My parents exhibit almost every bias there is. They think that everyone else is stupid, but they're the exception; that they have all the common sense in the world.
So basically: Hindsight Bias: Hindsight bias is a psychological phenomenon that allows people to convince themselves after an event that they had accurately predicted it before it. Suppose your friend starts eating the pizza that's been in the fridge for the past week and you tell him "week-old pizza cause psychedelic hallucinations" but he eats it anyway and soon start to wig out. You'd say "Dude, I told you so". But if you are wrong and he's totally fine, you probably won't even think about it ever again. This is known as 'Hindsight Bias" or the "I-Knew-It-All-Along" phenomenon. This doesn't mean the common sense is wrong, it just means that our intuitive sense more easily describes what just happened, than what will happen in the future. "We also tend to perceive order in random events, which can lead to false assumptions." For example, if you flip a coin five times you have equal chances of getting all tails as you do getting alternating heads and tails. But we see the series of five tails as something unusual, as a streak, and thus giving that result some kind of meaning that it very definitely does not have. That is why we have the methods and safe-guards of psychological research and experimentation which basically save the study of our minds from the stupidity of our minds like hindsight bias and perceiving order in random events. Steps of Psychological Research: Take for example we are researching "Can week-old pizza cause psychedelic hallucinations? Does coffee make you smarter? Or does it just make you do dumb stuff faster?" -Operationalizing the Questions: Figuring out how to ask general question about your subject and turn them into mesurable & testable propositions. -Theory & Hypothesis: Any Scientific method starts with a question and a theory is not a hunch like "a quad-shot of espresso makes you think better"). Theory is what explains and organizes lots of different observations and predicts outcomes. And when you come up with a testable prediction, that's your hypothesis. -Replication is key: Once your theory and hypothesis are in place, you need a clear and common language to report them with, so for example, defining exactly what you mean by "thinking better" with your espresso hypothesis will allow other researchers to replicate the experiment. And replication is key. You can watch a person exhibit a certain behavior once, and it won't prove very much, but if you keep getting consistent results, even as you change subjects or situations, you're probably on to something. Describing behavior without manipulating it and making connections and predictions from those findings: Describing Behavior: -Case Studies: Case studies take an in-depth look at one individual. They can be misleading because by their nature, they can't be replicated, so they run the risk of over-generalizing. However case studies are good at showing what can happen and end up framing questions for more extensive and generalizable studies. They're also often memorable and a great story telling device psychologists use to observe and describe behavior. For example, say the smell of coffee make someone anxious and irritable doesn't been that it has the same effect on everyone. In fact, the person may have terrible memories associated with that smell, and so his case is actually quite rare. But you would still have to look at lots of other cases to determine that conclusively. -Naturalistic Observation: In naturalistic observation, researchers simply watch behavior in a natural environment. The idea is to let the subjects just do their thing without trying to manipulate or control the situation. Like case studies, naturalistic observations are great at describing behavior, but they're very limited in explaining it. -Interviews & Surveys: Psychologists can also collect behavioral data using surveys or interviews, asking people to report their opinions and behaviors. While carrying out a surveys it's important -How you ask: Surveys are a great way to access consciously held attitudes and beliefs, but how to ask the questions can be tricky; subtle word choices can influence results. For example more forceful words like "ban" or "censor" may elicit different reactions than "limit" or "not allow". -Who you ask: And if how you phrase surveys is important, so is who you ask. For example the result of asking a room full of students at a pacifist club meeting what they think about arms control, be a representative measure of where students stand, because there's a pretty clear "sampling bias" at work here. To fairly represent a population, a random sample is required where all members of the target group, in this case students, had an equal chance of being selected to answer the question. So once you've described behavior with surveys, case studies, or naturalistic observation, you can start making sense out of it, and even predict future behavior. Correlation: One way to do that is to look at one trait or behavior is related to another, or how they correlate. Suppose a person thinks that his refrigerator is actually some kind of time machine that can preserve food indefinitely and because he was hungry he ate the leftover pizza that may have had a little bit of fungus on it. Suddenly, he starts seeing things: green armadillos with laser beam eyes. From here we could deduce that eating unknown fungus predicts hallucination, that's a correlation. -Correlation is different to Causation: Correlation is not causation though. Though it make sense that the hallucinations were result of the questionable fungus, the person may be already on the verge of a psychotic episode and those fuzzy leftovers were actually benign. There there could be an entirely different factor involved, like maybe he hadn't slept in 72 hours, or had an intense migraine coming on, and one of those factors caused his hallucinations. It's quite tempting to draw conclusions from correlation but it's important to remember that correlations predict the possibility of a cause-and-effect relationships; they cannot prove them. So we've talked about "how to describe behavior without manipulating it and how to make connections and predictions from those findings". Experimentation: Experimentation really get to the bottom of cause-and-effect behaviors. Experiments allow investigators to isolate different effects by manipulating an independent variable, and keeping all other variables constant, or as constant as you can. This means that they need at least two groups: -Experimental Group: which is gonna get messed with. -Control Group: which is not gonna get messed with. Just as surveys use random samples, experimental researchers need to randomly assign participants to each group to minimize potential confounding variables, or outside factors that may skew the results. -Double blind procedure: Sometimes one or both groups are not informed about what's actually being tested. For example, researchers can test how substances effect people by comparing their effects to placebos, or inert substances. And often, the researchers themselves don't know which group is experimental and which is control, so they don't unintentionally influence the results through their own behavior, in which case it's called, you guessed it, a double blind procedure. So let's put these ideas into practice in our own little experiment. Let's me and my friend are debating Caffeine's effect on the brain. Personally, my friend is convinced that coffee helps her focus and think better, but I get all jittery like a caged meerkat and can't focus on anything. And because we know that overconfidence can lead you to believe things that are not true, we decided to use some critical thinking. Question: So let's figure out our question: "Do humans solve problems faster when given caffeine?" Testable prediction: "Adult humans given caffeine will navigate a maze faster than humans not given caffeine." Independent Variable: The caffeine dosage is your independent variable, the thing that you can change. Dependent Variable: the thing that depends on the thing that you can change is going to be the speed at which the subject navigates through this giant corn maze. Experimentation: Control Group: So the control group gets a placebo, in this case decaf. Experimental group one: Experimental group one gets a low dose of caffeine, which we'll define at a 100 milligrams; just an eye opener, like, a cup of coffee's worth. Experimental group two: Experimental group two gets 500 milligrams, more than a quad shot of espresso dunked in a Red Bull. Once everyone is dosed, we turn them lose in the maze and wait at the other end with a stopwatch to measure the results from the three different groups and compare them to see if there were any conclusive results. If the highly dosed folks got through it twice as fast as the low dose and the placebo groups, then our hypothesis was correct, and she can rub my face in it saying she was right all along, but really that would just be the warm flush of hindsight bias telling her something she didn't really know until we tested it. Then, because we've used clear language and defined our parameters, other curious minds can easily replicate this experiment, and we can eventually pool all the data together and have something solid to say about what that americano was doing to your cognition- or at least the speed at which you can run through a maze.
Lucas Trugeda They're better if you watch these before lectures or reading the textbook. Provides the basic framework very well and in some fair detail.
Easily Offended Don't Read This... That's not what I meant, that's why I mentioned structure. There's no easy way to schematise the contents of these videos by adding things as they're mentioned; because the video doesn't follow the classical structure of "there are three kinds of x, first there's y, there's also z and finally a. Y is...; Z consists of...; and A is defined by...;" This structure allows for easy notetaking, but it tends to be incredibly unappealing. The structure of these videos, which is closer to "There's this thing called A, it consists of this and this and this but also this person studied Z and A; A and Z are both in the category of X, anyways A also consists of this and oh also there's something called Y that is also part of X and this other person studied it along with F...", however, with its back and forth between topics, categories, times and persons, allows for easy casual listening, but not schematisation. This is not a critique, though. Just an observation.
AP students everywhere are flocking to this channel... the views on these videos skyrocket in one day... we all go into the exam with his voice echoing in our minds...
he he “advanced placement”, it’s in american schools (and possibly some other countries). you take a difficult course in school then take a national exam in may to get college credit
You aren't the only one. I have a scientific background, but I finished school a long time ago. For instance, I have an MS in psychological counseling. That said, Crash Courses are really good for covering the essentials, even if they don't go into very much depth. They're also fun to watch, which doesn't hurt. Once you have a good grasp of the essentials, it is easier to move to the more complex stuff.
If anyone is here for a school assignment and happens to have the same worksheet as me, here are the answers I got from the video: 1. We tend to perceive order in random events, which can lead to FALSE (1:15) assumptions 2. This is a problem with one popular type of psychological research: CASE STUDIES (3:05), which takes an in-depth look at one individual. 3. Another popular method of psychological research is NATURALISTIC (3:50) observation, where researchers simply watch behavior in a natural environment 4. Psychologists can also collect BEHAVIORAL (4:15) data using surveys or interviews, asking people to report their opinions and behaviors. 5. To fairly represent a population I'd need to get a random sample where all members of the TARGET (5:15) group 6. So once you've described behavior with surveys, case studies, or naturalistic observation, you can start making sense out of it, and even predict future BEHAVIOR (5:25) 7. Experiments allow investigators to isolate different effects by manipulating an independent variable, and keeping all other variables constant, or as constant as you can. This means that they need at least two groups: the EXPERIMENTAL (6:49) group, which is gonna be messed with, and the CONTROL (7:00) group, which is gonna get messed with 8. American Psychological Association suggests that you acquire everyone's informed CONSENT(8:45) to participate 9. What is a Placebo? INERT SUBSTANCES (7:30) 10. What does the video say is probably the best tool that you have for understanding people? SCIENCE (9:50) Hopefully this ends up helping someone other than myself!
I’m majoring in psychology in univ in Japan. In order to enter the graduate school, I have to pass the test which includes reading psychological articles in English. I have knowledge about psychology to some extent, but very limited vocab and phrases about psychology in English, so this series of videos is so helpful to me :D
So how do we apply the scientific method to psychological research? Lots of ways, but today ***** talks about case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys and interviews, and experimentation. Also he covers different kinds of bias in experimentation and how research practices help us avoid them. Psychological Research - Crash Course Psychology #2
With Hank Green so clearly elucidating the difference between correlation and causation, I predict no one on the internet will ever conflate the two again.
***** Ya, and it seems like there are in fact experiments which have shown that coffee might actually improve cognition to some degree in women: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00693.x/abstract
To everyone, how did it go? I'm assuming you already got your scores, not sure. I just started the class online, it's not offered at my school, just trying to get an insight as to how it all works, my teacher actually made an assignment based off this video which is how I ended up here.
I LOVE the little guy writing notes on the table in front of the brown bottle on the desk at 3:53 - 4:05. so great! Also, these are the best videos ever.
marian pula the test was,,, interesting, it wasn’t exactly hard, just some of the things we had to describe were very odd for the situation? It also depends on who you ask cause we didn’t all get the same prompts and stuff but because you could use notes and google and stuff it was much easier
What you describe as "green armadillo with laser beam eyes" is actually a Holomorph from Angetenar. They are shy and seldom materialize near earthlings. However they are strongly attracted by the smell of rotten mozzarella, for reasons only they know.
I think you got it wrong. Holomorphs are attracted by mozzarella, but they despise fungi. It obviously was a Pseudomorph, a creature which is often confused with Holomorphs (hence the name). The time energy released by that time machine must have lured it there. By the way, it is common knowledge that time machines do not work on pizza.
I have the AP test in a couple days and your videos are amazing! After I spend a couple hours frying my brain with vocab and practice tests, I listen to your short summary of the section. Very informative.
These crash course videos have helped me through out half of my degree😭 and even better because it's so interactive!! I have ADD so it's very tough for me to pay attention in lectures and these videos (even if I have to watch 20) help me understand
So, so , so happy that you chose Psychology as your next subject, Hank! These videos are so useful, and I've even managed to persuade my AP Psych teacher to show these as review tools in class. :) Thank you so much!
Am I the only one who pauses in between the introduction is every shots and tries to read them and eventually finds out about hank's trophies and albums?
I love how you put it all together in this episode at the end. This is only the second episode that I have seen, but I hope I will get a healthy dose of hindsight bias when they all follow this episodes example. Love it
You do NOT have equal chance of getting all tails as you do getting alternating Heads or Tails. There is only 1 possible way of getting All Tails (TTTTT), and 2 possible ways of getting alternating (THTHT or HTHTH). If you merely meant that previous results won't affect future results, you're correct tho.
I love that you include a recap of what the episode discussed at the very end. It makes it way easier for me to remember, at least easier to remember than John's videos that don't have the little summary at the end. :p
I LOVE LOVE LOVE that you talk so fast. I can get the information efficiently and conveniently without any wasted time. This is the reason I took to online studies as early as my bachelor's - couldn't STAND sitting in a lecture for three hours when I could absorb the information on my own for a fraction of the time. Keep up the speed! :)
Crash course should do one off episodes that are a little longer and explain certain concepts in more detail. The reason I say this is that this episode would really benefit from a "Statistics for the analysis of experimental results" video that covers averages, variance, sample size, the null hypothesis, and statistical significance.
I was also waiting for him to talk about the presence of Demmand Characteristics (in particular when informed consent is provided) and Ecological Validity in lab experiments.
I wish my teachers were able to explain their classes like these two :'). I am better at history now, I'm even getting interested in other topics! Thank you so much for the good work!
mathematically, you are twice as likely to have alternating heads and tails, because you have one cycle starting with heads, one cycle starting with tails.
what he meant wasn't stricly alternating, but randomised for 5 coins there is 32 combinaison possible, each is as likely to occur than another, but if it end on the 2 combinaison "all tails" or "all heads", it seem having a deeper meaning to it, a message of some sort, while in fact it had the same probability as any other
And just in case since this is a series about psychology I want to point out that every coin toss has an independent chance for head or tails. Also every series is independent. People who get addicted to gambling have a tendency to think that if you toss the coins out over a long period of time and over a multitude of tossing you should close on to average 50/50 on the head or tail. And because of that when they get a series of say many heads in a row they may think that now getting tails is more likely because the coin tossing should close on to average forgetting that every coin toss will still be independent of previous tosses.
I think what he meant is that the result HTHTH has the same chance of showing up than HHHHH or TTTTT or THTHT. The problem is that it wasn't worded clearly. The second problem is that we humans like to group things together. So HTHTH usually is 3H and 2T. Since there is only one possibility to get this result when H and T alternate every coin flip, it is close enough. But when you don't have the information of the alternation, you suddenly have various possibilites in getting 3H and 2T. However, you still would only have one way in generating 5H, which is why this somehow becomes significant for us, because anyone can throw 3H and 2T, but 5H is something special. In the end it boils down to the question if order is an important factor to consider or not. When order is important HHHHH is as special as HTHTH. When order is not important 5H is indeed rare.
I study Behavioral Sciences which is Psychology, Sociology, Social Psychology,... It's so awesome to hear you say the things I've learned in a new and exciting way. I'm watching your videos while taking notes to repeat the things that I've already learned do I make sure they stay in my head. Thank you for this!
This was a helpful refresher, my uni has this video as part of my Psychology course so it's definitely being recognised as a good resource! Thanks Hank and co
Caffeine is a neural inhibitor and a physical stimulant. If your mind is normally overactive (such as with Asperger's) and thus self-distracting, then coffee _can_ give you focus. But that doesn't mean it _will_ for everyone. The jitters are from the physical stimulant part. You can actually end up with both symptoms, or neither... it all depends on the person, quantities, and other variables.
I'd love it if he made a Crash Course for statistics! I'm in a behavioral research class and I could definitely use a refresher on the statistics I learned in high school!
understanding him as a non native english speaker has been one of my biggest challenges but it helped a lot and i always find myself interested in what he's saying no matter the topic anda that's what matters
Hahahaha "saves the study of our minds from the stupidity of our minds" GENIUS, and SO accurate. I'm finishing my psych degree atm, I wish Hank had been my research lecturer :P
Beginning with the rise of behaviorism under John B. Watson in the early 1900s, empirical research has been the basis of psychology. As such, the scientific method is as much a part of modern psychology as it is of any other science. Unfortunately, it is not what the field is known for in the general public. It is a misconception that we all end up as clinicians. Many PhDs in clinical psychology are employed teaching at universities and doing research. As a MA student in experimental psychology (behavioral science), I will offer the anecdote that almost every psychology textbook and course I have encountered in both my undergraduate and graduate career covers research methods in the first few lessons. Entire courses on research methods and quantitative methods are required at some point in both undergraduate and graduate coursework. Often the classes even serve, either unintentionally or intentionally, as bottleneck courses that can prevent students from progressing further in the degree. I will not deny that psychology has methodological issues, both historical (even Watson himself) and current, but there is an active movement to correct the problems. As you indicated, there are individuals who are more or less oriented to either hard or soft scientific methods. This does not necessarily make the entire science soft.
From what I know, psychology students even learn way more about statistics and the mathematical background of statistics than engineering students of any specialisation...
I'm a psychology major and one of the required classes to graduate is Research Methods, which I am currently taking. This video did a good job of summing up a lot of what I am learning in class. Basically, to get into a good graduate school, we need to have actual research experience; research is a huge part of psychology.
I believe I have found my newest time sink... But, I have so many essays to write up... ... Welp... Time to watch the entirety of this channel's content in a day...
These videos are incredibly animated and presented as well as having great structure, they're a great help to students like myself who from time to time need some inspiration and these particular videos have fired a passion for psychology that I didn't know i even had. please do as many as possible because I love them so much!
Clearly, you think on the wrong side of reality. You need to understand people to make them feel better but if you think and say things to them your own way, you're definitely gonna lose and your reputation will be doomed because you failed to make others feel happy.
You were right by saying p < .05 Reason: "p" is the probability that you'd get the same result if the null hypothesis is true. If the probability of getting the same result when the null hypothesis is true, is less than .05, we can reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate/experimental hypothesis.
The thing to take into account with naturalistic observation is the hawthorne effect (if something knows it's being observed, it will change) and also confirmation bias, (a researcher interprets the results inaccurately as he will overlook information that argues against his hypothesis).
My favorite part of UA-cam comments is the rush of people to correct someone else. Which usually leads them to purposely misunderstanding the original point only to be pedantically attacking a meaningless example.
Just started taking psychology and thought: "why not have a crash course marathon"? It's incredibly interesting and I never get bored, thank you for creating these videos
3:55 lol that sneaky guy in the foreground, hiding behind the brown bottle, observing Hank in his natural environment is a nice touch by the graphics team xD
When I attend a lecture I find the speakers that don't allow enough time between thoughts are the hardest to follow. I feel like the "Crash Course" videos are doing the same thing. They edit out any space or breath the speaker takes. When writing an essay a writer would make sure punctuation is correct and commas are used properly. This creates a realistic flow of words and sentences in essays. Listening to this video is like reading an essay with all those commas and periods taken out. In their attempt to maintain attention and make an efficient learning video Crash Course has created a piece of work that holds valuable information but uses a poor delivery. So much that the learning and memorizing process are slowed. Please edit your videos so they convey thoughts in a matter not solely focused on the amount of info shared in a short time but on the amount of info taught and retained most efficiently. I do appreciate the videos even though I feel they're a bit rushed. Thanks
Many people wouldn't have the patience to watch a one hour long video, so they make it short... Then for whoever is interested they can do their own research to expand on what they say, or as the comment above pointed out, just rewind. Great video nonetheless!
I understand that they benefit from making a shortened version that is more focused on total views over making an easy to follow lecture. Makes sense, as they are doing this for free otherwise. I guess my point is, I wish videos would take more of a traditional lecture format rather than a voracious editing of any empty space. I find the video very useful, but I am not a fan of rewinding any video over and over again.
LebannersHook Yeah, do what Caitlin Quick does, it really helps, it's not intended to be a long video because we can always rewind points that we don't comprehend immediately.
l don't know how but did land on your channel. after hearing you speak man, I've realised that you're actually rhyming on the big words and slowing down your tone on simpler ones. Guess ur like a Word rocker. nice one! I did like intuitive bit. Truth to it, its more common. People tend to work with what thy know. Big thanks to you and your team for your time and efforts.
I feel like I just found a gold mine with this channel
YES
Samme
Hard to disagree.
check out kahn academy
+making money god no
Gotta love that hindsight bias, my mother exhibits this A LOT.
parents do that :/ sorry that you're putting up with that.
My parents exhibit almost every bias there is. They think that everyone else is stupid, but they're the exception; that they have all the common sense in the world.
Falcondances by chance do your parents work in technical support? lol
Gureen Turee Haha, sadly no
Falcondances I am one of those that work in technical support and would understand their mentality if they were ;)
So basically:
Hindsight Bias: Hindsight bias is a psychological phenomenon that allows people to convince themselves after an event that they had accurately predicted it before it. Suppose your friend starts eating the pizza that's been in the fridge for the past week and you tell him "week-old pizza cause psychedelic hallucinations" but he eats it anyway and soon start to wig out. You'd say "Dude, I told you so".
But if you are wrong and he's totally fine, you probably won't even think about it ever again. This is known as 'Hindsight Bias" or the "I-Knew-It-All-Along" phenomenon. This doesn't mean the common sense is wrong, it just means that our intuitive sense more easily describes what just happened, than what will happen in the future.
"We also tend to perceive order in random events, which can lead to false assumptions." For example, if you flip a coin five times you have equal chances of getting all tails as you do getting alternating heads and tails. But we see the series of five tails as something unusual, as a streak, and thus giving that result some kind of meaning that it very definitely does not have.
That is why we have the methods and safe-guards of psychological research and experimentation which basically save the study of our minds from the stupidity of our minds like hindsight bias and perceiving order in random events.
Steps of Psychological Research:
Take for example we are researching "Can week-old pizza cause psychedelic hallucinations? Does coffee make you smarter? Or does it just make you do dumb stuff faster?"
-Operationalizing the Questions: Figuring out how to ask general question about your subject and turn them into mesurable & testable propositions.
-Theory & Hypothesis: Any Scientific method starts with a question and a theory is not a hunch like "a quad-shot of espresso makes you think better"). Theory is what explains and organizes lots of different observations and predicts outcomes. And when you come up with a testable prediction, that's your hypothesis.
-Replication is key:
Once your theory and hypothesis are in place, you need a clear and common language to report them with, so for example, defining exactly what you mean by "thinking better" with your espresso hypothesis will allow other researchers to replicate the experiment.
And replication is key.
You can watch a person exhibit a certain behavior once, and it won't prove very much, but if you keep getting consistent results, even as you change subjects or situations, you're probably on to something.
Describing behavior without manipulating it and making connections and predictions from those findings:
Describing Behavior:
-Case Studies:
Case studies take an in-depth look at one individual. They can be misleading because by their nature, they can't be replicated, so they run the risk of over-generalizing.
However case studies are good at showing what can happen and end up framing questions for more extensive and generalizable studies.
They're also often memorable and a great story telling device psychologists use to observe and describe behavior.
For example, say the smell of coffee make someone anxious and irritable doesn't been that it has the same effect on everyone. In fact, the person may have terrible memories associated with that smell, and so his case is actually quite rare.
But you would still have to look at lots of other cases to determine that conclusively.
-Naturalistic Observation:
In naturalistic observation, researchers simply watch behavior in a natural environment. The idea is to let the subjects just do their thing without trying to manipulate or control the situation.
Like case studies, naturalistic observations are great at describing behavior, but they're very limited in explaining it.
-Interviews & Surveys:
Psychologists can also collect behavioral data using surveys or interviews, asking people to report their opinions and behaviors.
While carrying out a surveys it's important
-How you ask:
Surveys are a great way to access consciously held attitudes and beliefs, but how to ask the questions can be tricky; subtle word choices can influence results.
For example more forceful words like "ban" or "censor" may elicit different reactions than "limit" or "not allow".
-Who you ask:
And if how you phrase surveys is important, so is who you ask.
For example the result of asking a room full of students at a pacifist club meeting what they think about arms control, be a representative measure of where students stand, because there's a pretty clear "sampling bias" at work here. To fairly represent a population, a random sample is required where all members of the target group, in this case students, had an equal chance of being selected to answer the question.
So once you've described behavior with surveys, case studies, or naturalistic observation, you can start making sense out of it, and even predict future behavior.
Correlation:
One way to do that is to look at one trait or behavior is related to another, or how they correlate.
Suppose a person thinks that his refrigerator is actually some kind of time machine that can preserve food indefinitely and because he was hungry he ate the leftover pizza that may have had a little bit of fungus on it.
Suddenly, he starts seeing things: green armadillos with laser beam eyes.
From here we could deduce that eating unknown fungus predicts hallucination, that's a correlation.
-Correlation is different to Causation: Correlation is not causation though.
Though it make sense that the hallucinations were result of the questionable fungus, the person may be already on the verge of a psychotic episode and those fuzzy leftovers were actually benign. There there could be an entirely different factor involved, like maybe he hadn't slept in 72 hours, or had an intense migraine coming on, and one of those factors caused his hallucinations.
It's quite tempting to draw conclusions from correlation but it's important to remember that correlations predict the possibility of a cause-and-effect
relationships; they cannot prove them.
So we've talked about "how to describe behavior without manipulating it and how to make connections and predictions from those findings".
Experimentation:
Experimentation really get to the bottom of cause-and-effect behaviors. Experiments allow investigators to isolate different effects by manipulating an independent variable, and keeping all other variables constant, or as constant as you can.
This means that they need at least two groups:
-Experimental Group: which is gonna get messed with.
-Control Group: which is not gonna get messed with.
Just as surveys use random samples, experimental researchers need to randomly assign participants to each group to minimize potential confounding variables, or outside factors that may skew the results.
-Double blind procedure:
Sometimes one or both groups are not informed about what's actually being tested.
For example, researchers can test how substances effect people by comparing their effects to placebos, or inert substances.
And often, the researchers themselves don't know which group is experimental and which is control, so they don't unintentionally influence the results through their own behavior, in which case it's called, you guessed it, a double blind procedure.
So let's put these ideas into practice in our own little experiment.
Let's me and my friend are debating Caffeine's effect on the brain.
Personally, my friend is convinced that coffee helps her focus and think better, but I get all jittery like a caged meerkat and can't focus on anything.
And because we know that overconfidence can lead you to believe things that are not true, we decided to use some critical thinking.
Question: So let's figure out our question: "Do humans solve problems faster when given caffeine?"
Testable prediction: "Adult humans given caffeine will navigate a maze faster than humans not given caffeine."
Independent Variable: The caffeine dosage is your independent variable, the thing that you can change.
Dependent Variable: the thing that depends on the thing that you can change is going to be the speed at which the subject navigates through this giant corn maze.
Experimentation:
Control Group: So the control group gets a placebo, in this case decaf.
Experimental group one: Experimental group one gets a low dose of caffeine, which we'll define at a 100 milligrams; just an eye opener, like, a cup of coffee's worth.
Experimental group two: Experimental group two gets 500 milligrams, more than a quad shot of espresso dunked in a Red Bull.
Once everyone is dosed, we turn them lose in the maze and wait at the other end with a stopwatch to measure the results from the three different groups and compare them to see if there were any conclusive results.
If the highly dosed folks got through it twice as fast as the low dose and the placebo groups, then our hypothesis was correct, and she can rub my face in it saying she was right all along, but really that would just be the warm flush of hindsight bias telling her something she didn't really know until we tested it.
Then, because we've used clear language and defined our parameters, other curious minds can easily replicate this experiment, and we can eventually pool all the data together and have something solid to say about what that americano was doing to your cognition- or at least the speed at which you can run through a maze.
These videos are amazingly structured for casual listeners, but they're very difficult to take notes from.
Lucas Trugeda They're better if you watch these before lectures or reading the textbook. Provides the basic framework very well and in some fair detail.
+Lucas Trugeda Slow motion button in the options setting... Slows the sound and allows you to easilly take notes.
Easily Offended Don't Read This... That's not what I meant, that's why I mentioned structure. There's no easy way to schematise the contents of these videos by adding things as they're mentioned; because the video doesn't follow the classical structure of "there are three kinds of x, first there's y, there's also z and finally a. Y is...; Z consists of...; and A is defined by...;"
This structure allows for easy notetaking, but it tends to be incredibly unappealing. The structure of these videos, which is closer to "There's this thing called A, it consists of this and this and this but also this person studied Z and A; A and Z are both in the category of X, anyways A also consists of this and oh also there's something called Y that is also part of X and this other person studied it along with F...", however, with its back and forth between topics, categories, times and persons, allows for easy casual listening, but not schematisation.
This is not a critique, though. Just an observation.
Lucas Trugeda Oh okay, I get what you mean now.
+Lucas Trugeda I dropped Maths for a reason...
AP students everywhere are flocking to this channel... the views on these videos skyrocket in one day... we all go into the exam with his voice echoing in our minds...
Hi what does AP means?😅😂
he he “advanced placement”, it’s in american schools (and possibly some other countries). you take a difficult course in school then take a national exam in may to get college credit
This is so well written !
@@caroline_slater it's there in a lot of countries, except we don't have classes, but only give the test!
xxgammaray lmfao true dat
I love how he's making my psychology textbook easier to understand
wow, I am learning more stuff from a youtube video than the stuff I take in class
where did you find that picture? and what does it mean?
+Jay Jay it is a flamel from full metal alchemist
You aren't the only one. I have a scientific background, but I finished school a long time ago. For instance, I have an MS in psychological counseling. That said, Crash Courses are really good for covering the essentials, even if they don't go into very much depth. They're also fun to watch, which doesn't hurt. Once you have a good grasp of the essentials, it is easier to move to the more complex stuff.
you are not alone.... school is terrible at teaching you most subjects...
HURRAY!
grade 10, no phycology classes available.
But on UA-cam? Heck I'll take a crash course!
That sucks. We have one at my school that in currently taking
Camie Neko oh ma goodness me too!
Take a CLEP test
Grade 10, still no English class for you either, apparently...
ME TOO
If anyone is here for a school assignment and happens to have the same worksheet as me, here are the answers I got from the video:
1. We tend to perceive order in random events, which can lead to FALSE (1:15) assumptions
2. This is a problem with one popular type of psychological research: CASE STUDIES (3:05), which takes an in-depth look at one individual.
3. Another popular method of psychological research is NATURALISTIC (3:50) observation, where researchers simply watch behavior in a natural environment
4. Psychologists can also collect BEHAVIORAL (4:15) data using surveys or interviews, asking people to report their opinions and behaviors.
5. To fairly represent a population I'd need to get a random sample where all members of the TARGET (5:15) group
6. So once you've described behavior with surveys, case studies, or naturalistic observation, you can start making sense out of it, and even predict future BEHAVIOR (5:25)
7. Experiments allow investigators to isolate different effects by manipulating an independent variable, and keeping all other variables constant, or as constant as you can. This means that they need at least two groups: the EXPERIMENTAL (6:49) group, which is gonna be messed with, and the CONTROL (7:00) group, which is gonna get messed with
8. American Psychological Association suggests that you acquire everyone's informed CONSENT(8:45) to participate
9. What is a Placebo? INERT SUBSTANCES (7:30)
10. What does the video say is probably the best tool that you have for understanding people? SCIENCE (9:50)
Hopefully this ends up helping someone other than myself!
Is there someone who really watched this video without any tests tomorrow or whenever?
Nope. Wbu?
Me
I'm watching just for fun/out of curiosity
Muhammad Ibrahim Me cause I want to major in psychology and I like learning
me
Anyone else watching this because they are genuinely interested in it and not just because they have to?
1:44 "save the study of our minds
from the stupidity of our minds"
Quote-worthy :D
Sometimes I think he speaks like a mad scientist xD
he is a rapper too
tan komi lol I'm not surprised he sounds like the robot part in that eminem song
Don't forget mad scientists are always the one with genius brains !!
New psychology major, just thought I'd get a head start on things before fall 🤘🏾😭
girl same 😭
I’m majoring in psychology in univ in Japan. In order to enter the graduate school, I have to pass the test which includes reading psychological articles in English. I have knowledge about psychology to some extent, but very limited vocab and phrases about psychology in English, so this series of videos is so helpful to me :D
So how do we apply the scientific method to psychological research? Lots of ways, but today ***** talks about case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys and interviews, and experimentation. Also he covers different kinds of bias in experimentation and how research practices help us avoid them.
Psychological Research - Crash Course Psychology #2
With Hank Green so clearly elucidating the difference between correlation and causation, I predict no one on the internet will ever conflate the two again.
TheFireflyGrave
Survey says: hahaha
Thank you
***** Ya, and it seems like there are in fact experiments which have shown that coffee might actually improve cognition to some degree in women: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00693.x/abstract
Why do all you're examples include pizza or coffee?
Hey AP Psych 2019! Let’s all boost our self efficacy and say we’ll ACE this test tomorrow, I believe in y’all!!!
hell yeah!!!! ima walk in with the highest self efficacy
To everyone, how did it go? I'm assuming you already got your scores, not sure. I just started the class online, it's not offered at my school, just trying to get an insight as to how it all works, my teacher actually made an assignment based off this video which is how I ended up here.
@@aribella1004 we dont get our scores until july
@@draculeenaa oh wow, I saw something in collegeboard about scores for AP exams so i just assumed they were out already
@@aribella1004 Hey can I get study notes for psychology AP or any links where I can find them? your help is appreciated
This video should be distributed to every newspaper and TV news network on the planet as required viewing prior to reporting on science
I LOVE the little guy writing notes on the table in front of the brown bottle on the desk at 3:53 - 4:05. so great! Also, these are the best videos ever.
***** YES! The whole naturalistic observation thing!
I literally didn't even notice him lol
Coming here for the AP psych exam because I took the class last semester and the test is thIS WEEK
What did you do at the test? Was it hard?
marian pula the test was,,, interesting, it wasn’t exactly hard, just some of the things we had to describe were very odd for the situation? It also depends on who you ask cause we didn’t all get the same prompts and stuff but because you could use notes and google and stuff it was much easier
I love the saying "Correlation does not imply causation." My English professor used it a lot when talking about fallacy arguments.
Shout out to my professor that are using these videos to explain to us psychology! YA DA MVP!!!! :D
What you describe as "green armadillo with laser beam eyes" is actually a Holomorph from Angetenar. They are shy and seldom materialize near earthlings. However they are strongly attracted by the smell of rotten mozzarella, for reasons only they know.
I think you got it wrong. Holomorphs are attracted by mozzarella, but they despise fungi. It obviously was a Pseudomorph, a creature which is often confused with Holomorphs (hence the name). The time energy released by that time machine must have lured it there. By the way, it is common knowledge that time machines do not work on pizza.
Nah the other variable they forgot to mention - dude took a tab of acid before dozing off on the couch
Zogg from Betelgeuse your channel though
name checks out
I have the AP test in a couple days and your videos are amazing! After I spend a couple hours frying my brain with vocab and practice tests, I listen to your short summary of the section. Very informative.
Nousheen I'm doing the exact same thing lol
I initially thought he was fast too but I just realized that if he was slower, this would be less fun XD
Man, I love this crash course xD
These crash course videos have helped me through out half of my degree😭 and even better because it's so interactive!! I have ADD so it's very tough for me to pay attention in lectures and these videos (even if I have to watch 20) help me understand
So, so , so happy that you chose Psychology as your next subject, Hank! These videos are so useful, and I've even managed to persuade my AP Psych teacher to show these as review tools in class. :) Thank you so much!
"Poor Carl."
IKR SO CUTE THAT WAS.
Now Hank has a book written with one of the main characters by the name Carl!
My professor played this for my college psych class and then we had an extensive quiz on it..... It was our first day of class !!!!
Watched this 7 years ago in AP psych, and am here again in my 2nd doctoral course following a link from a prof. FULL CIRCLE!
Am I the only one who pauses in between the introduction is every shots and tries to read them and eventually finds out about hank's trophies and albums?
Shimin Shamim just did that hahahaha
Shimin Shamim just did that hahahaha
+Shimin Shamim I try to do it on each different series.
Callum Burke SAME!
+Shimin Shamim What are you talking about?
Great crash course. Interesting thoughts on sampling bias!
i wonder why your channel has so little subs
Wetpig Few*
well i dont speak english as a first language
I absolutely love this channel. I am not a psychology student; I am actually a writer and novelist.
Goood luck to everyone tomorrow👍
I love how you put it all together in this episode at the end. This is only the second episode that I have seen, but I hope I will get a healthy dose of hindsight bias when they all follow this episodes example. Love it
I’m just watching this cause I’m genuinely interested in psychology and I see all the stressed students in the comments 😂
So much vocab that i know I feel so smart, Good luck everybody on the AP test tomorrow!!!!!
bingeing before the exam
You do NOT have equal chance of getting all tails as you do getting alternating Heads or Tails. There is only 1 possible way of getting All Tails (TTTTT), and 2 possible ways of getting alternating (THTHT or HTHTH). If you merely meant that previous results won't affect future results, you're correct tho.
@Xiaoyu Ji same
Agree
off of the subject but i love how he takes a moment to feel sorry for Carl :3
I love that you include a recap of what the episode discussed at the very end. It makes it way easier for me to remember, at least easier to remember than John's videos that don't have the little summary at the end. :p
I'm taking online psychology course and this series is super helpful when it comes to explaining and elaborating on things!
Hi Hank and Crash Course team, thank you for all the work you do to educate and inform us. It is much appreciated!
Just wanted to say that I love these series and thank you so much for making them, they are amazingly interesting and are narrated in a great way!
I LOVE LOVE LOVE that you talk so fast. I can get the information efficiently and conveniently without any wasted time. This is the reason I took to online studies as early as my bachelor's - couldn't STAND sitting in a lecture for three hours when I could absorb the information on my own for a fraction of the time. Keep up the speed! :)
Crash course should do one off episodes that are a little longer and explain certain concepts in more detail.
The reason I say this is that this episode would really benefit from a "Statistics for the analysis of experimental results" video that covers averages, variance, sample size, the null hypothesis, and statistical significance.
I was also waiting for him to talk about the presence of Demmand Characteristics (in particular when informed consent is provided) and Ecological Validity in lab experiments.
Jason Wilkins
I wish my teachers were able to explain their classes like these two :').
I am better at history now, I'm even getting interested in other topics!
Thank you so much for the good work!
Me gusta pero deberia pasarlo en castellano.(Español)
I know NOTHING about psychology but thanks to this video alone, i can now understand lots of research reports easier now!
Keep up the good work, hank!
I don't even have a psychology class I'm just really interested in it and am trying to do as much self study as possible
I had to replay the clip twice to get to understand all that information but I'm really excited to watch more of these videos to learn more.
Hank is an ancient god of wisdom and learning who blesses us with his teachings
Watching all of these before my AP Psych test tomorrow hopefully it helps
sameee girl good luck!
I hope you get to do an episode on the placebo effect
Watching this the hour before AP Psych Exam and actually got some vital information.
this was assigned to watch for my college psychology class, and I love it
i’m supposed to write a 5 page summary on this video that’s due in 4 hours, wish me luck 😅
mathematically, you are twice as likely to have alternating heads and tails, because you have one cycle starting with heads, one cycle starting with tails.
what he meant wasn't stricly alternating, but randomised
for 5 coins there is 32 combinaison possible, each is as likely to occur than another, but if it end on the 2 combinaison "all tails" or "all heads", it seem having a deeper meaning to it, a message of some sort, while in fact it had the same probability as any other
Carmeops for five coins, there are 2 combinations that result in alternating heads/tails. But only one combination that is all tails...
Yeah, but you could think a streak of heads in just as rare as a streak of tails, so it evens out. Good point though.
And just in case since this is a series about psychology I want to point out that every coin toss has an independent chance for head or tails. Also every series is independent. People who get addicted to gambling have a tendency to think that if you toss the coins out over a long period of time and over a multitude of tossing you should close on to average 50/50 on the head or tail. And because of that when they get a series of say many heads in a row they may think that now getting tails is more likely because the coin tossing should close on to average forgetting that every coin toss will still be independent of previous tosses.
I think what he meant is that the result HTHTH has the same chance of showing up than HHHHH or TTTTT or THTHT. The problem is that it wasn't worded clearly.
The second problem is that we humans like to group things together. So HTHTH usually is 3H and 2T. Since there is only one possibility to get this result when H and T alternate every coin flip, it is close enough. But when you don't have the information of the alternation, you suddenly have various possibilites in getting 3H and 2T. However, you still would only have one way in generating 5H, which is why this somehow becomes significant for us, because anyone can throw 3H and 2T, but 5H is something special.
In the end it boils down to the question if order is an important factor to consider or not. When order is important HHHHH is as special as HTHTH. When order is not important 5H is indeed rare.
I love you Hank Green you are definitely the best professor I never had but you are all so the must difficult to notate.
I study Behavioral Sciences which is Psychology, Sociology, Social Psychology,... It's so awesome to hear you say the things I've learned in a new and exciting way. I'm watching your videos while taking notes to repeat the things that I've already learned do I make sure they stay in my head. Thank you for this!
I'm learning from Crash Course more than what I'm learning in class, Awesome.
This was a helpful refresher, my uni has this video as part of my Psychology course so it's definitely being recognised as a good resource! Thanks Hank and co
Thank you so much for these! I'm gonna ace my AP Psych Test because of these videos!
Best homework ever. I love Crash Course :)
I love the little jingle in the intro animation to these.
It makes me feel all warm and fuzzy.
this is helping me prepare for collage entrance exam better than a months of classes dedicated to that did. I'm so freaking glad this channel exists
I really enjoy the videos especially when im really interested in psychology and hope to further my studies in this field thx Hank!
I was having anxiety about my Psychology Methods course because I have to write a paper (yikes), but this made me feel better about it! Thank you!!!
Caffeine is a neural inhibitor and a physical stimulant.
If your mind is normally overactive (such as with Asperger's) and thus self-distracting, then coffee _can_ give you focus. But that doesn't mean it _will_ for everyone.
The jitters are from the physical stimulant part.
You can actually end up with both symptoms, or neither... it all depends on the person, quantities, and other variables.
I can never get enough of this channel
I'd love it if he made a Crash Course for statistics! I'm in a behavioral research class and I could definitely use a refresher on the statistics I learned in high school!
Good luck on the AP Psych test guys!! I believe in us!
maddie good luck to you too!
THANK YOU SO MUCH I WAS LOOKING FOR SOMETHING THAT EXPLAINS HOW TO DO AN EXPERIMENT FOR LIKE *AN HOUR*
I love this Crash Course series!
The first two episodes correspond perfectly with chapter one of my psychology textbook. What an awesome way to review!
understanding him as a non native english speaker has been one of my biggest challenges but it helped a lot and i always find myself interested in what he's saying no matter the topic anda that's what matters
Hahahaha "saves the study of our minds from the stupidity of our minds" GENIUS, and SO accurate. I'm finishing my psych degree atm, I wish Hank had been my research lecturer :P
Rebecca Rahi
What is the meaning of that...
Saving the study of our mind from the stupidity of mind?
These videos are so helpful for AP Psychology, thank you so much!
This had more content about the scientific method and how to do research than psychology. Great material to share around softer-minded peeps.
Most of Hank's Crash Courses start out this way. A few episodes of Background always come before the actual Science.
Fencer Dave
Yep. And I like it
Beginning with the rise of behaviorism under John B. Watson in the early 1900s, empirical research has been the basis of psychology. As such, the scientific method is as much a part of modern psychology as it is of any other science. Unfortunately, it is not what the field is known for in the general public. It is a misconception that we all end up as clinicians. Many PhDs in clinical psychology are employed teaching at universities and doing research. As a MA student in experimental psychology (behavioral science), I will offer the anecdote that almost every psychology textbook and course I have encountered in both my undergraduate and graduate career covers research methods in the first few lessons. Entire courses on research methods and quantitative methods are required at some point in both undergraduate and graduate coursework. Often the classes even serve, either unintentionally or intentionally, as bottleneck courses that can prevent students from progressing further in the degree. I will not deny that psychology has methodological issues, both historical (even Watson himself) and current, but there is an active movement to correct the problems. As you indicated, there are individuals who are more or less oriented to either hard or soft scientific methods. This does not necessarily make the entire science soft.
From what I know, psychology students even learn way more about statistics and the mathematical background of statistics than engineering students of any specialisation...
I'm a psychology major and one of the required classes to graduate is Research Methods, which I am currently taking. This video did a good job of summing up a lot of what I am learning in class. Basically, to get into a good graduate school, we need to have actual research experience; research is a huge part of psychology.
This is the first Crash Course video I have seen and I am already in love with this channel and this guy. Very helpful! Very fun!
I'm starting a psychology course next year and this has helped massively so thank you
It was fun and interesting. I appreciate online free crash course. Keep it up.
Why is this hard to take note but easy to listen to?
I believe I have found my newest time sink...
But, I have so many essays to write up...
...
Welp...
Time to watch the entirety of this channel's content in a day...
These videos are incredibly animated and presented as well as having great structure, they're a great help to students like myself who from time to time need some inspiration and these particular videos have fired a passion for psychology that I didn't know i even had. please do as many as possible because I love them so much!
honestly im so glad i found this channel especially during self isolation
this is the best psychology course i could find, but, it's sooo hard to take notes from this guy😫
who else loves pausing and reading the funny tidbits in the theme sequence?
I significantly liked this (P < .05).
Shouldn't it be P > .05?
It' been a while, but I don't think so.
If you set your p level at .05, then its not ignificant if the p level exceeds .05.
Clearly, you think on the wrong side of reality. You need to understand people to make them feel better but if you think and say things to them your own way, you're definitely gonna lose and your reputation will be doomed because you failed to make others feel happy.
DW42536387384 I have no idea what you are talking about or who you are responding to...
You were right by saying p < .05
Reason: "p" is the probability that you'd get the same result if the null hypothesis is true. If the probability of getting the same result when the null hypothesis is true, is less than .05, we can reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate/experimental hypothesis.
Thank you for this Hank! I have my finals for Psychology tomorrow, and all your videos helped me tremendously!
The thing to take into account with naturalistic observation is the hawthorne effect (if something knows it's being observed, it will change) and also confirmation bias, (a researcher interprets the results inaccurately as he will overlook information that argues against his hypothesis).
Poor Carl....I shall give him a small place in the Pantheon. He will be the patron god of protection against coffee accidents.
My favorite part of UA-cam comments is the rush of people to correct someone else. Which usually leads them to purposely misunderstanding the original point only to be pedantically attacking a meaningless example.
Good luck on the AP Psych tomorrow!
Just started taking psychology and thought: "why not have a crash course marathon"? It's incredibly interesting and I never get bored, thank you for creating these videos
3:55 lol that sneaky guy in the foreground, hiding behind the brown bottle, observing Hank in his natural environment is a nice touch by the graphics team xD
I can't be the only one cramming for the AP psych exam monday right?
+Rose Books I'm doing the same
+Casa Luttrell Good luck!!
+Rose Books Monday morning cram rn
literally me
me except it's tomorrow and I was introduced this lesson yesterday :D
We here all cramming despite what we learned in psychology.
When I attend a lecture I find the speakers that don't allow enough time between thoughts are the hardest to follow. I feel like the "Crash Course" videos are doing the same thing. They edit out any space or breath the speaker takes. When writing an essay a writer would make sure punctuation is correct and commas are used properly. This creates a realistic flow of words and sentences in essays. Listening to this video is like reading an essay with all those commas and periods taken out. In their attempt to maintain attention and make an efficient learning video Crash Course has created a piece of work that holds valuable information but uses a poor delivery. So much that the learning and memorizing process are slowed. Please edit your videos so they convey thoughts in a matter not solely focused on the amount of info shared in a short time but on the amount of info taught and retained most efficiently. I do appreciate the videos even though I feel they're a bit rushed. Thanks
The point is that you can always rewind it
Many people wouldn't have the patience to watch a one hour long video, so they make it short... Then for whoever is interested they can do their own research to expand on what they say, or as the comment above pointed out, just rewind. Great video nonetheless!
I understand that they benefit from making a shortened version that is more focused on total views over making an easy to follow lecture. Makes sense, as they are doing this for free otherwise. I guess my point is, I wish videos would take more of a traditional lecture format rather than a voracious editing of any empty space. I find the video very useful, but I am not a fan of rewinding any video over and over again.
I just tend to watch them three or four times each. It works a treat.
LebannersHook Yeah, do what Caitlin Quick does, it really helps, it's not intended to be a long video because we can always rewind points that we don't comprehend immediately.
As a psych student, the CC is a fantastic resource!!
l don't know how but did land on your channel. after hearing you speak man, I've realised that you're actually rhyming on the big words and slowing down your tone on simpler ones. Guess ur like a Word rocker. nice one! I did like intuitive bit. Truth to it, its more common. People tend to work with what thy know. Big thanks to you and your team for your time and efforts.