Hi, everyone! I wanted everyone to know that I have a small role in the new video by AdequateEmily right here: ua-cam.com/video/NJ0CWzdUWl0/v-deo.html Moments after releasing the video, Twitter suspended her account without warning or explanation. Although we don't know for certain yet, this might be another mass false reporting by right-wingers and/or transphobes. Because of this, the video might not do as well as it should. Social media can be useful in promoting a video for free. So, please check out the new video, subscribe to her channel and help counteract The Musk Effect. Thanks!
Gotta love that a cop digging through your trash for DNA spelunking is supposed to be fine but discarded food in a dumpster is precious property to be guarded from the poors.
@@lowwastehighmelanin “The males produce millions of flowers, and each flower has hundreds of anthers that produce tons of pollen. The female trees produce seeds. They produce no pollen,” Consider me *extremely* triggered by this. I did not know this.
Same here, my immediate family is extremely toxic and dysfunctional and I'm almost completely estranged family who aren't any better, I don't give a flying fuck about my ancestors lmao
Both my parents got their genes blasted through 23 & Me. I now have basically my entire genetic code commercially available without ever consenting to such a thing
at least they won't know what random mutations you have, so if you're the next stage in human evolution, they won't take you away and experiment on you. Silver linings
Yup. My mum got it done. When I voiced my concern, she sad "dont worry, it's only my DNA, not yous." I was like, no mum, of they've got you then they got me. Too late to do anything about it now. Funnily enough she was looking to see if she had any Mongolian ancestry.
I'm 34, I was a weed smoker. In 2007 I got arrested in NJ for paraphernalia possession. They stole my finger prints for their "database." Their justification was never explained.
I wanted to take a DNA test because I'm adopted. I'm glad I didn't do it, but maybe we should do something about the rights of adopted people to have a medical history.
Well...fuck. I did it because I'm adopted and like...fuck.... It is kind of nice as a black person to know some thing about where my ancestors may have come from but like.....fuck.
DNA Testing is something I've always been curious about but haven't ever done because something about it just felt wrong to me. After this I'm definitely glad I trusted my instincts
unfortunately that won't necessarily keep you safe. If one of your relatives signs up, they basically have your DNA (for all intents and purposes aside from sci-fi stuff like making a clone army)
You don't need to feel "wrong" to be curious. I know my heritage for quite a ways back but I'm still curious to see what DNA can reveal just out of well, curiosity. It's hard to not wonder what potentially-interesting (or unsurprisingly-mundane) things could be lurking deep withing the nucleotide bases. 🤷 I think it's a bit of a phase, this is still a new concept to the world, so it's exciting and novel. Some day, people will probably not care.
I did the test a while back as a “why not” because my grandma had accidentally ordered an extra one-I’m trans and a little part of me was hoping it would reveal that I secretly had the chromosomes of my opposite agab all along. It didn’t-it provided useless results and the “pie chart” felt very… eugenics-esque to me. I guess the FBI has access to the actual fiber of my being now. Lovely
Wanted to comment this because it may be happening to a lot of other people too: my old doctor tried to persuade me into using a private DNA test instead of doing their job and ordering one from my insurance because the insurance company would make it extremely difficult to impossible to get one. Apparently they're expensive and certain insurance companies (especially public) don't want to pay for them at all and will only do so if the doctor can prove it's needed / an emergency. So some doctors will suggest that a patient / client just pay the money to get a private test done instead (even though the fine print on those private tests say that you cannot use the results for medical reasons). This doctor in particular gaslit me for worrying about the privacy violations as if it were conspiracy nonsense. I ended up not doing the test and haven't been able to get one even though I'm struggling with undiagnosed chronic pain issues that a DNA test may have answers for. You mentioned in the beginning of the video that people can order a DNA test through their doctor privately, but that has not been my experience. Felt it important to share that this situation can happen.
My ex wife worked as patient advocate for insurance in hospitals for all of her life. The big takeaway there is.. YOUR DOCTOR MAKES THE FINAL CALL. He can absolutely override your insurances call, if he wanted to.
Despite the risks, I still support using CODIS for identifying John and Jane Does. I am not interested in getting my DNA profile done, and I really don't think it should be accessible without a warrant, but giving victims their name back and maybe closure for living relatives is a net good.
Same here. I feel like using DNA technology to regain someone's lost identity is better than something as frivolous as finding out your genetic makeup for novelty purposes. However, I also believe on the technology being used ethically and for it not to be used against people in the future who were victims of crime or are concerned family members looking for loved ones.
Reminds me of when Jorge Cervantes goes to the power company, asks about his bill, then asks if he can see the screen and they're like sure! And show him a bunch of OTHER people's bills in the list with his, then he says if they'll do this for me being polite, imagine what they'll do for the pigs! Keep ur info as private as you can yall 💯
Very worth putting this out there. Unfortunately, most people seem not to care about privacy, so a lot of people have probably already had their privacy compromised by a family member.
One of the gifts my mom got me for Christmas was a 23andMe kit. To which (after thanking her), I jokingly accused her of being willfully ignorant of my personal policies regarding privacy. Plus, her family is from Kentucky, and did she *really* want to know what truths lurked beneath the surface of our gene pool? 😂
Just to chime in - when we are talking about CODIS/NDIS and things like that, the information contained within are from STR profiles. At a high level, this information is from non-coding regions, which is to say it does not contain demographic or health information. It would not be a stretch to liken it to having fingerprints on file, albeit much more complex and unique fingerprints. I am way less concerned about that information than I am about the other topics brought up, especially healthcare/insurance related ones, and scope-creep of current databases. We should be having a serious conversation around limits to this field which is still... not first generation, but certainly mainly developed within the lifetimes of most of the viewers of this channel. But then you talk about reforms and throw around terms like "defund" and people look at you weird... sigh... ACAB Thank you for your work once again!
When I was in elementary school, the police came to our school and 'for fun' took everyone's finger prints. Found out later they have been keeping these and putting us in the system
Yup, they did that at my school, too. We were in second grade. They told us it was so they could use the fingerprints to find us if we ever got kidnapped, which I immediately knew was bullshit lol. It instilled a deep distrust of police at an early age. For what it’s worth I tried to smudge my fingerprints enough so they couldn’t use them.
Huh. Only tangentially related but I'm hospital security. We store evidence kits after sexual assault cases in a triple locked room in a locked freezer. Only people we open it for is the Sexual Assault Nursing unit. They specifically tell us we don't even open it for the cops.
Even if you do read all the terms and conditions, most of us do not have an education in law. If we are to accept that a legal education means anything (and most institutions seem very convinced that it does), then the people creating those terms and conditions necessarily have an enormous advantage over the people agreeing to the terms and conditions, even the ones that read them carefully (which, nowadays, is no one, for obvious reasons).
Remember that X-files episode from season 3 where Mulder and Scully enter an "abandoned" facility and discover that everyone's DNA has been collected and indexed, and it's presented as a dark and dangerous revelation? Nowadays, we're giving everything away and most people just don't care. That's how eroded both our privacy and sense of rights has become - an outlandish X-files conspiracy comes true and the response is "meh."
I like to tell this story to visitors at work. You forgot the worst part. Most of us are already in a data base. Do you know every third degree cousin of yours? If one of them used a kit like this, law enforcement can combine the DNA result with family documentation, birth certificates and residential data to find people that are related. Let's say they find a sample of you at a crime scene. They don't have you on file but someone you never saw in your life sharing your great-grandfather and someone related to one of your aunt. They can kinda triangulate degrees of relationship to find possible suspects. They combine this information with data the state already has on family trees like who married who, who has fathered how many children, where are they registered for residence etc. Once they have done that they get a handful of names and adresses and start rummaging the garbage.
Thanks for the intro explaining why even taking those things is weird. Had a friend of mine (US) take one and talk about it and I really struggled to explain to him that this was super weird and even kinda concerning to me (I am German). It just seemed so self-evident that I didn't find the right words.
Kinda had a sneaking suspicion orgs like 23 and me were doing something more nefarious, especially if you look at all the fine print they blast you with.
I wanted to know what my ancestors were before they were kidnapped but ultimately the info I gained was meaningless nothing can return to me the religion an culture lost through slavery. It’s been completely eradicated.
We found my mum's bio mum via one of these. I was actually hanging out with my bio grandmother and her wife this weekend. This is a rare effect of one of these (and only happened because my brother took the test, not me).
My mother was obsessed with our family genealogy for years. Had both sides traced through documentation going back to the 1600s. I never understood it. Knowing that whoever-the-#$%! came over during the proscription against MacGregors has absolutely no bearing on my life. Who we are is who we are, not the culmination of our family's history. I never understood it. But even when she did it, I was pissed for doing genetic testing. I mean, friggin video games violate your privacy rights. Your phone violates your privacy rights. Why should you ever think some dna testing company would act differently? Why would you ever willingly give up your most personal information for absolutely nothing but a damn story? Christ, I was furious.
You write them off as meaningless so quickly, still interested in listening to the root of the argument here but I definitely disagree with your presumption of meaninglessness in DNA testing. For myself, being able to trace back recent ancestry (that I would otherwise have no knowledge of) and connect to potential unknown relatives further illuminating the web of where I came from, for better or worse, has been the primary use of doing one myself. I don't disagree to the inherent risks and invasions of privacy possible by consenting to these, but I find it disingenuous to make a straw man out of a genuine and understandable human desire to know more about where you came from. It's a silly way to undermine the intended focus of this argument. Anyway, I like your stuff and this is not meant to be combative just wanting to present a counter argument to a claim made here that I disagreed with. keep on with the great content
Agreed. You explain this well! I also think the point about the “fine print” is overstated. I’ll go back through my profiles to double check, but I was worried about this issue when I tested and read carefully. The option to consent or not to share the data with law enforcement was something I remember being prompted to answer directly when I registered.
Thank you so much for making this. It's a topic I feel very strongly about. I don't know how I was altered to the reality of the government basically having complete access to the databases of these companies, but it always made me extremely uneasy. My mother is really into geneology, and tried for a number of years to get me to submit to one of these tests. I progressively more aggressively refused. The worst part of it is, she was able to submit my minor brother's DNA without his informed consent.
Your part at the beginning about finding out you have previously unknown ancestry echoes my thoughts on (specifically white) ancestry as a whole. I could care less about any of my ancestries, it has nothing to do with who I am. I share the occasional anecdote about what I know (my great grandfather apparently was a diplomat from *redacted* who opened up a whole string of speak-easies, and I find that hilarious.) Also pointing out the difference between ancestry and culture is spot on. The only people who have any reason to care about any of this are people who have had their culture stolen from them.
my mom had our family do 23andme a few years ago for christmas. at the time i half-joked that i was uneasy about putting my dna in a database. should have trusted my gut 😰
If your relatives are in a Database, so are you. Every person getting tested is snitching dozens of relatives they dont even know. These DNA results can be combined with residential data and birth/parentage/medical data to narrow down to a handful of relatives in a database and they already know where you live. It's kinda like biological and archival triangulation. They don't need you specific DNA to have you on file.
Even if the DNA testing company is keeping all data for itself, who says they can't be hacked and the information sold or dumped on the internet ? It indeed doe not worth the risk.
Im lucky (and white) enough to know my family’s history without needing DNA. I can trace my family tree all the way back to Australian convicts on one grandparent’s side, and back to a French family living on the border of Germany, which got redrawn so my distant cousins living there are juuust inside the border of Germany now. A cousin of mine even visited them. On the side of my estranged father, I know that I have Irish ancestry because he had an Irish surname and because my family weren’t enslaved and had their names forcefully changed like many African-american people’s struggle is (cant trace their ancestry past slavery because the names change and the old ones weren’t recorded), I know for a fact that somewhere in my family tree is Irish. I don’t care to pry any further. A friend of mine can trace his ancestry all the way back to a bastard child of William I of England, without needing a DNA test. It’s so unfair that these ancestry companies target people like orphans or those descended from slaves, and that in order to even have an idea of your family you have to take them instead of just poring over old records like I can.
All it took was going back through my granny’s photos and letters and talking to her to find out I had a lot more Indigenous ancestry than I thought(like, a LOT a lot). It has not changed my life in any way. I’m still the plain, oatmeal flavoured Welsh-Canadian I’ve always been, AND I didn’t have to give my DNA to a corporation to find out about it.
It disturbs me how many of my family and friends have done these testing kits, despite it being well-known at this point that these companies are sharing the info with the gov. What pisses me off even more is that the closer the relative, the more likely it is that you could be confused for that person for some nefarious purpose, without ever being dumb enough to do one of these tests.
Another way this is sick is if family is being notified of any of this it could be endangering victims of domestic violence who have escaped their abusers. This is also a big problem on social media sites that require displaying your legal name....
WOW.... I litterally started watching this channel YEARS ago(5 years maybe)... when he was still doing movie reviews.... then I just happen to come back and he's on something completely different. It's cool to see you love for story telling has evolved so much. I know this is probably really late but congrats on creative changes/ progression.
I haven't ever had my dna tested partially because of the cost and partially because of worry about law enforcements use of it; I don't trust cops and don't trust them to only go after murderers and shit like that. I don't think that it is fair however, for you to say that what comes from these tests is pointless outside of finding out health risks. People decide for themselves what is important to them I would like to know where my ancestors came from, not to find some small portion of non-white culture in the distant past, or to prove anything about myself to anyone but satisfying my own curiosity and my ongoing search to find myself. My dad is not my biological father and my mom's family don't know much about their own history, just guesses and the little that I was able to glean from my grandma before she died.
Unfortunately the track-record isn't all that great when it comes to how power, money and resources are being wielded. If the track-record was noticeably better sure. But there's probably a reason why the biggest data collectors are banks, insurance companies governments and id hackers, and unfortunately they rarely do it for reasons that benefits citizens, rather to avoid claims, sell it forth, scam, extort or something. I WISH it was a better track record. I am 💯% willing to get those views and assumptions challenged, in fact I have actively seeked out information that could counterbalance a lot of information I see about fraud investigations and corruption. I would be the first in line to wholeheartedly wanting to see how capital and money can be used for GOOD, and given directly to people instead of being scimmed off on the top. And I have seen some examples of good use of capitalism. Unfortunately it is more often than not that examples screw more to the negative side than the positive. And unfortunately there is little enthusiasm to challenge that, governments seem far more invested in criminalising and attacking people at the bottom of society than at the top. But I'll give it a go and do another UA-cam search hopefully finding some "feel good story" before bedtime that wont have me inherently too anxious 😣 I am SO FOR any good use of money and resources that benefits people who needs it, and I do a little happy dance every time I come over some good progress for humanity. Sorry about the novel 😂
It's cool knowing my family history. I was fortunate enough to talk with my grandma about it way back in my early teens. Even found the roughly 2% Portuguese! Apparently great, great grandpa from Norway married my Portuguese great, great grandma--who knew? Guess that explains any pigment in my skin. But as neat as this is to know, at this point in human history, we're all mutts. People migrate (by choice and not), borders shift, empires fail. I started to write "every now and again you'll find someone straight off the rez or somewhere who's near 100% Kootenai or something" but even that's not true. Trail of Tears happened, tribes intermarried, Dances with Wolves is fiction but the idea that say, an Englishman would forsake something like Roanoke or Jamestown for the people who knew how to live in the New World is not*. We're all people, we eat, we sleep, we f*ck, and it's all a lot more fun than war. We got an actual job of army recruiters--nobody has to speak to a bunch of school age kids about signing up to get some, usually we have to talk them out of it... Army recruiters probably are surprised they're not fondling each other in the auditorium. DNA tests are just scams to get your money (and DNA). "Yes, Mr. Larsen, you're 30% [ethnicity that matches your last name], 30% [ethnicity that matches the areas around where your last name comes from], 20% [hey isn't this a cool haplo-group seen around there!], 10% [you share genes with homo-sapiens, duh, are you really still readin?], 5% [you share genes with the earliest homo-whatevers because that's how biology works], 4% [your biology is practically a closed system between species that can and have interbred], 1% [a literal fish]!" *Can you imagine it? You're starving, half the people who came with you are dead, there are people already living here all around you who aren't sick and aren't starving. Are you really going to let language and culture bar you from making an effort? I'll wait while Fox News talks more about the border crisis...
Nothing in the law says you can't take a germicidal lamp to your garbage before you take it out! Just make sure to close the lid. UVC is pretty nasty stuff.
I looked this up and they're so cheap!! Also leave it on for a couple hours (One study found that 3 consecutive 20 min periods of the light caused ~70% cell death, so go for a few hours to get it all)
You're going to have to make sure every single nook and cranny, inside and out of your all your garbage is equally exposed to the light. Not just things you drank from or had in your mouth. Skin dust and hair get on everything that's in your living space.
In all seriousness it really makes me wonder when people are going to finally overthrow this system because it's clearly broken and cannot be fixed using the system itself.
Psst hey idk if youll see this but if u really wanna catch the wind on the algorithm, I'd suggest just titling this "Police are STEALING YOUR DNA from TEST KITS!?!" since it's a lot more grabby and your channel deserves the extra reach for all the fantastic content you make.
Yup that's the main idea I've heard about these kits. That totally sucks if you've wanted to know the exact country of origin where you might be from. 😔
I think it's ethical to use the information to give names to unidentified bodies, or to identify murderers (like with the recent Gigolo beech murders), but there should be restrictions on how material can be collected and what crimes they can use it to investigate (so it doesn't become a part of routine policing)
You didn't mention another factor. Let's say you DID read the TOS as did your family and EVERYBODY in the world, and everybody understood the entire TOS and recognized all of the problems with them. Great. Now what? What's the next move? Not agree to the TOS? Not get those services? Not have Internet, phone, car, home, water, electricity, food, and so on? Not live in society? Not exist within the borders of a country? Not exist on the planet? 🤨 That's the problem, they can write wtf they want and there's nothing anyone can do about it because there's no choice. (Yes, very rarely a court will rule a TOS or EULA or contract invalid or even illegal and void it, but that's _very_ rare, and these kinds that are influenced by the government and police themselves won't be voided.) Yup, biometrics are convenient, but they're a _TERRIBLE_ idea. It's more convenient to scan a fingerprint or star into an iris-scanner than to enter a password, but you can't change biometrics like you can a password if it's compromised by the cops or hackers or something. You also forgot to mention the recent news of the discovery of significant amounts of eDNA (environmental DNA) being able to provide "human bycatch", that is, sampling the environment can find a sufficient amount of human DNA to detect individuals. So the police can sweep an area and find out who has been in an area and cross-reference that with who has been in another area and track people like that. And even if they can't identify the person by name right way, they can build the profile just like how social-media creates "shadow profiles" of people from others' accounts. Yeah, it's full-on dystopia-world now. 🤦
I have a relative in my family who was a complete mystery and I sometimes wonder about what he brought to the table genetically. But I also don't care enough about all the other stuff to spit in a tube. He was 'run outta town' by my great grandma's brothers and they all took his identity to their graves. Idk it's cooler to leave some things a mystery. And fuck cops lol
I love seeing my pie chart but it really is only because I like history and it is so interesting to me to think about where my ancestors were and what they did. I am unfortunately a Mutt American whose cultural heritage is long forgotten
In 1994, Minneapolis PD tricked my parents (and most others) saying, "get your kids fingerprinted so if they're kidnapped we can track them down more easily!!" 😆 I bet they do this with DNA now too lol pretty clever leveraging stranger danger fear
I don't think the pie chart is meaningless per say because even if you have no cultural attachment to any of the geographic categories assigned, ot still does imply more interesting stories about relatives in the distant past. Who wouldn't want to know that? Also, I kinda say this as someone dealing with a profound sense of disconnect from my own immigrant culture and the extended family networks even my own patents enjoyed. That, and I feel I'm watching the real time death of my ancestors' living traditions to neoliberalism, and not all of them were great, but still.
I got my DNA taken ~4 years back when I committed some regrettable crimes. No one got physically hurt. But now I’m uneasy about the Popo having my DNA samples. Is there antyhing I could do? Or am I just f’ed?
I'm so surprised some shady dark scumbag from the government hasn't shut you down. This channel puts out the most important content on UA-cam. I'm pretty sure there's a tie to Philly in this channel and that makes me so proud of my City.
2 minutes in and I'm comfortable pointing out that there's an actual South Park about this. Don't know it's name but i think Randy has some percentage of Native American genes so he fully adopts the culture as his own. Anybody remember?
I did a DNA test to get health info, it's way cheaper than the doctor lol. Also I wanted my DNA included in research so my kids are part of the sample used to make next generation medical treatments which could make them more effective. I'm sure the FBI already has my DNA and fingerprints, so I might as well get something out of it.
This is so hard for me. My mom bought me one of those DNA kits. I haven't used it yet. I know where my my family comes from. But its sooooooo important to my mom. We lost our brother young, and its made her hyper concerned with family, and charting family. Personally, I know I'm Spanish, Irish, English and Norwegian, and possibly a schosh of something else. I don't need exact percentages if how that history is expressed in my genome. Those cultures and family stories have been a big part of my life, and honestly, I think I'd feel hurt if my DNA results exposed I inherited less spanish or irish genes than the culture and stories I grew up with. I grew up with an immigrant grandmother, who spoke Spanish to me, and taught me all about my heritage. I dint want to know if I didn't inherit many of her genes. I inherited her stories and traditions, and I don't want that invalidated by a pie chart. Famiky stories abd heritage are a HUGE PART of my family and upbringing. BUT its soooooo important to my mother. She needs this info in a grief and grounding sort of way. To catalog her loved ones, and guve her something tangible to hold on to. So u have this kit sitting in my kitchen. And I look at it daily, trying to decide if I do this for my mom, or dont do it for me. Also the ADHD, I often forget it exists. Which might be the biggest reason my mom keeps askung ne to do it and i constantly forget. But for real, when i think wbout doing it, I'm dramatically conflicted.
i've always brought up privacy when it came to people around me talking about dna ancestry tests (i kept the fact that i believe it's eugenics and bunk close to the chest,) but i've also always prefaced my objection by saying how paranoid i know it sounds. turns out my concern is... completely valid,
The pie chart was great for my ex who was adopted and didn't understand where they came from in a genetic sense Edit: also you can change your DNA. Need some nuclear material though.
If you are interested about your family, just like, looking through archives will always be more accurate and more importantly, humanizing. My great great great grandma was Choctaw and she was a survivor of the Trail of Tears. That is far more human story than “I’m x precent Native American”
So then you should also know that for so many of us displaced natives (for various reasons) DNA tests are invaluable in allowing us to find our way back to our families. Idk about you but my family was torn apart by residential schools. My grandmother and her brother knew they were Anishinaabeg, but DNA gave us our cousins back. Don't discount it completely / blood quantum is cancer.
@@corvuscrux This probably sounds crazy, but I'd be worried that the DNA tests used to learn about my ancestry will end up in the hands of authorities who have a habit of discrimination and genocide, which is why the DNA kit was needed in the first place.
Hi, everyone! I wanted everyone to know that I have a small role in the new video by AdequateEmily right here: ua-cam.com/video/NJ0CWzdUWl0/v-deo.html
Moments after releasing the video, Twitter suspended her account without warning or explanation. Although we don't know for certain yet, this might be another mass false reporting by right-wingers and/or transphobes. Because of this, the video might not do as well as it should. Social media can be useful in promoting a video for free. So, please check out the new video, subscribe to her channel and help counteract The Musk Effect. Thanks!
Done and done.
I thought the "Musk Effect" was a synonym term for "sunk cost fallacy". 🤭
Gotta love that a cop digging through your trash for DNA spelunking is supposed to be fine but discarded food in a dumpster is precious property to be guarded from the poors.
No food, only police state! (Same reason female trees are not planted in cities and we all have horrific, increasing in intensity allergies)
@@lowwastehighmelanin “The males produce millions of flowers, and each flower has hundreds of anthers that produce tons of pollen. The female trees produce seeds. They produce no pollen,”
Consider me *extremely* triggered by this. I did not know this.
I’ve never been tempted because the thought of finding unknown relatives from an extremely dysfunctional extended family gives me the creeps.
Same here, my immediate family is extremely toxic and dysfunctional and I'm almost completely estranged family who aren't any better, I don't give a flying fuck about my ancestors lmao
Both my parents got their genes blasted through 23 & Me. I now have basically my entire genetic code commercially available without ever consenting to such a thing
at least they won't know what random mutations you have, so if you're the next stage in human evolution, they won't take you away and experiment on you. Silver linings
You can tell your parents to delete the 23 and me data. If they know where they are from. Sorry that happened to you lol
Yeah my uncle did similar. He's a medical professional as well - he should have known better. I'm going to see if he can get it deleted.
Same. Hate it
Yup. My mum got it done. When I voiced my concern, she sad "dont worry, it's only my DNA, not yous."
I was like, no mum, of they've got you then they got me. Too late to do anything about it now. Funnily enough she was looking to see if she had any Mongolian ancestry.
I'm 34, I was a weed smoker. In 2007 I got arrested in NJ for paraphernalia possession. They stole my finger prints for their "database." Their justification was never explained.
First and only time I was ever fingerprinted was on last entering the USA. Apparently not innocent until proven guilty, nor the lad of the free :D
I wanted to take a DNA test because I'm adopted. I'm glad I didn't do it, but maybe we should do something about the rights of adopted people to have a medical history.
Well...fuck. I did it because I'm adopted and like...fuck.... It is kind of nice as a black person to know some thing about where my ancestors may have come from but like.....fuck.
Same. I’m screwed.
DNA Testing is something I've always been curious about but haven't ever done because something about it just felt wrong to me. After this I'm definitely glad I trusted my instincts
unfortunately that won't necessarily keep you safe. If one of your relatives signs up, they basically have your DNA (for all intents and purposes aside from sci-fi stuff like making a clone army)
You don't need to feel "wrong" to be curious. I know my heritage for quite a ways back but I'm still curious to see what DNA can reveal just out of well, curiosity. It's hard to not wonder what potentially-interesting (or unsurprisingly-mundane) things could be lurking deep withing the nucleotide bases. 🤷 I think it's a bit of a phase, this is still a new concept to the world, so it's exciting and novel. Some day, people will probably not care.
I did the test a while back as a “why not” because my grandma had accidentally ordered an extra one-I’m trans and a little part of me was hoping it would reveal that I secretly had the chromosomes of my opposite agab all along. It didn’t-it provided useless results and the “pie chart” felt very… eugenics-esque to me. I guess the FBI has access to the actual fiber of my being now. Lovely
Wanted to comment this because it may be happening to a lot of other people too: my old doctor tried to persuade me into using a private DNA test instead of doing their job and ordering one from my insurance because the insurance company would make it extremely difficult to impossible to get one. Apparently they're expensive and certain insurance companies (especially public) don't want to pay for them at all and will only do so if the doctor can prove it's needed / an emergency. So some doctors will suggest that a patient / client just pay the money to get a private test done instead (even though the fine print on those private tests say that you cannot use the results for medical reasons). This doctor in particular gaslit me for worrying about the privacy violations as if it were conspiracy nonsense. I ended up not doing the test and haven't been able to get one even though I'm struggling with undiagnosed chronic pain issues that a DNA test may have answers for. You mentioned in the beginning of the video that people can order a DNA test through their doctor privately, but that has not been my experience. Felt it important to share that this situation can happen.
Here if you got a good doc they can just scam anything they want out of insurance, pretty lax where i live
My ex wife worked as patient advocate for insurance in hospitals for all of her life. The big takeaway there is..
YOUR DOCTOR MAKES THE FINAL CALL. He can absolutely override your insurances call, if he wanted to.
We really need what I call "DNA autonomy." Every person should basically own the "copyright" to their DNA.
Yeah but... we don't even have rights to our personal information. I'd like to get that ball rolling
Yes, all cops.
Despite the risks, I still support using CODIS for identifying John and Jane Does. I am not interested in getting my DNA profile done, and I really don't think it should be accessible without a warrant, but giving victims their name back and maybe closure for living relatives is a net good.
Same here. I feel like using DNA technology to regain someone's lost identity is better than something as frivolous as finding out your genetic makeup for novelty purposes. However, I also believe on the technology being used ethically and for it not to be used against people in the future who were victims of crime or are concerned family members looking for loved ones.
Reminds me of when Jorge Cervantes goes to the power company, asks about his bill, then asks if he can see the screen and they're like sure! And show him a bunch of OTHER people's bills in the list with his, then he says if they'll do this for me being polite, imagine what they'll do for the pigs! Keep ur info as private as you can yall 💯
Very worth putting this out there. Unfortunately, most people seem not to care about privacy, so a lot of people have probably already had their privacy compromised by a family member.
I have family who say "well if you have nothing to hide, why are you worried" and it makes me want to scream.
One of the gifts my mom got me for Christmas was a 23andMe kit. To which (after thanking her), I jokingly accused her of being willfully ignorant of my personal policies regarding privacy. Plus, her family is from Kentucky, and did she *really* want to know what truths lurked beneath the surface of our gene pool? 😂
Ha! I'm yankee as hell with some deep Southern ass friends, so I never make those jokes. But I'll laugh like hell when one of you do lol.
My mom’s from Kentucky too. I know the feeling, lol.
Just to chime in - when we are talking about CODIS/NDIS and things like that, the information contained within are from STR profiles. At a high level, this information is from non-coding regions, which is to say it does not contain demographic or health information. It would not be a stretch to liken it to having fingerprints on file, albeit much more complex and unique fingerprints.
I am way less concerned about that information than I am about the other topics brought up, especially healthcare/insurance related ones, and scope-creep of current databases. We should be having a serious conversation around limits to this field which is still... not first generation, but certainly mainly developed within the lifetimes of most of the viewers of this channel. But then you talk about reforms and throw around terms like "defund" and people look at you weird... sigh... ACAB
Thank you for your work once again!
When I was in elementary school, the police came to our school and 'for fun' took everyone's finger prints.
Found out later they have been keeping these and putting us in the system
Yup, they did that at my school, too. We were in second grade. They told us it was so they could use the fingerprints to find us if we ever got kidnapped, which I immediately knew was bullshit lol. It instilled a deep distrust of police at an early age. For what it’s worth I tried to smudge my fingerprints enough so they couldn’t use them.
I just commented this on someone else's comment, it's really scary to think about now.
That’s really freaky and sounds like it should be illegal
Huh. Only tangentially related but I'm hospital security. We store evidence kits after sexual assault cases in a triple locked room in a locked freezer. Only people we open it for is the Sexual Assault Nursing unit. They specifically tell us we don't even open it for the cops.
Even if you do read all the terms and conditions, most of us do not have an education in law. If we are to accept that a legal education means anything (and most institutions seem very convinced that it does), then the people creating those terms and conditions necessarily have an enormous advantage over the people agreeing to the terms and conditions, even the ones that read them carefully (which, nowadays, is no one, for obvious reasons).
Remember that X-files episode from season 3 where Mulder and Scully enter an "abandoned" facility and discover that everyone's DNA has been collected and indexed, and it's presented as a dark and dangerous revelation? Nowadays, we're giving everything away and most people just don't care. That's how eroded both our privacy and sense of rights has become - an outlandish X-files conspiracy comes true and the response is "meh."
Leon doing excellent and necessary anarcho praxis, as always. Thank you for everything you've taught us.
I like to tell this story to visitors at work. You forgot the worst part. Most of us are already in a data base. Do you know every third degree cousin of yours? If one of them used a kit like this, law enforcement can combine the DNA result with family documentation, birth certificates and residential data to find people that are related.
Let's say they find a sample of you at a crime scene. They don't have you on file but someone you never saw in your life sharing your great-grandfather and someone related to one of your aunt. They can kinda triangulate degrees of relationship to find possible suspects. They combine this information with data the state already has on family trees like who married who, who has fathered how many children, where are they registered for residence etc. Once they have done that they get a handful of names and adresses and start rummaging the garbage.
Thanks for the intro explaining why even taking those things is weird.
Had a friend of mine (US) take one and talk about it and I really struggled to explain to him that this was super weird and even kinda concerning to me (I am German).
It just seemed so self-evident that I didn't find the right words.
Kinda had a sneaking suspicion orgs like 23 and me were doing something more nefarious, especially if you look at all the fine print they blast you with.
I wanted to know what my ancestors were before they were kidnapped but ultimately the info I gained was meaningless nothing can return to me the religion an culture lost through slavery. It’s been completely eradicated.
We found my mum's bio mum via one of these. I was actually hanging out with my bio grandmother and her wife this weekend. This is a rare effect of one of these (and only happened because my brother took the test, not me).
I'm 100 percent Portuguese and can confirm it's not worth it.
My mother was obsessed with our family genealogy for years. Had both sides traced through documentation going back to the 1600s. I never understood it. Knowing that whoever-the-#$%! came over during the proscription against MacGregors has absolutely no bearing on my life. Who we are is who we are, not the culmination of our family's history. I never understood it.
But even when she did it, I was pissed for doing genetic testing. I mean, friggin video games violate your privacy rights. Your phone violates your privacy rights. Why should you ever think some dna testing company would act differently? Why would you ever willingly give up your most personal information for absolutely nothing but a damn story? Christ, I was furious.
You write them off as meaningless so quickly, still interested in listening to the root of the argument here but I definitely disagree with your presumption of meaninglessness in DNA testing. For myself, being able to trace back recent ancestry (that I would otherwise have no knowledge of) and connect to potential unknown relatives further illuminating the web of where I came from, for better or worse, has been the primary use of doing one myself. I don't disagree to the inherent risks and invasions of privacy possible by consenting to these, but I find it disingenuous to make a straw man out of a genuine and understandable human desire to know more about where you came from. It's a silly way to undermine the intended focus of this argument. Anyway, I like your stuff and this is not meant to be combative just wanting to present a counter argument to a claim made here that I disagreed with. keep on with the great content
Agreed. You explain this well! I also think the point about the “fine print” is overstated. I’ll go back through my profiles to double check, but I was worried about this issue when I tested and read carefully. The option to consent or not to share the data with law enforcement was something I remember being prompted to answer directly when I registered.
My parents had me do one of these DNA test kits when I was a kid. I didn't sign up for this!
Thank you so much for making this. It's a topic I feel very strongly about. I don't know how I was altered to the reality of the government basically having complete access to the databases of these companies, but it always made me extremely uneasy.
My mother is really into geneology, and tried for a number of years to get me to submit to one of these tests. I progressively more aggressively refused. The worst part of it is, she was able to submit my minor brother's DNA without his informed consent.
Thanks, Leon!
Just an offering to the algorithm gods. Thank you for all your good work.
The music for this episode is appropriately Deus Ex-y.
Your part at the beginning about finding out you have previously unknown ancestry echoes my thoughts on (specifically white) ancestry as a whole. I could care less about any of my ancestries, it has nothing to do with who I am.
I share the occasional anecdote about what I know (my great grandfather apparently was a diplomat from *redacted* who opened up a whole string of speak-easies, and I find that hilarious.)
Also pointing out the difference between ancestry and culture is spot on. The only people who have any reason to care about any of this are people who have had their culture stolen from them.
my mom had our family do 23andme a few years ago for christmas. at the time i half-joked that i was uneasy about putting my dna in a database. should have trusted my gut 😰
If your relatives are in a Database, so are you. Every person getting tested is snitching dozens of relatives they dont even know. These DNA results can be combined with residential data and birth/parentage/medical data to narrow down to a handful of relatives in a database and they already know where you live. It's kinda like biological and archival triangulation. They don't need you specific DNA to have you on file.
Even if the DNA testing company is keeping all data for itself, who says they can't be hacked and the information sold or dumped on the internet ?
It indeed doe not worth the risk.
Im lucky (and white) enough to know my family’s history without needing DNA. I can trace my family tree all the way back to Australian convicts on one grandparent’s side, and back to a French family living on the border of Germany, which got redrawn so my distant cousins living there are juuust inside the border of Germany now. A cousin of mine even visited them. On the side of my estranged father, I know that I have Irish ancestry because he had an Irish surname and because my family weren’t enslaved and had their names forcefully changed like many African-american people’s struggle is (cant trace their ancestry past slavery because the names change and the old ones weren’t recorded), I know for a fact that somewhere in my family tree is Irish. I don’t care to pry any further.
A friend of mine can trace his ancestry all the way back to a bastard child of William I of England, without needing a DNA test.
It’s so unfair that these ancestry companies target people like orphans or those descended from slaves, and that in order to even have an idea of your family you have to take them instead of just poring over old records like I can.
All it took was going back through my granny’s photos and letters and talking to her to find out I had a lot more Indigenous ancestry than I thought(like, a LOT a lot).
It has not changed my life in any way. I’m still the plain, oatmeal flavoured Welsh-Canadian I’ve always been, AND I didn’t have to give my DNA to a corporation to find out about it.
It disturbs me how many of my family and friends have done these testing kits, despite it being well-known at this point that these companies are sharing the info with the gov. What pisses me off even more is that the closer the relative, the more likely it is that you could be confused for that person for some nefarious purpose, without ever being dumb enough to do one of these tests.
Man they really live up to their pig title, sticking their snouts in garbage bins and rummaging around.
Another way this is sick is if family is being notified of any of this it could be endangering victims of domestic violence who have escaped their abusers. This is also a big problem on social media sites that require displaying your legal name....
Nothing is safe out here x.x
WOW.... I litterally started watching this channel YEARS ago(5 years maybe)... when he was still doing movie reviews.... then I just happen to come back and he's on something completely different. It's cool to see you love for story telling has evolved so much. I know this is probably really late but congrats on creative changes/ progression.
I haven't ever had my dna tested partially because of the cost and partially because of worry about law enforcements use of it; I don't trust cops and don't trust them to only go after murderers and shit like that. I don't think that it is fair however, for you to say that what comes from these tests is pointless outside of finding out health risks. People decide for themselves what is important to them
I would like to know where my ancestors came from, not to find some small portion of non-white culture in the distant past, or to prove anything about myself to anyone but satisfying my own curiosity and my ongoing search to find myself. My dad is not my biological father and my mom's family don't know much about their own history, just guesses and the little that I was able to glean from my grandma before she died.
In a better world, tests like these would help debunk the fantasy of racial purity, and as evidence that even the notion of race is a human construct.
Instead, white people are using it to give their identity a little "flavouring."
Unfortunately the track-record isn't all that great when it comes to how power, money and resources are being wielded. If the track-record was noticeably better sure. But there's probably a reason why the biggest data collectors are banks, insurance companies governments and id hackers, and unfortunately they rarely do it for reasons that benefits citizens, rather to avoid claims, sell it forth, scam, extort or something. I WISH it was a better track record. I am 💯% willing to get those views and assumptions challenged, in fact I have actively seeked out information that could counterbalance a lot of information I see about fraud investigations and corruption. I would be the first in line to wholeheartedly wanting to see how capital and money can be used for GOOD, and given directly to people instead of being scimmed off on the top. And I have seen some examples of good use of capitalism. Unfortunately it is more often than not that examples screw more to the negative side than the positive. And unfortunately there is little enthusiasm to challenge that, governments seem far more invested in criminalising and attacking people at the bottom of society than at the top.
But I'll give it a go and do another UA-cam search hopefully finding some "feel good story" before bedtime that wont have me inherently too anxious 😣 I am SO FOR any good use of money and resources that benefits people who needs it, and I do a little happy dance every time I come over some good progress for humanity. Sorry about the novel 😂
It's cool knowing my family history. I was fortunate enough to talk with my grandma about it way back in my early teens. Even found the roughly 2% Portuguese! Apparently great, great grandpa from Norway married my Portuguese great, great grandma--who knew? Guess that explains any pigment in my skin. But as neat as this is to know, at this point in human history, we're all mutts. People migrate (by choice and not), borders shift, empires fail. I started to write "every now and again you'll find someone straight off the rez or somewhere who's near 100% Kootenai or something" but even that's not true. Trail of Tears happened, tribes intermarried, Dances with Wolves is fiction but the idea that say, an Englishman would forsake something like Roanoke or Jamestown for the people who knew how to live in the New World is not*. We're all people, we eat, we sleep, we f*ck, and it's all a lot more fun than war. We got an actual job of army recruiters--nobody has to speak to a bunch of school age kids about signing up to get some, usually we have to talk them out of it... Army recruiters probably are surprised they're not fondling each other in the auditorium.
DNA tests are just scams to get your money (and DNA). "Yes, Mr. Larsen, you're 30% [ethnicity that matches your last name], 30% [ethnicity that matches the areas around where your last name comes from], 20% [hey isn't this a cool haplo-group seen around there!], 10% [you share genes with homo-sapiens, duh, are you really still readin?], 5% [you share genes with the earliest homo-whatevers because that's how biology works], 4% [your biology is practically a closed system between species that can and have interbred], 1% [a literal fish]!"
*Can you imagine it? You're starving, half the people who came with you are dead, there are people already living here all around you who aren't sick and aren't starving. Are you really going to let language and culture bar you from making an effort? I'll wait while Fox News talks more about the border crisis...
Nothing in the law says you can't take a germicidal lamp to your garbage before you take it out! Just make sure to close the lid. UVC is pretty nasty stuff.
I looked this up and they're so cheap!! Also leave it on for a couple hours (One study found that 3 consecutive 20 min periods of the light caused ~70% cell death, so go for a few hours to get it all)
You're going to have to make sure every single nook and cranny, inside and out of your all your garbage is equally exposed to the light. Not just things you drank from or had in your mouth. Skin dust and hair get on everything that's in your living space.
In all seriousness it really makes me wonder when people are going to finally overthrow this system because it's clearly broken and cannot be fixed using the system itself.
Psst hey idk if youll see this but if u really wanna catch the wind on the algorithm, I'd suggest just titling this "Police are STEALING YOUR DNA from TEST KITS!?!" since it's a lot more grabby and your channel deserves the extra reach for all the fantastic content you make.
Yup that's the main idea I've heard about these kits. That totally sucks if you've wanted to know the exact country of origin where you might be from. 😔
I like the reference to Mongolia. Mongolia is where Genghis Khan is from and if you know about him...
Your videos are fascinating. Unfortunately it takes me days or more to get through each one because I pause every time I have a panic attack.
I did it because I was adopted. I wanted to know.
I think it's ethical to use the information to give names to unidentified bodies, or to identify murderers (like with the recent Gigolo beech murders), but there should be restrictions on how material can be collected and what crimes they can use it to investigate (so it doesn't become a part of routine policing)
Anyone want to fuzz the system and do a DNA tumbler?
So, basically, we are at the beginnings of the movie GATTACA. Great.
Bro. Great timing with the video. 🧡💛💚 Brian kohberger DNA in the neighbors trash . 😐 Connecting him with his family members
You didn't mention another factor. Let's say you DID read the TOS as did your family and EVERYBODY in the world, and everybody understood the entire TOS and recognized all of the problems with them. Great. Now what? What's the next move? Not agree to the TOS? Not get those services? Not have Internet, phone, car, home, water, electricity, food, and so on? Not live in society? Not exist within the borders of a country? Not exist on the planet? 🤨 That's the problem, they can write wtf they want and there's nothing anyone can do about it because there's no choice. (Yes, very rarely a court will rule a TOS or EULA or contract invalid or even illegal and void it, but that's _very_ rare, and these kinds that are influenced by the government and police themselves won't be voided.)
Yup, biometrics are convenient, but they're a _TERRIBLE_ idea. It's more convenient to scan a fingerprint or star into an iris-scanner than to enter a password, but you can't change biometrics like you can a password if it's compromised by the cops or hackers or something.
You also forgot to mention the recent news of the discovery of significant amounts of eDNA (environmental DNA) being able to provide "human bycatch", that is, sampling the environment can find a sufficient amount of human DNA to detect individuals. So the police can sweep an area and find out who has been in an area and cross-reference that with who has been in another area and track people like that. And even if they can't identify the person by name right way, they can build the profile just like how social-media creates "shadow profiles" of people from others' accounts.
Yeah, it's full-on dystopia-world now. 🤦
wow! This is excellent content. youtube is burying this video! 😶
And people think I'm weird for burning cut hair, cut nails, and any paper cup I drink from.
I have a relative in my family who was a complete mystery and I sometimes wonder about what he brought to the table genetically. But I also don't care enough about all the other stuff to spit in a tube. He was 'run outta town' by my great grandma's brothers and they all took his identity to their graves. Idk it's cooler to leave some things a mystery. And fuck cops lol
I love seeing my pie chart but it really is only because I like history and it is so interesting to me to think about where my ancestors were and what they did. I am unfortunately a Mutt American whose cultural heritage is long forgotten
In 1994, Minneapolis PD tricked my parents (and most others) saying, "get your kids fingerprinted so if they're kidnapped we can track them down more easily!!" 😆 I bet they do this with DNA now too lol pretty clever leveraging stranger danger fear
0:58
Encourage everyone to watch a playthrough of Measurehead’s spiel because it is an *agonizing* experience
I don't think the pie chart is meaningless per say because even if you have no cultural attachment to any of the geographic categories assigned, ot still does imply more interesting stories about relatives in the distant past. Who wouldn't want to know that?
Also, I kinda say this as someone dealing with a profound sense of disconnect from my own immigrant culture and the extended family networks even my own patents enjoyed. That, and I feel I'm watching the real time death of my ancestors' living traditions to neoliberalism, and not all of them were great, but still.
I got my DNA taken ~4 years back when I committed some regrettable crimes. No one got physically hurt.
But now I’m uneasy about the Popo having my DNA samples. Is there antyhing I could do? Or am I just f’ed?
I had zero interest in getting a DNA test, but I hadn't thought I might be Portuguese. Gimme one!
I'm so surprised some shady dark scumbag from the government hasn't shut you down. This channel puts out the most important content on UA-cam. I'm pretty sure there's a tie to Philly in this channel and that makes me so proud of my City.
I JUST sent my spit tube in last Friday...I guess it's a good thing the cops already have my DNA...
Hey babe, wake up again, more Renegade Cut's on. Let's get based
2 minutes in and I'm comfortable pointing out that there's an actual South Park about this. Don't know it's name but i think Randy has some percentage of Native American genes so he fully adopts the culture as his own. Anybody remember?
All people rummaging through trash remember, if anyone calls you out, claim your collecting genetic info for a case.
Excellent work as always
Wow! The situation is way worse than I thought.
Insanity.
Its important to keep recipts on police overreach
Shit we been knew and why black and brown people found all these sites incredibly sus
Shout-out to the Portuguese!
Thanks! I was once curious about potentially taking such a test - thanks for the warning tho.
This video's title feels like the premise of a story Philip K Dick attempted to write, but then went "Nah, this is way too dystopian even for me!"
I did a DNA test to get health info, it's way cheaper than the doctor lol. Also I wanted my DNA included in research so my kids are part of the sample used to make next generation medical treatments which could make them more effective.
I'm sure the FBI already has my DNA and fingerprints, so I might as well get something out of it.
This is so hard for me. My mom bought me one of those DNA kits. I haven't used it yet. I know where my my family comes from. But its sooooooo important to my mom. We lost our brother young, and its made her hyper concerned with family, and charting family. Personally, I know I'm Spanish, Irish, English and Norwegian, and possibly a schosh of something else. I don't need exact percentages if how that history is expressed in my genome. Those cultures and family stories have been a big part of my life, and honestly, I think I'd feel hurt if my DNA results exposed I inherited less spanish or irish genes than the culture and stories I grew up with. I grew up with an immigrant grandmother, who spoke Spanish to me, and taught me all about my heritage. I dint want to know if I didn't inherit many of her genes. I inherited her stories and traditions, and I don't want that invalidated by a pie chart. Famiky stories abd heritage are a HUGE PART of my family and upbringing. BUT its soooooo important to my mother. She needs this info in a grief and grounding sort of way. To catalog her loved ones, and guve her something tangible to hold on to. So u have this kit sitting in my kitchen. And I look at it daily, trying to decide if I do this for my mom, or dont do it for me.
Also the ADHD, I often forget it exists. Which might be the biggest reason my mom keeps askung ne to do it and i constantly forget. But for real, when i think wbout doing it, I'm dramatically conflicted.
i've always brought up privacy when it came to people around me talking about dna ancestry tests (i kept the fact that i believe it's eugenics and bunk close to the chest,) but i've also always prefaced my objection by saying how paranoid i know it sounds. turns out my concern is... completely valid,
For your algorithm
Not gonna do it.
I got my dogs DNA tested to figure out why she is a crazy barkface
The pie chart was great for my ex who was adopted and didn't understand where they came from in a genetic sense
Edit: also you can change your DNA. Need some nuclear material though.
If you are interested about your family, just like, looking through archives will always be more accurate and more importantly, humanizing. My great great great grandma was Choctaw and she was a survivor of the Trail of Tears. That is far more human story than “I’m x precent Native American”
So then you should also know that for so many of us displaced natives (for various reasons) DNA tests are invaluable in allowing us to find our way back to our families. Idk about you but my family was torn apart by residential schools. My grandmother and her brother knew they were Anishinaabeg, but DNA gave us our cousins back.
Don't discount it completely / blood quantum is cancer.
@@corvuscrux This probably sounds crazy, but I'd be worried that the DNA tests used to learn about my ancestry will end up in the hands of authorities who have a habit of discrimination and genocide, which is why the DNA kit was needed in the first place.
I just pressed play. And upfront I’ll say I have one or three on my counter, sent by a relative. Let’s see if I spit in it after watching this video.
I'm glad I never ended up doing this with my ex, when she did it.
So, Psycho-Pass becomes a reality?
i hope someday i can get an exact string of my dna so i can use it as a randomiser seed for my video gayms
Interesting!
I refuse to get one since I've heard about the whole cloning thing. Along with your "rights to your dna dealio"
You can give the testing company a pseudonym.
Indeed. Very much so. Wild cat.
When do we riot?
Thanks, Leon, I love your work. However, your country is a dystopian hellscape.
Algorithm