schmoorp Willakers i thought that was only with the old youtube? Did they bring it back? Was it never gone?
They brought it back i think
more like 10MinutesPhysics
This is one of my favourite videos you've done!! A ton of clear and logical explanation that is also relatable. I'm so up for more like this. Thanks!!
TIL: I am a superposition of knowing what the hell you’re talking about and not knowing what the hell you’re talking about.
Thank you so much! I did not get the explanation when I first read it on my textbook but now I've got a clearer picture
longer videos = more money for u + more time to learn(for us viewers)so... everybody wins!
No, not really... This video had no ad put by google therefore he made no money out of it. Of course, there are people who donate and he himself can promote some products, but the length of the video is not a factor for making more money.
@@MaoDev and the sad thing about youtubr comments is nobody ever replies. Hell he probably wont even see this comment...will you see this comment? The world will never know. I wish UA-cam comments were more like reddit where you actually get replies decently fast
No, fuck this channel it fucking sux. He never explains anything well
@@lofianorak8013 He explained pretty well in this video, though.
Finally a minute physic video where I knew the concept before the video, now I can die in peace.
Also 10-15 min video > short video and
Love your videos. One suggestion. I’m old enough that my hearing isn’t as good as it once was. Background music, especially with higher frequencies and volume, makes it harder to understand what you’re saying. However, I really love the string bass you often use, and it doesn’t interfere with your message.
9:26rip stickman-clone pixelated to death.
So you can't skip to infinitesimally accurate cloning. Surely you could do very accurate reconstructions though. For example a device which will ensure an equal number of atoms, each atom is in the same position within a billionth of a meter, with the same momentum within a billionth of a m/s and same temperature within a billionth of a degree.
Large scale superpositions obviously are broken during measurement anyways, and small scale ones will be smaller than the accuracy of our device. But the clone will be close enough to the point where you could never tell the difference because a thousandth of a second after cloning both objects would have changed more than the differences between them.
Then as calculus does, I doubt it would be too hard to prove that for any situation you could clone something accurate enough so measuring differences is impossible, but not so accurate as to divide by 0, or in this case break the no cloning principle.
(For any delta there exists an epsilon such that function of epsilon is closer to the function of x than delta is to x. )
Just realised you kind of covered this in the 2nd half of the video, whoops.
I see your point, but a billionth of a meter is about an order of magnitude off from the average diameter of an atom, and about 5 orders of magnitude off from the average diameter of a nucleus, so that would be like someone recreating an exact duplicate of the earth, and all of the people are within a about 10 feet of where they are on the original. randomly re-positioning every person on the planet 10 feet would right away kill about half who are now partially underground, and probably kill another half of whoever are left from falling from a random orientation. sure they might not die on impact, but there will be no chance of medical care for some time because of the happening globally. Imagine if you took every brick of a building and shifted it 10x the diameter of that brick's thickness. that building would nearly instantly collapse.
jjbpenguin That is a terribly faulty analogy. You are forgetting that molecules are 99.999% empty space, and they anyways move around much more than an order of magnitude simply through them vibrating from their own internal kinetic energy.
You simply cannot ever make an analogy to explain something in the microscopic physical space, by explaining it in the macroscopic physical space, they dont run by the same rules. (rules as we know it)
the size i referenced included the average size of the entire atom, including all that space, the size of just the nucleus's diameter would be about 5 orders of magnitude higher.
so while my analogy isn't perfect, your stated accuracy of billionth of a meter would not be sufficient. that was all I was saying. had you said trillionth of a meter, that would be small enough that I would have no reason to refute it.
martinshoosterman
You could build a self-loading gun that takes carbon nano sand.
Or a metal based rail gun ammo system, obvious mini nuclear power source req'd.
I really enjoy the longer format videos. Been watching for years. You can get in way more depth and i don't feel like it takes away what you were originally trying to do with the channel. Like you said, Minute Physics was meant to signify a video on the magnitude from 1 to 10 minutes
Henry. I love your videos. Keep doin' what you do.
Great Video! The explanation was clear and in depth!
I like how you used CGP Grey's Icon when talking about an ideal future.
Man, you are just amazing at explaining! Thank you for showing that my teleportation efforts won't be wasted. Please, give us more!
your UA-cam channel is very good i can understand everything and everything is accurately true
I'm suddenly reminded of Terry Pratchett's "Going Postal" which had the mail sorting engine that tapped into the space-time continuum and emitted mail from the future, mail from alternate universes, and notes people swore they had written and posted but never did.
minute physics was about taking something complex and making it bite sized and easy to understand. 10 minutes of super positions, quantum mechanics, uncertainty principles etc might just be too much
something as complex as quantum mechanics explained in 10 minutes is still quite succinct. 10 minutes is still quite bite sized for a dish like physics.
Sir Big Balls Are you kdding me this was extremely simple to understand, it was as dumbed down as possible.
What if the act of cloning is equivalent to an act of observation, which causes the superposition/wave function to collapse to a single state?
You can't just leave out or reduce information and still call it a perfect copy
But then both the original and the copy would have their superposition collapsed so... how exactly would that not be a perfect copy still? I also fail to see how any remotely real cloning apparatus could possibly NOT act as an observation and therefor throw out quantum mechanics in its entirety, rendering this whole equation mood, no?
I think what the Observer Effect describes is that the act of observation will alter the state of the subject, so even though wave function collapses, the original object will experience change so it will not be a perfect copy... I could be wrong but I think using act of observation will result in an "Ok clone" mentioned in the video
Chauncey 钟离
Hm. If you were to sort of "scan" the object and then clone it, I'm pretty sure you'd get a perfect copy. Now... I'll grant you though, by scanning the object I guess you did change it and so it's not really the actual original anymore, right? Like, by scanning the box we already determined whether or not the cat is alive. So while the original box had an "undead" cat, the scanned original has either or. And so does the clone, making it a perfect copy of the new original. But yea, I guess we did change the original first in this case so I suppose in that way it's not a perfect copy :/
Oh well, I'm just thinking out loud anyway, I don't actually understand this stuff :D
the act of cloning IS an act of observation, for a machine to make a copy of whatever is in a box, it needs to know what is in the box.
you can only get exploded gunpowder or unexploded gunpowder out of the machine, because only A or B went IN to the machine, we just didnt know what went into it.
We would get exactly whatever went in, but it would be a copy of the observed particles.
Great video and well explained! I did have to slow it down some to follow at a good pace.
Really, it's clarity of explanatin that's more imprtant than 'proper time' video length. So a longer video, with the same clarityh as you give, would be ... more infrmative! Thhis is a Good Thing!
3Blue1Brown is very underrated
I like the longer format. Please do more of them.
I love the detail!!! Thank you!
I love how this principle neatly solves the problem of teleportation that says, if teleportation involves copying you and placing that copy in some destination then the destination you is only a copy. And what's more, you could leave the original behind and not destroy it meaning there's 2 of you. So which is the real one.
This principle says that that's not possible and that whichever one is identical at the quantum level to you before the teleportation is the real one.
I am happy as long as we can still teleport stuff.
Willdabeast we can’t teleport. There was a whole theory but basically when something disappeared from a place, the sound waves would move way too fast and I would basically make a really loud sound that would make everyone around deaf (something like that)
how about teleporting bread ?
EndranExit i have no idea
we can teleport via quantum entanglement
but who wants to teleport the possibility of a dead cat?
We can teleport, a while back they teleported particles from I think England to France instantaneously through quantum entanglement, but if we were to teleport humans we would have to rip away every atom from our bodies and entangle it, and then reconstruct our bodies atom by atom, and then there’s the question of even if all the atoms are the same, is it still us? Is consciousness a simple matter of atoms? Or something we don’t yet understand?
Love this in depth explanation man definitely keeping this as a reference for the future
That was amazing. Of course, watching this video might be just a scratch on real understanding of no cloning theorem, but it was very carefully explained.
I liked that CGP Grey plug haha. Mind stretching videos. Enjoyed per usual. :)
This means that 99,999% of transformation are not possible, not only cloning !
For example, the transformation of "cutting in two" a potato which is in two state (cooked and not cooked, or A and B)
T(A + B) = (A1 + B1) x (A2 + B2)
T(A) + T(B) = A1xA2 + B1xB2
where A1 is the first half of the potato cooked, and B1 first half of the potato not cooked...
and we can imply this superposition of cooked/Not cooked, by a similar process of Schrodinger's one (exploded/not exploded).
I forgot to say that, in fact, in this example T(A+B) # T(A) + T(B) xD
So either Quantum Mechanics is false
or cutting a potato in two is impossible (why not after all !)
or the explanation does not hold :3
Be precise about this, what exactly do you imagine your "cutting" operation should do? Remember that combinations of particles are represented as products. So for a potato, |A> = |A1>*|A2>, where |A1> and |A2> are the two halves.
*****
Yes, thank's for pointing out this.
So my transformation (cutting) has as an argument a potato P which is in a superposition of two states :
A : where the potato is cooked
and
B : where the potato is not cooked
so :
|P> = |A> + |B>
and by cutting it, we get two halves which can be in both states (cooked or not) :
|P1> = |A1> + |B1>
|P2> = |A2> + |B2>
and the output of the transformation T is :
T(|P>) = |P1>*|P2>
thus
T(|A> + |B>) = (|A1> + |B1>)*(|A2> + |B2>)
According to _the copenhagen interpretation_*
I think that where your argument goes wrong is that you're assuming both that |P>=|A>+|B>=|A1>*|A2>+|B1>*|B2>
And that |P>=|P1>*|P2>=(|A1>+|B1>)(|A2>+|B2>) = |A1>*|A2>+|B1>*|B2>+ |A1>*|B2>+|B1>*|A2>, and that your operation "T" is just a red herring.
If you choose |P>=|A>+|B>=|A1>*|A2>+|B1>*|B2>, then it's actually impossible to represent |P> as a product |P1>*|P2> for some |P1> and |P2>.
that feeling when people think that Schrodingers Cat wasnt a joke, and that things can be in multiple states at once - when the fact is they cant - we just arent capable of knowing which state they are in until we measure them and determine which state they are in , so we have to make the assumption prior to measuring that they could be in either state and so must assume it could be both.
My face when people will try to say I am wrong because they have a shirt with a picture of a cat that is alive and dead on it - and dont actually understand what I am saying.
readyrepairs well, yes and no. it's not exactly a joke because it does happen to elementary particles, just not macroscopic objects like cats.
sorry - youre wrong. schrodingers cat was a joke between two people smarter than both of us - who were both intelligent enough to know that 1 thing cannot be two different things at the same time, but also knew that we couldnt know which it was - without destroying it by measuring it - and thus calculations had to allow for it to be either at the same time. Enjoy your neat shirt tho, im sure a couple dumb blondes will LOL at it.
***** no - it doesnt. There are no particles or other things, features or etc - that can be in two places at one time - otherwise they would be two different things. It is literally just a fact that we cant know which place they are in, so we have to handle them in our math as a range of possibilities instead of a finite number/measurement.
readyrepairs I think you are mixed up between the uncertainty principle and three principle of superposition. The fact that a particle is in a superposition of two states doesn't mean that it's in two places at once. Read some more about what these things actually mean. It's actually pretty interesting.
Schrödinger's cat may have been a joke but superposition is a real thing
I did very much enjoy this video. Would love to see more
7:42 Look-It! CGPgrey! Two of my favorite explanatory YT channels in one place. Get Fact Fiend here, that’d be all three...
The long format is really good, the short ones seemed rushed anyways
Lol I missread
"No ""Clothing"" "
xD
Andreas S. Hoho thats actualy funny
Andreas S. I saw no cleaning
That's what I thought it was too lol.
great video! love the videos about quantum mechanics!
Well, this was probably the best explanation of the " no cloning theorem" I ever watched. However it still requires to think and rethink it several times.
Love the longer format (and the sly CGPGrey reference)!
I was gonna make a joke about cloning, but someone might copy it.
I was gonna make a joke about cloning, but someone might copy it.
+Blox117 I was gonna make a joke about cloning, but someone might copy it.
I was gonna make a coke about ploning, but someone might jocy it.
It’s 10^100^100 % ok to have longer videos
Do keep them coming 👍
You can get around the C-14 problem by finding suitable old material to recycle for making the paper and ink.
Great! I really liked this long format video!
For two objects to be "identical" in the strictest sense of the term, they would have to occupy the same space at the same time. That would violate the Pauli exclusion principle. Even if you relax your definition of "identical" to allow for different positions, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle prevents you from knowing all the properties of any object simultaneously. So, you would never actually be able to know that two objects are identical in all respects.
I foretell of a mad scientist who invents a true cloning machine - cloning in the physical sense - but no one will believe him, as his results can never be verified.
***** So he is good enough at science to violate the laws of physics. But not good enough to demonstrate it to his peers. That is a pretty lop-sided skill-set.
> the Heisenberg uncertainty principle prevents you from knowing all the properties of any object simultaneously.
That's true, but you don't need to know all the classical properties of an object to clone it; you just need to know its quantum state.
But would you be able to verify that two objects are clones of each other without knowing all of their classical properties?
Gregory Bogosian
Somehow I feel like quantum physics is missing a piece of the puzzle.
It doesn't care about all the classical properties of a particle, as if it didn't matter. Yet we can come up with questions where it does matter.
I yearn for a more encompassing field of physics.
Love this video... yes you should do more like this one!!!
That's exactly how I would tell! Wow, I'm impressed by level of exactliness!
That moment when you thought you were good at maths, lmao no
Are you in third grade?
Not that easy. |A> and |B> is actually functions (or wave functions), and the rule of addition and multiplication is not exactly the same as numbers (that we learn in fourth grade).
Wow, a 10-min video?! It is like it's Christmas again!