How do we get Diabetes? And why only some of us have it?

When a person eats food, it is broken down into glucose in the stomach. Glucose is what provides the body the energy to perform the day-to-day functions of life. When this glucose is released into the bloodstream, the body detects a rise in blood glucose levels and orders the pancreas to release insulin into the bloodstream. Insulin is needed to move blood sugar into cells throughout the body, and that is why the insulin and the glucose in the bloodstream travel together to the cells in the body that need energy.
Once the cells in the body start absorbing the glucose the blood glucose levels drop. Observing the dropping glucose levels, the body orders the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream.
The liver supplies glucose by turning glycogen, a substance stored in the liver, into glucose in a process called glycogenolysis. Once the glucose is released into the bloodstream, some more insulin is released by the pancreas in order to maintain optimum levels of glucose in the body.
This is how the pancreas, liver, and stomach work together to maintain the sugar levels in your blood. However, in some cases this clockwork-like system doesn’t work properly, leading to diabetes.
There are two major types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.
Previously known as juvenile diabetes, Type 1 diabetes accounts for less than 10% of the total diabetes cases. It is also the most commonly found type of diabetes found in children.
In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce any insulin at all as a result of an autoimmune response where the body doesn’t recognize its own insulin-producing cells and the immune system attacks the cells and destroys them.
In type 1 diabetes, the food is broken down into glucose and released into the bloodstream as usual. However, the problem occurs when the glucose cannot get into the cells due to the absence of insulin. The blood glucose level rises and rises. In order to lower the level of glucose in the blood, the body tries to get rid of the glucose through the kidneys.
Thus the some of the most common symptoms of type 1 diabetes are:
Frequent urination
Bedwetting
Increased thirst
Fatigue and lethargy
Weight Loss
Once the diabetes is diagnosed, these symptoms can simply be treated by injecting insulin into the body at regular intervals.
Now let us understand how type 2 diabetes affects your body.
There are usually two possibilities in type 2 diabetes, Either the body isn’t producing enough insulin or the insulin produced by the body is not working properly. Being overweight can cause diabetes in some cases where an excess of fat deposits doesn’t allow the insulin to work properly, however, the condition also affects people with a normal weight.
Under type 2 diabetes, the food is normally released into the bloodstream in the form of glucose. As a response to the rising glucose levels in the blood, the body produces insulin to help the cells take in glucose for energy. Now due to fat deposits blocking this process, the cells do not get all the energy they want, and the glucose level in the blood rises. Consequently, the pancreas releases even more insulin to lower the glucose levels in the body, increasing the insulin levels in the body. Now during all of this, the cells that are in need of energy signal the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream, thus increasing the glucose levels further. The glucose and insulin levels in the blood keep on rising until it reaches a very high level and gives out. And thus the excess glucose in the body results in the same symptoms in the body as type 1.
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