Africa's First High-Speed Rail System| Gautrain: Africa's Golden Train | Spark
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- Опубліковано 24 чер 2021
- The Gautrain rail project was one of the biggest construction jobs in the southern hemisphere in recent years - a hugely ambitious scheme that has put South Africa among leading nations with a state of the art high-speed rail transport system. The sheer scale of this massive engineering feat, completed in the midst of the daily bustle of two of South Africa's largest cities, has been hard to imagine. It involved burrowing through some of the hardest rock in the world, firming up risky sink-hole terrain and building of massive superstructures that have changed the face of Johannesburg and Pretoria. But questions remain whether the Gautrain will solve the transport problems of South Africa's economic heartland..... where the car is still king!
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Content licensed from Off The Fence to Little Dot Studios. Video originally produced in 2010.
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#SouthAfrica #Gautrain #Trains - Наука та технологія
I'm Ugandan. Each time I go to Johannesburg this is my train, I keep my train card with me together with ATM card.... It's a wonderful train..... My best train to commute to Pretoria... Impressive
The video is from 2010, today in 2021 South Africa is one of the most corrupt dangerous countries on the planet. Gautrain expansion halted because money stolen, corruption, a network of rails stolen carted away, nepotism, racist government. Socialism, looming expropriation of property. Another African disaster. The old African story. Prosperity departed for other countries.
@ I feel you bro. I often come to SA but as a foreigner I have less to say on local issues I observe whenever I'm there, though my girlfriend is actually from Durban in SA.
Whatever you say is possibly true even from my eyes and I must be honest, There's no other African countries that's as bad on crime like SA is today, in fact the only country where local friends will arm you with dozens of caution to survive but regardless, I still was robbed 2yrs ago while moving out of park station in Johannesburg in daylight at 3pm and I lost all my money and bag, and police watching 😂😂😂😂.... I know that's bad publicity and I want to blame myself but I have hope for SA only when it gets a true capitalist leadership that takes no nonsense to things ... Because the country has lots of potential but sad if it's being driven underground....... I want a prosperous Gauteng and prosperous SA.
Thanks for your sharing bro
@ of course , a disgruntled white South African here to air his grievances and dis our country and hang our dirty linen before the world. Come on man, be positive. South Africa is still a beautiful county.
@@mugumyapaultheafricannomad9488 Bro, please. You agree with a white South African against a black South African government. You have been given a bate and you took it. The whole of Africa is a mess , and Uganda is no better. One man has ruled that. Country for over 30 years. Go figure. At least South Africa is a vibrant democracy.
@Peter Mercado That is unfortunate. I have heard people who bribed traffic cops, the same people complained about corruption. Go figure.
Fellow South Africans, let's unite again. We did it, 2010 world cup, Gautrain, etc. After covid, let's unite to rebuild.
The only way things went south after World cup
We try but there always negative people here
Putting Zuma in prison was a great start. I wish SA the best though, very promising economically but decades of segregation and corruption stopped it from achieving great
@Adam true, but his imprisonment has sparked violence throughout the country, lets hope things improve!
@@ishaannag4545 Cyril Ramaphosa, he isnt much better
I took the Gautrain a few years ago while visiting South Africa. I wouldn't call it high speed for european standards, but it's a very good train service close to what we have in Europe.
its not
Maroc has opened (2018) the really first, really highspeed ( 300 plus kph) train between Casablanca and Tangier - Travelling at upto 320 kmh - over twice the speed of the Gauteng train - has cut the 300 km trip to just on 2 hours including all stops. The train is based on the famous French TGV Train Grande Vitesse (High Speed Train)
This train has helped a lot, traveling to Pretoria is now effortless, hop into your Uber to the station then take the train, more safe and quick
I use this train regularly. It really is a pleasure to use and the service around it is excelent. I hope they open more stations in Gauteng soon, traffic for commuters is a real issue here.
They were but Covid hit man
I traveled by car from the northern suburbs to the airport by car since I was a kid in the 1960s. To blast over to ORT from Sandton in 14 minutes is mind boggling and I am always appreciative what the train has done for the metroplex
After 30 year, U.S. is still waiting for their high-speed rail to finish.
Actually, we're still waiting for it to start.
@@maestromecanico597 there are section build on California.
@@user-cw2py6wh8l (Yawn)
You guys have high speed what these guys are calling high speed. 160kmph/ 100mph is not high speed. If you really wanna high speed look at Japan and France.
@@rohitgoyal7258 I live in a fairly large city in the US, and the one Amtrak line that serves our area runs at under 100mph, and it only stops once per day in each direction. The one commuter rail line we have tops out at 79mph. Our public transit rail operates at 20-50mph. It looks to me like they did a pretty good job.
The way I rely on Gautrain to get to Work and Varsity, love Gautrain❤
I went on the gua train and was amazed to realize that is is literally a high speed subway one of the most amazing and beautiful trains I've ever been on
I went on it once and a lady stood next to me with her hand resting on my head. I looked at her like wtf are you doing, but she took no notice and just carried on with her hand on my head, for the entire journey ... first and last time.
This is a good joke. It is a joke, right? Right?
So how tall was this lady ?
I'm sorry, this made me laugh so hard.
You must be joking
And you let this happen HOW 🤔
All I can say is it is very efficient , always on time . It’s amazing, I wish they can be ambitious have it in all cities.
I fucking love it when my people work together
Then you must be impressed at the efficiency, unity and throughness that the looters displayed over the last 3 days.
@@user-rc9qi6yp6k Why did you have to be so miserable in your own life that you had to comment on somebody’s own comment that does not reference what you’re talking about. Go crawl back under your rock and stay there. Thanks.
I have been on the Gautrain a few times, very convenient as traffic between Johannesburg and Pretoria can be very stressful...Refreshing to watch something positive about South Africa
The most beautiful train ever, Can't wait to ride it again!
Also 99 MPH is quite fast but the train can do 125 so this it's classified as high speed rail. But if the speed of the cars are with no traffic doing 40-60 MPH and this train is consistently pushing 100 MPH THEN YES ITS A HIGH SPEED TRANSIT SYSTEM. And yes it's awesome 😎 took it when I went to south Africa 4 years ago and we just rode the trains all day long on a 24 hour layover at OR Tambo amazing train I still have the GOLD CARD btw
As far as I know, none of the other Electrostars have run at 125mile/h [200km/h], some of them can do 110mile/h [180km/h] at most. Might be possible but at least with the GB ones, I think crash regulations make it difficult (though Gautrain might have it easier, being fully segregated, in another country and I believe with a continuous supervising ATP system)?
Impressive achievement for a small but rising economy
isn't it interesting what countries can do when the people consider everyone and not their little patch of ground?
So true.
It does way better with everyone included but some parties don't see it that way.
Two reasons the Gautrain runs on 1435 mm standard gauge, not 1065 mm Cape gauge: they bought high speed versions of Bombardier's Electrostar regional service MUs, essentially off the shelf design. And the story is planners wanted to keep other rail companies from encroaching on Gautrain lines.
Ps Gautrain lost its title of Africa's fastest train when Moroccan railways opened its Al Boraq high speed rail based on the French TGV.
If south africa could have a morocco style train system then the congestion and transport issues affecting the country will be permanently solved.
Morocco is the model. Al Boraq is very advanced.
Alright my fellow South Africans. Lets push for the expansion of Gautrain. HydePark, Bryanston, Sandown, Sunninghill, Waterfall, Steyn City, Lynwood, Atterbury, Menlyn, Brooklyn, Hazeldean.
MENLYN EXPANSION WOULD BE GREAT!
already busy with expansion plans, check out their website
I would like to see modern rails that links all the countries of this exciting and resource filled continent . Africa is the best kept secret for everything .
Something to be proud of
A lot of the continent is actually disconnected from one another due to harsh climates or rough terrain, so you probably won’t see that sadly
@@adamaviation6236 Did you see how the Chinese overcame their obstacles like the Terra frost etc. to get their high speed railway completed ? If there's a will it can be done .
@@adamaviation6236 b.s it will happen it's only a matter of time, already there is the West African highway, and now Nigeria has built a rail line from across Nigeria to Niger republic and is building another line to Cameroon, Ghana is doing the same, the hope is that each country will build their parts of the line and connect it to their neighbouring country. For the west African railway, you can see all these on Wikipedia.
Very proud
And for the people comparing Gautrain to PRASA , guys its just a matter to time before PRASA gets up to Guatrain standards
South African Airways has been privatised
Private companies are now allowed to produce up to 100mw of electricity , which means mines that use most of the electricity can go off the grid leaving enough electricity for homes
They have been testing and locally manufacturing new Gibela trains to replace the old yellow ones
Sooner or later PRASA will be privatised and South Africa will once again , have a fully working METRO train system
Don't become despondent , trust me I know there are negatives , many of them , but surely we are entitled to a bit of good news too right ?
If you can acknowledge the negatives but relish the positives then we as South Africans will build a country to be proud of
In Canada we call this train the Sky train... Loved SA the last time I lived there. Cape town was my favorite place
Hoe gaan dit?
I am proudly South African and proud about this high speed train, however,,,, it does not hold the title for "first high speed train" in South Africa nor Africa as a whole. South Africa had a high speed train during the 70's and 80's already. Built on local technology produced a train "Metroblitz" which ran for 12 months strictly between Johannesburg and Pretoria but the test train unit ran at a staggering 240km/h. This local technology put South Africa clearly ahead on the continent back then already. Nothing can stop us now,,, we can build these high speed trains right here. We are building trains ( diesel/electric hybrids, electric loco's, diesel loco's and carriages for cargo and passengers) for local rail and other African countries. Sky is not the limit.
The risk of derailment on cape gauge is just too high for a commuter link. Even with decades of advances the state of the art Units can safely run on a max of 160kph but requires specialised pantographs. The tests you must be referring to would be the pantograph tests that were done for British Rail using South African Class 6E locomotives (freight locomotives). The tests were done between Rosslyn and De Wildt. BTW, Gautrain isn't high speed either, it is a rapid rail intercity system. Rapid Rail is 160kph+ where the most generous classification of high speed will be 200kph+. Our fist real high speed will be Jo'burg -Durban or maybe even Cape Town - George Town at the rate George is growing.
"High Speed"
Goes as fast as a Regional train in Europe.
Compared to everything else in SA, it is high speed. The old narrow gauge trains don’t go above 60 kph and the long distance intercity trains barely reach 80 kph.
@Max Yes, and also the quality of the interior pretty much reminds me of the "regional express" or "intercity 2" trains here in Germany.
But @Jacques, you're also right. A 160 km/h train definitely makes sense if everything you had before was slower. Faster trains are important for economic development (and also for ecological and social reasons).
Maybe they'll some day discover the need for even faster trains, like the ICE, TGV or Shinkansen.
I really can't imagine life without this train 😅 I can't remember how I coped prior to 2010. Moved to Cape Town in 2017 and I struggled so much at first I couldn't adjust to life without the Gautrain for commuting
I’m the uk, electrostars are a bit of a meh train so it’s really intriguing seeing this
A train that changed Africa? Africa is a continent with countries, its like saying the M5 motorway changed Europe.
This train takes convenience to another level. I wouldn't have caught my flight the one time had it not been for the Gautrain.
This is the South African version of the Bombardier Electrostar and honestly, it looks way cooler than the original UK version of it, great job South Africa !
Yeah, would have loved to have had an Electrostar that looked like that for GB, matter of fact the Gautrain sets still beat any Aventra in the beauty department!
I was born and raised in Suid-Afrika. The place has changed so much over years since I left, I be too terrified now to return. If I could. But I sure do miss the food,
@@satyam1338 The video is from 2010, today in 2021 South Africa is one of the most corrupt dangerous countries on the planet. Gautrain expansion halted because money stolen, corruption, a network of rails stolen carted away, nepotism, racist government. Socialism, looming expropriation of property. Another African disaster. The old African story. Prosperity departed for other countries.
@ You hit the nail on the head. The town where I lived was at the time, pretty safe and no problems. I loved it, it was a carefree (almost) life. Now people are being raped and murdered in their own homes. Why? Simple, because they can and know they will never be caught and charged.
I guess you miss your apartheid days ... it's better if you never come back and talk about South Africa again.
@ lol man don't lie. Gauteng has been hugely successful. Expansions have been postponed because of the decrease in demand caused by remote work
@@DarkChasmGamers LOL You probably live in a bubble called Midstream Estate and you are a beneficiary of BEEEEEEEE. For the rest of us it's not so LOL.
It's a nice swift, efficient commuter train that was badly needed and seems to be a success, but the way they keep calling it "high speed rail" is stretching things just a bit. Compared to what generally is an intercity, longer distance, limited stop train at somewhat higher speeds.
OK, so I was one of those sceptics when this project was announced but in the end I was convinced of the success of all this. It is all extremely well managed, secure, clean, efficient and rules are strictly enforced. However, I used the Gautrain for the first time in March this year, and I was rather disconcerted by the sporadic poor ride quality in places. I grew up in a railway family and my father was in private railway maintenance his whole life and a railway line is like a road, you notice the level of maintenance in the ride quality. I can't say that I have ever seen a tamping machine on the Gautrain line, but I'm open for correction.
Interesting documentary and very impressive rail route.
After hearing only devastating news about South Africa for years I hope the country will ultimately recover and the hatred and violence will vanish.
Starting in your mini skull?
The high-speed train is already running in Morocco, Al Boraq.
Best solution for the unbearable traffic between Joburg and Pretoria
Legend has it that a guy tried to steal gautrain track but didn't realise the train would be there so fast. He's been floating in space since 2012 from the impact
160 km/h or 160 mph? well for a 40km ride, guess 160hm/h is enough yeah...
160 km/h
Been there, got on it, and it was nice. I live all the way across the Atlantic in the state of South Carolina USA. I would love to go there again. I enjoyed every bit of the Guatrain and South Africa. Somebody please give me info on how I can travel back there please. Thanks
Charleston to New York, New York to Johannesburg, or stopover in Rio de Janeiro
Quite a impressive train🚂🚋🚃🚋🚃🚋🚃 system 👍
🔥🐉🐲🐉🔥
I hope that south africa, one day will have these trains running throught the country! But this is a vague dream of course, we have to be optimistic !
We have many trains dude since 200 years ago...Jy weet fokkel huh
@@francoiswilliams Dit is seker die mees tappet reply op iemand se comment wat ek nog ooit gesien het. Was jy moertoe dronk toe jy dit getik het, of is dit maar net hoe jy in die algemeen is?
En jys heeltemal verkeerd, SA het nie treine gehad 200 jaar terug nie. Duidelik weet JY fokkol. HUH!!
Very impressive. Africa seriously needs more infrastructure investment like this. Congratulations to all concerned.
India🇮🇳 India
Congrats South Africa 🇿🇦
Been over 10years hasn't it? Have there been follow up project after follow up project or was this it until the next century?
Inkredibol stuff
It's a need. I cannot stress how convenient the Gautrain has made things
Very interesting documentary
propaganda
The actual train is based off of the Electrostar family of trains. Predominantly used in the South of England
Gautrain is great, but we need an actual high speed rail (300kph+) in the Western Cape! 🇿🇦🇿🇦
This is so hard, and the U.S. gave up all this track land that it could be using now.
The next time I go to Johannesburg I'll make sure I use the Gautrain.
You won’t regret.
80% of travel per day are to locations such as Boksburg, Randburg, Brakpan, Springs, Krugersdorp that are not covered by the Gautrain. Thus, no solution to the traffic problem.
In Pretoria there is already a bridge that has shifted a few meters sideways. Near Johannesburg is already a track that trains have derailed because it is wobbly. There are so many thing wrong, that it outweight's the positives.
Why does Joburg get all the cool stuff 😂😂😂😂
It did fuck all. Its priced high. The areas surroundig the stations are rife with crime. Its a tourist route as well. So not very useful for most of the people.
Yup. China does it right.
@@knockhello2604 Wtf what does China have to do with this?
@@knockhello2604 Has NOTHING to do with China
It is time to change all trains in S.A. to High Speed Rail. Seeing the other country's are doing. The future is moving full steam ahead. REGARDS
I like slow trains btw
Luckily this was in the 2000s before Jacob Zuma and his friends went on a looting frenzy, otherwise this project would’ve never been completed successfully.
Unfortunately COVID-19 also came and derailed a further 160km to Soweto and the Brakpan.
So whats your problem ah
@@francoiswilliams What?
They should expand after we get rid of the ANC
So apparently 160kmh is "high speed" rail now. I'll let Japan, France.. Germany, Spain, Italy, Russia, China, South Korea and Taiwan know that something HALF their speed is equal.
160kph is fast enough, rich countries are mad about fast trains, it's waste of money like an Italian, German and English man bragging about who makes the fastest super car,doesn't make any difference to most people.
Gautrain is not a long distance train, it is basically a commuter train that should allow people in Gauteng to quickly access the airport without going through jo'burg traffic, making it go any faster doesn't make any sense since it has to frequently stop on relatively short distances. If you factor in speed and comfort by taking into account the amount of g's people can take on acceleration and deceleration, then the speed cannot be faster
@@rickynchisaira Thats all fine and dandy you gotta use it based on the right purposes but then you shouldnt call it a high speed rail
For Dutch people, 160 km/h trains is highspeed.
@@hendrikdependrik1891 Nice small country, there is no need for high speed. Just slow weed 😉
A story about an African train and over 90% of the key people interviewed about it aren't black. Interesting
Yes quite interesting, but this video is more than a decade old.
Thumbs up to the demolishing engineers,
Is the Gau a 1067 or 1435 gauge?
So SA built a train network, how exactly did that change "AFRICA"?
Train is the future.
They sold them the networker body shell did they! But good to see it was a success
metro rail is great! you need to update it once a century
The metro blitz was the first high speed rail in Africa. It was faster that the Gautrain
High speed ?
High speed is 320 km/h on the bullet train in Japan. And China.
Germany built Inter City trains in the 1980s that travelled at 250 km/h.
And TGV in France. Over 300 km/h.
But yeah, Gautrain is good. Much needed.
Luckily they built this before the looters started stealing all the money .
Wait South Africa had HSR in 2010 and the US can't even do it in 2021? What the fuck, lol.
Ther are a lot of trains in the USA that go 100mph .
0:25 "Africa's first high-speed rail system"? No, that title goes to Morocco, the 300 km/h Al-Boraq line opened 2018. Gautrain has been around a little longer, first line opened for regular operation 2010 but it's not really high speed, more like a 160 km/h fast-commuter system. As the Morocco example shows you don't have to apply different standards for Africa when defining high speed.
Agreed, can't call Gautrain "high speed" if you're not going to call the commuter railways of London* "high speed" too. There's a generally agreed upon definition for what counts as "high speed", and Gautrain doesn't need to be labelled as "high speed" when there are so many other positive points that can be raised without breaking definitions...
(* and before someone mentions HS1, go away, you know what I meant!)
Al Boraq in Morocco is Africa's first high speed rail actually
It looks like the Gautrain is built to the UK loading gauge, i.e. quite narrow compared to other European trains. Since the line is standard gauge track on a newly built right of way why this unnecessary confined passenger space? It doesn't cost significantly more to build a wider train with more comfort. Only to be able to use prefabricated parts from the UK? Or cars already in use there? The assembly in ZA needs not to be restricted to prior design considerations like the existing loading gauge in the UK. With a 2+2 seat configuration the prupose of comfortable travel is compromised, unnecessarily in my view.
And Americans still think Africa is all the same.
The only thing that Gautrain has changed in South Africa, is the lifestyle of the involved politicians and their contractor cronies...
It's in Africa so who really cares
@@donvito5647 it’s good to care about people. I care.
@@freewithnature nobody else should
@@donvito5647 You are twisted bud what is your problem
Looks like a class 170 turbostar
At least you got the class number right this time round.
This is one of the wealthy ways rich people stay rich we owe shit tons of cash like billions!!!
Its also part of the Bombardier Electrostar family but built for Gautrain. And I think it's classed as Class 300.
Extend it all the way to Egypt :)
I think it would be better for all of Africa to develop its infrastructure using Western engineering companies instead of the Chinese. Well done South Africa.
Lol. Snail's pace and overinflated
Nah don't hate the Chinese don't ve racist
China is really experienced at building train infrastructure.
China is now better than Europe in terms of rail infrastructure engineering. Only competing with Japan
Clearly someone's living in the past. Chinese are equally good if not better when it comes to infrastructure.
I don't think this project is really the big deal that this video portrays. There are big issues to be addressed in Africa not trains
Congestion/traffic and its consequences (e.g. air quality and road safety being direct issues, but also the time lost in traffic for example) isn't a big issue in African cities?
This title is definately clickbait. Im an african and this is the first time i am hearing of this train. Wtf?
Its only in Gauteng so its a reach to say it changed Africa
Why not hyper loop?
Because then they would be still planing or maybe testing. Besids hyperloop is not a very good option for commuter and regional rail. Compare a train for 200 persons every 12 minutes to a hyper-pot for max 5 persons every minute
Think big! Some ppl will always be poor no matter wat u do, progress the nation
Not high speed - this is a regular commuter train 💀 at 160km/h, Morocco has the first and only high speed rail in Africa with service speeds of 320km/h
What? They call a 160 km/h high speed? First of all that's Semi High Speed! Also it's the only train that runs at 160? Dude that looks more like a metro rather than a train.
Still good work SA.
What would you define as high speed?
@@DarkChasmGamers On normal tracks around 200-250 kmph and on special tracks atleast 300-350 kmph.
Well we consider it a high speed cz instead of the 1 hour train ride from Johannesburg to O.R.Tambo, that journey is 15 minutes in Gautrain.
@@jai9983 yeah but India is calling it a semi high speed(which it's should be) and not high speed. And it's sad to see India purchasing the train from a Foreign country. It should've been self made.
@@muzingwenya64 Hmm, I am not sure if terms are considered on the basis of time of travel. It is considered on the speed.
😕How can a train change an entire continent?
Rarely commenting but today I did.
Maina, wakenya mko kila pahali on UA-cam
@@b.3940 🤣🤣🤣Yes baana. Nilianzana na hii channel 2019 baana na sijawai comment
@@MajorMaina_M hau naho
@@b.3940 🤣🤣Mundu wa Nyumba. Subscribe gwakwa maani
@@MajorMaina_M channel yaku itagwatia atia
The video title is overexaggerating the Gautrain role. Changed South Africa as a country? Maybe. But definitely not changed Africa as a whole. I have just checked online. It is just a 80 miles commuter train in South Africa. LOL. Comparing with the newly completed railroad between Mombasa and Nairobi built in Kenya, it is not much.
. You mean the railway constructed by the Chinese?
taxi mini buses have there place but will never do what metro rail should be able to
Got to say, opening this video with the image of 'black people dancing' is a stunningly colonial viewpoint of Africa.
Pity the rest of SAs rail network is allowed to go to shit by the ANC
Apartheid troll. Australia is waiting for you. I'm so happy in my country and I'm enjoying the freedom we fought so hard for. Thanks God I'm free at last
You are so bitter nhe. ANC has done a lot for blacks. We have gautrain thanks to the ANC. Go and join your cousins in Australia and New Zealand if you don't like it here
@@donaldmacdonald9993 just starting the, not everybody is able to use the Gautrain. Can a person from Soweto or Lenasia use it? They can't because it doesn't go there. Meanwhile what has the ANC done to improve Metrorail?🤔
2023 is this train still running?
Yes
first high speed train in africa? does the al boraq not exist?
The Gautrain is 10 years old whilst Al Boraq is barely 3 years old. Technology and its cost effectiveness has come a long way. Just compare a phone from 2010 to one in 2018. So be fair when comparing the two anyways Africa is still winning with both.
@@YBehri Totally disagree it was Morroco that left the AU not the rest of us. I think it is some in Morroco with an identity problem some believe their country is in Europe.
Where does this bloke get his weird accent from?
Lol. Which one :-D
@@Autovetus The one who is doing the commentary.
@@Autovetus lol
I know right, asked myself the same question.
you see how almost all managers on this project were either white or Indian .. what a lovely country
Julius probably furious
Is that what you got out of the documentary? You do realise government (mostly black) would’ve selected companies most competent to handle this?
Most of civil engineering managers building skyscrapers in China are Europeans. Experience talks buddy
park station is so badly layed out and nothing is really connected
The train that changed África indeed was Stimella, the rest is bull shit.
Is South Africa the only sub-Saharan country that is capable of building a rail network along with trains? All other sub-Saharan nations outsource this responsibility.
Hh kenya,Tanzania,nigeria and Rwanda trains are way faster and more are under construction this year google it😅
@@mesut7699: Kenya'a highest speed is about 120km/h (even slower than Gautrain, which isn't that fast to begin with) and as mentioned in the OP, was outsourced to China. Tanzania I believe is equal speed and is Turkey, similar stories for the others.
The ANC has stolen more than a R3 trillion rand, we could have built trains to all major cities from scratch. But unfortunately that didn't happen. China built 10 000 kilometres of new track, we've built nothing since 2011...