KNIGHTS TEMPLAR: What Weapons and Armor did they use?
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- Опубліковано 22 жов 2024
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The Knights Templar are probably the most famous knightly order, made even more famous by their sudden destruction and associated legends around their wealth and the possibilities of hidden treasures. In recent times, the Knights Templar have been associated with all sorts of myths, legends and conspiracy theories!
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Ego sum Regiae Nobilitatis Hungariae Transylvaniee⚜️
Nobilis eques Regis Hunyadi Janos.
MMM hominem raptor ordo pugnavi per me.
I pugna diaboli ⚔️
Ego pugnabo leonem ⚔️
Im publice #1 Eques Historia Mundi ⚔️
3:26 history hit. Aka HIS Story Hit. Its a hit on history man. An attack out Furthur subversion. The deception CONtinues
@@andras8911 the lion 🦑🐐⚜️🐙nautilus. Hydra.
7:15 the rider and horse were one creature. Hence the headless knight. Think octopus. The headless horseman. There body is the head. Think a blemie 9:02 take note of the dress like legs. This is tentacles.
11:48 notice again the hanging “fabric “
One popular theory I've heard for the surcoats' origins in the crusades was as a way of stopping your maille from heating up as much in the sun. Having re-enacted wearing a maille shirt in the Aussie sun, I can confirm the surcoat did make a difference.
Makes sense. Heatstroke was and is a big issue for armored men.
As a former reenactor I love how we basically conduct experimental archaeology at most of our events.
The surcoat copies the idea of the Eastern Roman epilorikon (=literally means "over-armor") which was used to avoid overheating under the sun and rust when raining.
Just my theory on the surcoat, mail is the type of thing you couldn't take off in the field, on top of protecting the mail from direct sunlight in hot conditions and protectiong from corrosion. The most important part IMHO would be visible concealment, something that's been mentioned in various roman texts.
@MainTank Vsible concealment is very important. However, adding a cross to it so you could walk around and wordlessly shout "DEUS VULT" is far more important. You no longer have to wreck your voice shouting till battle time :p
Something fun about the Knights Templar is that they still exist today. The ones who survived the purge escaped to Portugal and changed their name to the Order of Christ in 1319. They were secularized in 1789, briefly disbanded in 1910 and revived in 1917. Their Grand Master is the president of Portugal.
Yes, the knee defenses were critical for adventurers; no one wanted to be the "then I took an arrow to the knee" guy.
I mean, imagine just how bad that would be? You're probably gonna be limping for the rest of your life after that, and that's best case scenario
Thought it was funny that voiceline is used by guards who work long shifts standing in place and walking on patrols
"A Templar Knight is truly a fearless knight, and secure on every side, for his soul is protected by the armour of faith, just as his body is protected by the armour of steel. He is thus doubly armed, and need fear neither demons nor men."
Booyah!
What's this from?
@@Matt_Alaric De Laude Novae Militae - In Praise of the New Knighthood by Bernard of Clairvaux
Chapter One - A WORD OF EXHORTATION FOR THE KNIGHTS OF THE TEMPLE
@@krzysztofzpucka7220 Awesome.
🙏🏼♥️
So you are saying they had cutting edge swords .... got you
And right to the point
Very rigid swords, for good penetration
Cutting edge armour.
Finely fitted swords, and bespoke pole arms, and the most modern of horses, and the very tackiest of horse furnishings.
Groan...🤦🏼♂️😆
That was excellent Matt. Could you do a similar dive into the arms and armour of the Islamic equivalent of knights of this period? I can honestly say that I would love to know more about this subject. 👍
I would like to see that very much
Great idea!
I third that suggestion
I would also like to see a video on the islamic arms and armor of the same period
Yes, please!
I enjoyed this 'timeline progression' format of discussion. I'd enjoy more content like this of other time periods, or other countries. Thank you.
The book "Arms and Armour of the Medieval Knight" by David Edge and John Miles Paddock does a great job of doing a century by century breakdown like this. It isn't focused on any one group, but does try to point out regional trends. The last that I knew, the book was still out of print, but I think prices have come down quite a bit (at one time it was going for $100+ and now seems available for about $15 or slightly less).
Current mood: knight fighting another knight while their horses hug in the background
Great video again Matt. I think you would love The Palace Armoury in Malta. This is a Knights Hospitaller museum/ arms & armour collection stored in a palace. Maltese military history is fascinating as it has been strategically important for centuries and has had a great variety of different military bodies connected with it.
@@thegleeman7535 Thanks for that update.
Thanks Wylde - yes in fact I have been to Malta and loved it. We'll go back again soon, I hope.
@@scholagladiatoria It would be really interesting if you were to go into more depth about the Rule of the Templars which goes into quite a lot of detail about what arms and armour a knight Templar should have as well as sergeants and squires. Also what it bans is interesting because it shows what ordinary knights were using: "Moreover, a covering may not be had on shields, spears, scabbards, and lances because these things are understood not as a benefit but rather as a detriment to us all."
History Hit is a sponsor made in heaven for Matt. HH make great content, more traditional TV style historical videos but they are really good. Wonder if Matt will ever colab with them
Just a thought I had while listening on what the purpose of the surcoat was. Maybe it was to help keep the knights cooler. I imagine a loose white sheet basically covering all their armor would to reflect the intense sun they would have been in. Wearing metal armor in hot intense sun would probably cook a man. Their armor directly in sunlight would probably be untouchable hot. Like any metal sitting in the sun on a hot day.
I love these thorough "piece by piece" analysis of X warriors on X century. I think these are my favorite kind of videos of yours, Matt!
Super appreciated, especially from a fanboy of great helms such as myself. I'm sorry for the full plate fans, but boy, templars look so badass!
Great video. The knightly orders were always fascinating
Would love to see a video on the knights hospitaller during their stay on Rhodes. What changes were made to accommodate ship born combat?
I’d like to see a video about the weapons of the Nizari Ismaili assassins. We’re their daggers curved or straight? Etc. Thank you for another great video.
Great idea! I’d love to see that too
I really like your historical views, thanks for that! A surcoat also hides where the gaps or weak spots in your armour are, so can't be targeted directly as such, also keeps blood, bodyfluids and other dirt from your mail and armour, nothing as bad as trying washing bloodclots out of mail and other intricate armour parts.
Buff leather was a very thick and tough type of leather, not boiled but treated so that it is tough against cuts, arrows etc. The buffcoat is a 16th century heritage of that. Leather is underestimated in archeology and history simply because so little remains of it if at all.
Interesting as always! Hope you're working on another history video like Flodden, I really enjoy those.
Great vid. A video on the various knightly orders would kickass. More of the history of the orders than just the arms and armour. This video has me thinking how far away did the various order draw their members from their order's place of origin. Yes I should serve prison time for that last sentence.
Maybe a collaboration with Meteron, Shad, Lindybeige and Skall...Tod?
Anyways just a thought. 😀
I remember seeing illustrations of knights in the 1200s with square pieces of wood or leather attached to the upper arm with cords. I was a kid then and I still don't know if the rectangles are supposed to be decorative or protective but they appear for a very short time and then just disappear in the early 1300s. I can't seem to find these illustrations nowadays (I only found modern ones a few years back) and I'm not sure anymore if I just hallucinated them or if they were actually a thing during the crusades.
This was a great video and fun topic! You mentioned Christians being allowed to use Muslim weapons and this now has me intrigued as to what kinds of arms the church considered Muslim weapons back in the day. Would love to see videos on Islamic golden age arms, armor and culture someday.
I think you might be referring to ailettes which were attached at the shoulder. If so, they are a very late 13th - early 14th century item as you indicated and I have not encountered any source willing to do more than speculate on their purpose. If you are referring to besegues/besagews (which "hang" below the shoulder to protect the armpit), those seem to have lasted longer and be universally accepted as armour to fill the gap in the armpit.
@@grbdevnull5611 after a quick googling i think i was referring to the ailettes. Never knew that term so now i have something to work with. Thanks!
Wow. It's amazing how the Great Helm is so closely associated with the Crusades and the Templars yet it wasn't developed / used until the Third Crusade. Replica helmets are usually called "Crusader Helmet".
Alright last one, I swear. A vid of nothing but looking at artwork and effigies depicting arms and armor and talking about them would be awesome. Maybe drag in some other experts to discuss? I remember seeing the Black Prince’s effigy on his tomb for the first time and what an impression (figuratively bot literally) it left on me with the detail of his armor. I thought it was so cool- I think I poked around it for like half an hour. I definitely got some weird looks. Lol.
I know it's not completely historically accurate movie, but one of my favorites..."Iron Clad".
Great work as usual. I would like to hear you explain it a little differently sometime. You approach the subject as weapons and armor of the knights. I am interested to hear it explained as - the knight’s choice of weapon against his opponents armor/weapon. And the knight’s armor development against his opponents weapons. I think one source mentions that he (the Templar) should have a Turkish mace. I’m not sure but I think this is a round mace and not flanged. Your thoughts?
It's my understanding that daggers were around in this earlier period, it's just that they had a negative association. They were considered the weapons of assassins, murderers, and people who relied on sneakiness. As such, they were not viewed as honorable arms for a knight. However, as you stated, Matt, the innovations in armor made it increasingly difficult for the dagger's effectiveness on the battlefield to be overlooked! Also, even though the classic quillon dagger wasn't yet being carried in a military context, there were dagger-like weapons in the earlier Middle Ages, specifically, the scramsamx (my own made-up word for the seax/scramasax😁).
I had similar thoughts. I agree the dagger was viewed as an un-knightly weapon. The church also had a word in this. Daggers are indeed deadly. The church equally tried to ban crossbows... and apparently axes/maces. Maybe better armour lead to them being (re-) introduced. In the picture at around min. 26 the ppl using daggers are of course without armour. Daggers used to be an important part of military outfit - the Roman legionary always wore one...
@@Macorian , Indeed, the Pugio! Julius Caesar could tell you a thing or two... or three, or four, or five, etc., about those!😁
Wonderful video, Matt! I very much enjoyed learning more about the Templars.
Cérveilière, you brought it up at the end, literally means "brain-plate". Thank you as always Matt.
A truly interesting discussion would be why so many "innovations" mentioned here are features of armor that faded from use following the end of the Western Roman Empire. Greaves are well known pieces of armor in the Middle East and Mediterranean as far back as the Bronze Age and appear on classical statuary. Some face protection was fairly standard in the Roman military at times, at least cheek pieces and some protection of the back of the neck. What drives such waves of fashion in armor? Even now, we see shifts in helmet styles from definite protection against shrapnel, to the current US style which looks a lot like cyclist's helmet with next to no protection to the sides and the front. Even a limited visor that might protect from solar glare is gone.
Great stuff Matt 👏 thanks for sharing with us
They may not have added greaves over mail leggings for knights very early, but historically don't greaves by themselves go back to antiquity? Like Greek hoplites?
Kettle hats were also an important knightly helmet during the later crusades in the middle east and through into the late 15th century. I imagine that the templars would have made exstensive use of them.
I don't know why I'm so fond of maille? Obviously plate is superior, but I still love it 🤷🏻♂️
I actually where it for work, as I find it's more concealable and covers more area than a normal vest. (Especially the armpits and crutch areas).
I’ve loved the Knights Templar since I was a kid. Really cool history, and if what I’ve heard is true they got done real dirty at the end by the French king and the pope. Pretty horrifying actually
The pope attempted to stop the fall of the templars..
That was very good. Another topic that could work in this general format/structure would be the Border Reivers. There's a developmental timeline, it is not overly covered on YT and is a fascinating period of history.
Clicked on this one instantly LOL
"The Templars" is a great book. Umberto Eco wrote about them a lot too.
In _Foucault's Pendulum_ when a group of academic/vanity publishers decide to create a fake "secret history" they draw up a set of rules. Rule one is: "The Templars have something to do with everything."
@@realhorrorshow8547 And maybe they do? ;)
As some who has worn armor in the sun...I think the tabard fabric covering is there simply to keep the sun off your armor. It helps.....I've experienced it myself first hand. Plus it looks cool.
The tabards and sir coats were implemented to stop armour from heating up in the sun for Templar’s.
Was about to comment the same, that's what I read somewhere as well.
Oh man you've opened the gates now you have to continue this format and do many more warrior loadouts
The horses at 14:20. Wow, just wow
This format if video if the evolution of a very specific group of people is extremely interesting. Hope you can apply it to other kind of warriors or groups. If not by military order maybe geographical or other parameter that lets you focus like you did here
Man this vid has me thinking of so many things. I feel like a lot of people think of knights in mail much more maneuverable than knight in plate, a concept that I think a lot of fantasy fames probably also propagate. But when you think about all the layers a knight in mail wore- take the head for example, a padded cloth coif, mail coif, cervelliere, and great helm, or all the layers on the torso of clothing, gambeson, chain, coat of plates, tunic all belted together- it makes me wonder if the later suit of armor, that at first glance may seem heavier and more cumbersome, may actually have been more comfortable and lighter feeling to wear due to how the weight was distributed. Another future vid idea? ok, I’ll leave you alone now. Unless something else comes to ming in the last 3 mins of the vid. Lol
The plate on the chest for jousting comment made me realize I've only ever seen that depicted in the age of plate. Were folks jousting before that? If so, just using mail? Ouch. Might be a good idea for a video! How, if at all, jousting armor influenced battlefield armor. And vice versa.
They usually aimed for the shield in the earlier period
They were indeed jousting in mail, and there was something called "jousting mail" ( hauberc de joute ) as opposed to battle mail. Sadly not much detail about what it was, exactly, and how the mails differed.
Surcoats most likely became common out of either fashion or to make it easier to know what side someone was fighting for on the battlefield. If everyone simply has mail covered gambisons in melee combat, it would be easy to end up fighting against someone on your own side.
I mean, that is true to this day. How to tell friend from foe? Strap some coloured tape around your arm and helmet...
It would be interesting to see (if you've not done it already) a similar format video on the arms and armour of the Saxon/ Viking period (5th-11th century say) as a counter to the absolute drivel that you see in most period films and TV series. The Vikingpunk costumes do wind me up a bit : )
I don't know if you already did an episode about it. But I would love to see you cover the difference and abilities of the small sword VS its sibling the Colichemarde.
Well, a dose of Schola Gladiatoria is a good way to start the day.
14:14
aww the horses are hugging.
Or dancing.
@@robo5013 Or wrestling.
This is a video I needed, but never realized that I needed it.
I love this video - great topic that I hope you can find a way to revisit somehow down the line.
Very interesting video (Especially since I'm writing a medieval-fantasy and I've decided that the tech level for arms and armors is (along with a few culturally explained exceptions) set around the end of the XIIIth century.
As an aside: 29:10 I was wondering what was "Kuh-Bully" haha. Just a little tip, it might be easier to pronounce if one keeps in mind that "Bouilli" (boiled) is pronounced Boo-Yee. I'll be indulgent of course on the pronunciation of the word "cuir" (leather) as it has two of the bane of the englishmen when trying to speak french, the U and the R. :P
I don't speak french, I'm interested in finding out if there is a difference between rawhide and leather in french? Rawhide from ox would be crazy stiff. Just like the Japanese leather armor is mostly rawhide.
@@kampar82 Not really. It could be called "cuir brut", but there is "cuir" and there is "peau" (pronounced poh). Peau can mean "hide", "pelt" or "skin". Cuir is mostly leather, but it can also refer to "hide".
I've got that book on my nightstand right now, excellent read.
I see you said the face plate ends up growing and going around the back, but if you look at the tapestry bit you showed in this video you can see a mounted soldier with a nasal helm with plates hanging off the back like samurai helms.
So it may have grown from the back to the front face plates.
Did you notice that on the tapestry Matt ?
Yeah, that's how I would think of it. Even the Romans had neck coverings and cheek pieces. A fighter can see in front to dodge, but you would want armor to protect your back.
14:20 (yes also shown a bit earlier) but that is a really amusing picture with the angry horses fighting just like their masters 🙂
Very enjoyable and informative. Thank you Matt.
It's fascinating seeing how many elements from medieval Roman panoply slowly found their way into knightly arms.
The surcoat for one copies the idea of the Eastern Roman epilorikon (=literally means "over-armor") which was used to avoid overheating under the sun and rust when raining. the coat of plates/brigantine developed out of the scale armor used in the East Mediterranean. Eastern roman lamellar used rivets for attachment of the plates to horizontal belts and may have also played a part in this process. The fact that the Norman Kingdom of Sicily and South Italy kept the preexisting Eastern Roman and Arab administration running means that the technology and infrastructure to produce such items became known in the west.
@@AggelosKyriou Definitely. And I think the Crusades also helped popularize more eastern tech.
*Byzantine
@@dirckthedork-knight1201 Nonsense word only used by envious barbarians. Calling the Romans something else does nothing to them while making you seem petty and ignorant.
Excellent video. A lot of work went into this. Thank you. 👏
A super interesting insight! I would love to see more videos like this about specific warrior groups...maybe some deep dive videos too? Thanks!
Wow! The knights templar have been getting a lot of love lately.
That was utterly fascinating, It's of course futile to hope that some Hollywood film makers or BBC producers would listen and learn and look at the examples you showed. Anyway, I wish we had "History Hour with Matt" when I was at school, I'd not have yawned and slept through so many hours.
I mean if you really tried to put the knights as they really were into a movie, people would cry about how plain they look lol. Especially Deus Vult memers that think its all greathelms and red crosses.
Like seriously, just look at the In the Name of Jerusalem 2 mod for Bannerlord. The Crusaders look very much like what Matt says and you got people crying because everyone looks too colourful and there aren't enough greathelms.
Maces being a cutting edge technology is surprising on a least a couple of levels! =)
Is there any particular advantage to a flat top over a conical one? Surely the conical shape would be better?
Another brilliant video by the way
I thought that the surcoat was introduced to help keep the sun off of the metal armor, which helps keep the heat down when fighting in a sunny place like the Middle East.
Some books say that, but it's based on zero evidence. Simply one historian repeating what they read another one write. Surcoats appeared in Europe very early on, probably before any special adaptations had been made for crusading yet. It is more likely they were to keep rain off the mail than sun. Sun on mail is not a problem.
History hit sponsorship? Nice! I hope this means you get to collaborate with them.
Great info. I would like a bit more picture time to study the images. Voice over images is OK. Thanks.
Interesting video! Something you could explore next is the arms and armor of the Muslims during the crusades. Just an idea, it’s a topic I’ve never known much about. Cheers!
Awesome video! Really cleared up my misconception about great helms an templars!
The main weakness of knight templars was the fact that did not know anything about Skallagrim and his UA-cam channel, and thus were unaware that spears are much better than swords. According to Skallagrim, that is. ;-)
there's a video on tod's workshop where they test mail over padding and padding over mail and theres a significant difference in protection between the two arrangements with mail under the padding offering better piecing protection. it wouldn't surprise me if the surcoat was constructed with this in mind
About square helmets:
Looking from the point of production, I think that kind of helmet is easier to produce, since You need only to bend a square metal sheet round and weld on top a circular metal sheet. I think the rounded helmets need more specialized blacksmith to get right shape, than to hammer flat metal sheets. A similar curiosity: indian army uses till today tubular helmet, where the top is open...
Also I think having the rectangular he!met, it has in the corners more space and strength when hit in 45°angle by a sword. You also have more slace inside for putting something for cushioning.
You mention that the mace is a weapon they encountered...so if its not the technics of production, maybe its a reaction to encountered weapons?
With modern production techniques, I would agree on your first point, but medieval, forge-based production seems less likely to support that theory. I think the idea of providing space in the corners might be more accurate. It could be a way to keep the helmet from contacting the head during a blow if you didn't have a good suspension system (though that seems improbable).
@@grbdevnull5611 I've thought the same thing about the corners, but the reason for a rounded helmet is to have a blow potentially slip off, not transferring as much energy to the wearer. While a square helm lets the blow hit square and drive that force into the wearer's head and neck.
I am so confused about square helms, but they do look cool.
enjoyed this - be interesting to see you review some osprey type books or bronze age kits of different periods and regions - i remember your bearded dragon vid but what is in the tanks on your shelf behind you? vid enjoyable as always
The fully decked out Templar riding on armored war horses are a magnificent and exquisitely terrifying vision.💯
14:20 are those horses hugging?
At least the horses were abke to get along! If only we could be so wise!
what were those horses doing hugging hahahahaha
I love watching your vids and then diving headlong into the historical rabbithole. Should be more videos about applications of leather armor in the mideval era as apposed to the romanticized images we get in movies and tv.
Well articulated history of a period of development that is often fictionally perverted. One addition to the discussion would be a discussion of the ability of craftsmen to produce sheets of useable Iron and mild steel. The first benefit would be for head protection and later for other areas. The history of ferrous metals during the period could be traced in part by the development of large workshops and the use of water power to assist in production.
really enjoined this armor and history lesson
17:25 are those horses meant to be:
A) fighting
B) hugging
C) dancing
Or
D) the artist had a weird equine fixation and it’s about to get r-rated?
I need to read more. Fascinating as we go from Post-Roman rule into Byzantine rule, the rise of the Carolingian rule armor is dominated by mail. In the span of but a century it seems, the Norman Conqueror set off a domino effect that caused a armor race that doesn’t end till rifles suddenly make it all obsolete
Matt I'm wondering how swords on horseback were used during that time against heavily armoured opponents ?
That was a great video. I would love to see more like it.
Aah, well greaves were introduced earlier, as they were widely used by many Greek warriors and universally throughout the Roman armies, as,interestingly, was plate armor in general (Lorica segmentata, so-called “muscle” cuirass, etc.), even if they were initially made of more widely abundant and available cuprous alloys such as brass and bronze, then iron and steel by the later Roman military. It makes me wonder why large plate coverage, even when ferrous alloys and iron or even steel were clearly available right the way through, and yet it seems like it was almost completely abandoned for many hundreds of years after the “fall of Rome.” I find it even more bizarre when one considers the continuity of the eastern Roman Empire in the form of the Byzantines, who used a lot of lamellar armors as well as plate accents. All that was concurrent with the, I guess, re-development of armor from leather to maille to lamellar/composite to fill plate…quite baffling. Why did they not use the technology when it had clearly been available for a thousand years or more?
The Hospitaler Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (of Rhodes and of Malta) was founded in the year 1113 under the Papal Bull of Pope Paschal "Pie Postulatio Voluntatis". It was the first of the Hospitaler Orders predating the Franciscans by over a hundred years. Its first charism was that of Obsequium Pauperum (Service to the Poor) and the second charism Tuitio Fidei (Defense of the Faith)came into effect around 1136. It was an error to say that the Hospitalers were founded in 1098.
Please do a video talking about the others knightly orders.
**video suggestion** - those little shield type things you sometimes see on Knights shoulders, almost like a pauldron but it's a little shield, we need to discuss
is it possible that it was common to wear a surcoat over your coat of plates in order to make it harder for your opponent to aim for a gap in the plates?
Love it when Lucy pulls a yukky face.
Can you do a video on the Knights Hospitaller?
Excellent video. Thanks.
Brilliant video sir.
Am I the only one who had a Whiterun guard speaking in their head while Matt talked about leg protection?
Great video! Thank you Matt!
Wondering if crusaders adapted armor found to be used by their enemies at that time? Specifically, the use of plates on mail, or even what has been later called lamellar. Doubt this was common, but could be worn under surcoat.
My understanding with daggers is that they were used to stand small exposed areas not protected by armor like armpits, eyes, or neck, etc. also that because knights now were so heavily armored it was hard for them to get up if getting knocked down and while being knocked down they could be taken out with a dagger.
I am german, living in state Baden-Württemberg. When in 1525 Highmaster / Hochmeister of Teutonic Order decided, to transform Prussia from a catholic Order State into an ordinary noble duchy ( a vassal state of polish kingdom), the , German Master' / Deutschmeister of Teutonic Order decided, to use the new title ,Hoch- und Deutschmeister ' ( high and german master) , and ruled only the remaining territories in HRE. Then Bad Mergentheim became Capital of Teutonic Order. In 1809 Napoleon abandonned Teutonic Order. In Bad Mergentheim, the Castle is Museum of Teutonic Order. There is a sword, used by , Teutonic Knights ' of 19th century. Teutonic Order still exists, but last knight died 1971.
Thanks for this! I’m quite weak on this. Of German history, and no less than I would like to about the Teutonic Knights.
1:40 Happens every time. You start fighting and your horses break the mood with a hug.
I believe you are totally correct about the use of a coat of plates or, at the least, a form of cuirass in use by the knights of the time. However, I also believe that this was influenced by the Eastern Roman empire, where layers of chain topped with a cuirass was common. One should note that even the English were a part of the Varangian guard, and so would have had been exposed to this to protect against the horse archers used by Turks, etc.
Very cool! Teutonic Knights next? 👀
One of your best vids! Gratis.
Re the use of the mace, I always understood this would be carried by members of the clergy, Bishop Odo for example in the Bayeux tapestry. I believe the mace was symbol of the Bishop's authority.
14:15 The first thought I had seeing this image was "Those horses seem really worried about their riders"
Jolly useful, TY Ol' Bean. 👍