How I summer prune my Espalier apple tree

A closer look at summer pruning of my Espalier apple tree which is a 'restricted' form of fruit tree (an espalier in this case) the same principles apply to other restricted forms e.g. fan, oblique cordon, step-over trees etc. Summer prune to increase the yield of your espalier, cordon, step over tree.
these kind of trees make great use of spaces along walls/fences etc and can be very productive given the relatively small amount of space needed.