Are We Ready to Edit the Fetal Genome?
Вставка
- Опубліковано 2 сер 2024
- Visit www.asgct.org/education for more free resources on gene and cell therapy, including progress on a number of promising treatments already in development.
Gene therapy is really complicated both scientifically and ethically. But it also has the potential to do some amazing things - like treating life threatening diseases in babies before they are even born.
Hosted by: Hank Green
SciShow has a spinoff podcast! It's called SciShow Tangents. Check it out at www.scishowtangents.org
----------
Support SciShow by becoming a patron on Patreon: / scishow
----------
Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters: Greg, Alex Schuerch, Alex Hackman, Andrew Finley Brenan, Sam Lutfi, D.A. Noe, الخليفي سلطان, Piya Shedden, KatieMarie Magnone, Scott Satovsky Jr, Charles Southerland, Patrick D. Ashmore, charles george, Kevin Bealer, Chris Peters
----------
Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet?
Facebook: / scishow
Twitter: / scishow
Tumblr: / scishow
Instagram: / thescishow
----------
Sources:
cen.acs.org/pharmaceuticals/g...
www.nature.com/articles/3300991
www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefec...
cen.acs.org/articles/94/i45/G...
www.nature.com/articles/s4159...
www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056...
clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/N...
www.scientificamerican.com/ar...
www.mayoclinic.org/tests-proc...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1...
www.nature.com/articles/d4158...
Image Sources:
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/gen...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/gen...
www.istockphoto.com/vector/dn...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/vir...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PB...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/3d-...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/7-m...
www.videoblocks.com/video/dna...
www.videoblocks.com/video/sci...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
glucocerebrosidase
www.istockphoto.com/photo/glu...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
www.videoblocks.com/video/vir...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/thi...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/pre...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/pre...
www.videoblocks.com/video/cel...
www.istockphoto.com/vector/fa...
www.istockphoto.com/vector/dn...
www.videoblocks.com/video/ult...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/lab...
www.videoblocks.com/video/art...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/clo...
www.istockphoto.com/vector/do...
www.istockphoto.com/vector/he...
www.istockphoto.com/vector/mi...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/a-t...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/chi...
www.videoblocks.com/video/abs...
www.videoblocks.com/video/rat...
www.istockphoto.com/photo/man...
Muscle hank was modified from birth to be as strong as possible
I miss muscle hank
I don't miss muscle hank, now we might get something more interesting or insightful as top comments instead of the same garbage over and over.
LazyLife IFreak you seem fun at parties lol
What happened to him?
David Stinnett Muscle Hank edited his own DNA with his bare hands.
Someday they will "edit the fetal genome," but they better be careful.
Wouldn't want a typo creating a fatal gnome.
A fatal gnome sounds like something from D&D
The problem is the accuracy of doing so, not to mention the amount of embryos sacrificed just to make this viable.
@David Gutowski the problem here is that it was already a fertilized zygote/blastocyst before CRISPR is applied... Which alone opens a Pandora's box of ethics both of the creation, implantation, AND disposal of viable/failed zygotes/embryos.
Designer babies prior is just selection of viable germ cells that haven't been fertilized... While CRISPR REQUIRES it.
Elijahn Sapuay to me a human starts being a human once he becomes self aware. Which is about 1 to 2 years of age. Before that its just a lump.
I mean, Keemstar exists.
_I am NOT sorry for the 3 year old meme_
not gonna lie, i initially read the title as "Are we ready for fetal gnomes" and felt a deep, unending terror.
Haha!
We will create the perfect shaggy baby
There are consequences to our actions so to act in a way that potentially leads to calamity is arguably foolish and immoral... but there are also consequences to inaction, more certain consequences. If we don't pursue genetic editing people will die. The longer we wait around debating the ethicacy of gene editing the more people will die. We owe it to all the people who have died already to attack the problems that plague us at the source, to throw ourselves at the problem as a spiecies. Even with the crude tools we have now we could make leaps and strides towards conquering the inevitability of death yet we don't. I'm not saying we should be reckless, far from it, but if we're sitting around having to debate whether or not using gene editing will be safe or worth it we're clearly not throwing enough resources at the problem to make it good enough.
-Genome- _Gnome_
Espyn Hyatt how can you hate how to properly clean your metal computer, do you not want know how to clean your metal computer
Now we have a @@connorgleeson9324 as well?
This is getting out of hand...
Every time I see genome in text.
And you've been... Gnoooomed
We deserve Elder Gnome Children.
I honestly don't see a big problem with any of it until someone outside of the medical field takes an interest. (And you know they will.) Like, the military. That creates all kinds of conspiratorial ideas. Super soldiers! Ethics are out the window by the time we even consider that kind of thing.
Lmao Sims character customization screen is becoming a reality
Except u still don’t get to choose urself
@@julietblue9873 *I will speak to them through the egg*
Will eating melons determine my kid's race and gender?
My god.
@Azure Vizor
GIVE ME THE SALT, MMMM THAT WAS DEEEELICIOUS.
(I didn't know about the apple and melons trick, Good thing to know about on my next play.)
But should it?
Gene Therapy is really cool and awesome and so recent! It's really cool that we are coming closer to treating diseases before they even are a problem!
Love Hank Green so much. I only watch the Sci Shows with him in it. Thank you, Hank
I was born with a disease that causes blindness around the early 20's, I stand among the most to gain from gene therapy and the concept of designer babies scares me more than almost anything else. I think the scariest part is the question of who decides what is and is not a disease worth treating.
The gene therapy for Hemophilia isnt exactly as you said. The vector does not simply "order" the body to produce factor 8. The hemophilic gene is corrupted, the protein produced doesnt work and it's destroyed by the proteasome. The vector injects into liver cells the correct sequence of bases in order to produce correct proteins and prevent haemorrhages.
"Is this science interfering with evolution." We are so far removed from evolution because of modern tech/medicine that question is pointless. Everything else should still be heavily considered
It's subtle but not removed.
I agree. We are at a point where we may actually need to compensate for lack of natural evolution. I dont want a future where almost everyone suffers from some hereditary disease or handicap because our genes have been allowed to degrade for too long. In todays society we treat the sick people who wouldnt survive without the treatment and take care of people who cant take care of themself even long after their childhood, people get welfare if anything goes wrong etc. its almost impossible to die from bad genetics so that means those genes are allowed to pass on. But people with a bad genetics will still suffer from from the diseases or handicaps that brings and it weakens humanity as a whole.
If anything we need to compensate by editing out diseases from our genes.
@@zakosist The thing about evolution is that it doesn't choose what is best for a situation, only what works now and most likely what works at a minimum. Plus, that situation will always change. A hereditary disease or handicap may become an asset in the future. Look at malaria and sickle cell anemia. Besides, everyone probably has some form of hereditary disease or handicap. Your chance for one rare genetic disease may be 1 in a million. But what are the chances you have any one of the millions of rare genetic diseases out there? Our genes won't degrade naturally as long as people live long enough to reproduce. Billions of years have attested to that.
We can treat diseases as they come but actually altering the genome is more controversial since its adding unknown variables to our future. It may possibly bring about a period of unprecedented health. It may also possibly sterilize mankind. To suffer mental degradation and wither away is tragic but if they have children, they have a future. There is no hope if we cannot even have a future.
In 2003, we finished mapping the human genome. That is the equivalent of a toddler learning how to open a book. Yet the toddler is illiterate and the book is on nuclear science. Right now the toddler is learning what some of the words mean and is years away from understanding the contents of the book.
So until the toddler gets a degree in nuclear science, he should not be allowed to build nuclear reactors.
The huge problem with fetal gene modification is that you cannot test whether the modification was successful in all cells, only in some cells (mosaic) or not at all until the embryo is at least halfway developed. If during the first few cell divisions only a single cell would be damaged by some testing method, the embryo would die.
Love the views presented here, have seen too many negative 'designer baby' arguments since i was in high school (7 years ago). Even after studying a degree in biomedical science and and a master of pharmacy, still learnt a lot to tell people about gene editing from this.
Truly fascinating video. Love this channel 😊❤
When I was in middle school (over 20 years ago) I wrote some short stories & one of them had science that had those manufactured viruses that could change your features. If you wanted to change your hair color or eye color there was just a pill for it. I was inspired after learning how viruses worked. I asked my teacher if you could engineer a virus to change a gene instead of make you sick & she told me yes in theory & signed me up for an extra science program where I got to video conference astronauts while they were on the space station... I had also written a short story on how we triggered the next ice age by trying to over correct climate change. My 8th grade science teacher loved me (& so did my English teachers)!
I say keep editing as long as it makes the world a better place
Finally before Muscle Hank and Justin Y......
Well done son
Justin Y has autismburgers
I mean assburger
I like how his eyes were glowing at 2:48 when he said that lol
Once we've done a whole lot more research, I greatly support the use of gene editing for purposes beyond restoring people to what we currently call 'healthy'.
I work in this field rn and can’t wait to actually get it all going.
Find that super power gene yet?
@@jakethejax Well the white shark genome has just been sequenced, and theres some possible candidates for genes that could work to help cure cancer and age-related dementia. Not sure if those count under your definition of super power, but its a start in my opinion.
you might have to work in a secret government lab for now
@@kercchan3307 Maybe I do already? Couldnt tell you for sure though
Can’t wait to edit some 🧬
I totally do it. In the last 12 years 5 people from my family was diagnosed with ALS and from 2013 to 2018 every single one of them died, including my mom. So I absolutely would want to prevent hypothetical future children of mine don't having to deal with this horrible disease.
You might need to use IVF/genetic screening to ensure this until the tech comes along
@@kercchan3307 Yes, i don't think, unfortunately, I will become a mother, but if there's an opportunity I will probably, actually definitely, do that. But I don't know if it's possible because the gene mutation that cause this disease in my family wasn't identified so we don't have how to know yet before the symptoms appears, do I don't know if these options you said could be done. But thank you very much.
My class just did a short project on this last week
Videos where Hank hosts the show get more views. Hope I'm not the first one to notice this. He has this newscaster quality about him I like and I think many others do as well :D!
Love your videos. They are so interesting
Thank you.
It is a good question to think about. Would I edit my kids genes, or my own, to make sure my child to be is a super baby?
I'd like my kid to be smart , not bald, tall, and have a superior immune system.
On a side note, does anyone know if China plans on sterilizing the twin girls that were gene edited to be more resistant to Aids? I know there was some worry about how they would be affected and any potential kids they might have.
Designer babies becoming sterile?
That would make gene editing as useless as breeding ligers.
I wish this was widely available 30’years ago
The disclaimer about designer babies was so very carefully worded. It was amusing, and I think beneath you.
This will happen. Someone will do it. And all this tap-dancing about ethics committee is about scientists being afraid of people talking about this. "Relax, we have it all under control." is the opposite of reassuring. This is not a question where "just trust us." is an appropriate answer.
Similar topic to this- can you guys do a video on 'cord blood banking?'
1:18 That doesn't actually sound so different to normal viruses. They deliver instructions, only those are to make more viruses.
Yes, that's right. A viral vector is just like a virus, except it only contains the genetic code for the gene it is designed to deliver, and contains none of the genetic material encoding how to make more viruses.
As a mom, if I knew my baby had a disorder that would definitely kill her/him, I would gladly accept an experimental treatment that ups that to a maybe.
If kept to treating life threatening, otherwise untreatable conditions, that's great. Beyond that is a pretty slippery slope.
We need to edit human genes.
It's our best way to explore space.
With proper editing we can develop a species that gets nutrients straight into the blood stream with no waste or very little that can be filtered out. No need for sex organs, and many internal organs.
This would help to prevent organ damage due to radiation, and the ability to easily have food from many rocky sources.
There is a reason Grey's look the way they do.
The color saturation on the shots of Hank looks stronger than usual...
I want this to be real as soon as possible. I don't want anyone to suffer through what I do.
crispr has not been shown to cause accidental mutations. there have been publications that indicate that, but the majority of the evidence (and the newer publications) do not suggest that this is true. of course the point still stands that we aren't completely sure yet, so human trials should still have to wait a few years.
I would use gene therapy to treat my rare disorder. Instead of relying on expensive hormone therapy. But, that is a ways off in my case since the gene defect isn't normal, and it took years just to find the cause ithat runs in my family.
Note: It's heritary, and my brothers and two nieces have it.
What concerns me more is the accidental creation of viruses. The origin of viruses isn't always understood, but we know that there used to be a now extinct dog species in America that only lives on in the form of a virus. The virus is the result of interbreeding that allowed the genetic material to become unstuck and spread. It's just dog enough to work it's way in, but just different enough to cause havoc.
The same might be true for human gene editing.
It's really an interesting question how much we can change to still qualify as a human (hello cat-girls and bunny-girls) or how much you could change in your own body and remain yourself. That's also a very tricky question as nearly no molecule will remain in your body for your entire life! You change with age both physically, personally and even mentally (memories do get corrupted)
I hope there is a way to edit genes in adults. I have ichthyosis vulgaris and it's a genetic skin condition I can only treat with special cream.
Lets just do it. If it goes wrong, do it again. We will get better at it over time.
What's going to blow this open is that since medical gene therapy will be covered under health insurance - it will remain expensive. However - the gene therapy for creating 'designer babies' will get cheaper all the time. And it will be impossible to prevent because any parent willing to pay $200,000 more for a house in a good school district will be willing to pay for the 'designer baby' that the think will have an advantage in life because desirable qualities were fine tuned. There probably already is research going on for tweaking the human genome for higher intelligence, athletic ability, good looks, etc. And this research will happen because the people who can do this will become very, very rich.
"interfering with evolution" evolution is what got us here from molecules to conscious beings for better survival. the goal is to spread our genes and we are only getting better at that with gene editing
Personally I am fully for gene editing if its used to treat actual diseases. And with very serious diseases I even think it could be worth taking risks as the babies will be doomed either way if they get them. But I dont think it should be used just to design whatever traits you want. So pretty much agree with the politics we already have on it.
Also for the gene editing interfering with evolution, we already are interfering with evolution when we take care of people who cant take care of themself (past early childhood) or give medical treatment to people who cant survive without it. If anything we need to compensate for lack of natural evolution that can allow some pretty bad genes to establish over time
I guess it boils down to does the good chance of discovering great things that benefit all of future humanity out weight the likelihood of potential harm.
I say go for it, the good of the many and all. We would learn a lot from it.
Like Vectorman? The old Sega game. SNES, too, I imagine. I first played it on the Sega Channel!!
Couldn’t be a better timing
I definitely read genome as gnome, was real confused for a second
so far we just give ourselves the occasional nudge towards the future, but we have always kept pushing and striving and that's something i love about people. we never give up on improving ourselves, even down to the very code that defines us. just wish we would stop throwing so much plastic in the oceans. and dumping toxic metals everywhere, and causing nasty radiation leaks into the ecosystem. but other than that we do pretty well for ourselves
I legit got a little scared when Hank's glasses reflected that red glare the moment he said "X-Men." Like he was becoming Cyclops.
I’d like to see a future where gene therapy can be used as medicine AND to customize the human body in cosmetic ways.
As Ray Bradbury put it we need to emphasize how to run these proverbial machines instead the machine itself.
Yeah whatever we all know what will happen here, first changing life threatening diseases, next preventing general disease, and then designer babies.
It is all a matter of time and changing mentally on the topic.
I don't think this should be limited to life-threatening conditions once we sufficiently understand it. Some diseases can be massively debilitating with no risk to an individual's life.
Mortal Gene Kombat - FETALITY!
In the future we will able to decide what our child would look like
Why do packages have those colored dots along the side?
Registration marks used in multi-colour printing, to make sure the right inks are going in the right places, and that each colour laid down lines up with the others.
The packaging is printed by speparate rollers doing one colour at a time.
Initially read the title as the Fatal Genome. I was very confused for a second lol.
I have a friend whose SIL has lost two children to Tay Sachs. It would be nice to treat that. Or Huntington's (my mom's first patient as a nurse was a teenager dying from Huntington's).
How is this different from using ultrasound to detect the sex (or tests for genetic diseases) & then deciding to abort or proceed with the pregnancy? They are all forms of selective breeding.
In my opinion abortion is murder. If gene-editing really becomes a thing, I think it should be limited to ruling out diseases. Customisations are unethical.
Nice video
i think that first thought about how we wont use editing genes to make designer baby's is a bit hopeful at best. if there is money to be made someone with do it so if someone will pay for the "perfect" baby some one will do or claim to do it at least those are my thoughts on it
On the subject of gene therapy. Could you do a video on albinism?
The fetal genome has already been edited once before when Muscle Hank was created
Evariste Galois bold of you to assume that’s not just his natural power
I think the premise of Kurt Vonnegut's "Galapagos" is a better idea
pause at 2:49
I hope this comes onto common use soon
Eventually someone someone somewhere will create a designer baby and evolution won't be affected anymore than when a child is born or saved through extraordinary means.
fitter, happier, more poductive
comfortable, not drinking too much
regular exercise at the gym, 3 days a week
All of this is possible without gene editing.
Imagine it: a doctor comes in a says the test indicate downs syndrome or hemophilia or any number of little horrors you had no idea existed until someone told you. Now instead of contemplating termination, you get a series of injections or a patch or a prescription for pills. Frankly, with care and forethought, I see no problem here.
we are always ready
Yes we need it asap
[Extreme Sunday night football song voice] Are we ready to edit the fetal genome!!
I think if the embryo have a mutation they're likely to die from anyway, you might as well try what you can.
Read this as "fatal", got worried about the twins for a bit.
Wont know till we try
What's the deal with 55 days being ethical for test animal's life spans?
Simon Waddington
1 second ago
They were euthanized at around 130 days because one of the mice got an eye infection and the others were showing hyperactivity and circling behaviour. This caused the vets & other care staff cause for concern that the mice might be suffering. The UK Home Office license is strongly oriented to minimising pain and suffering in experimental animals.
You say "only intended for necessary treatments" i say "the catgirl revolution is coming"
I think we should do everything as long as its helping people
It feels weird asking if we’re ready when it’s already been done.
I just realised they "used" twins to see if any further complications are due to the method or environment and that's super messed up
Actually that's genious!
TALK ABOUT THE 2018 META STUDY ABOUT THE PLACEBO EFFECT! IT'S GROUNDBREAKING!
Human's should have never had this much power over our own species.
Interesting question. While this is total sci-fi, and I'm not sure if this was from a story or a science paper...
You all have heard of the story of the Grey aleins right? Where they just edited their genes and their offspring's genes like designer babies, and eventually those edits meant they could no longer reproduce without cloning. Could this be a real worry?
Eh
What’s up with your green screen lighting problem? Different studio?
The sooner we can design ourselves, the better.
At 1:42 how do they know or find out that’s what protein looks like?b
Yes
Let's be honest Khan and the other Superhumans were awesome
I am Ready!!!
I find it amazing that technology has come this far to possibly change someone's genes to make sure they don't develop a disorder. However, like Hank said, how far is too far? Let's say that if you are able to eventually change everything about your offspring before they are born. Will that mean that whoever with the most amount of money will have some sort of "super kid"?
If it can be done, it will be done.
i'm doing an assignment about gene therapy right now look at that timing
im confused about that Chinese crisper story, is the childen born yet? or are they still being developed? surely the editing was done when they were just a small about of cells?
I for one, welcome our post-human overlords.
So...i can possibly have a baby without sickle cell trait or disease?
Hank: "Dadgummit Dale, don't make me come over there and adjust your Genome!"