How Black Holes Spin Space Time
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- Опубліковано 2 жов 2024
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If there’s one thing cooler than a black hole it’s a rotating black hole. Why? Because we can use them as futuristic power generators, galactic-scale bombs, and portals to other universes.
Hosted by Matt O'Dowd
Written by Matt O'Dowd
Graphics by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, & Pedro Osinski
Directed by: Andrew Kornhaber
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber
End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: / @jrsschattenberg
Black holes are self-sustaining holes in the fabric of spacetime. Space at the event horizon cascades downwards, dragging more space behind it, sort of like how water drags itself near the edge of a waterfall. In a Kerr black hole, space above the event horizon is dragged around in a circle - so less waterfall and more whirlpool. Water spiraling down a drain in a flat sink doesn’t know about the hole - it only knows about the motion of the water around it. In fact it’s possible to construct a black hole in general relativity rotating or otherwise - without any mass. Warp spacetime so it looks like the exterior of a black hole, and that warping will persist. So what is rotating? Spacetime is rotating.
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![The Largest Black Holes [4K]](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/gIvGSW1Mlm8/mqdefault.jpg)
We mentioned this on the community tab, but we wanted to repeat our good news here: Space Time will be doing its very best to continue its regular weekly release schedule during Covid-19, though you might notice a slightly different look for some of the episodes in the coming weeks ;). We have set up our team up to work completely remotely so that everyone can stay safe and we can keep delivering high quality episodes for the long term. This is a challenging moment, but as our subscriber MrGonzonator wisely noted, all we need to get through this is Space and Time.
Be honest and tell people that Einstein, who wrote the theory which predicts black holes, died telling the world that black holes DO NOT EXIST, that they are mathematical errors cause by the incompleteness of his model. Mainstream physics takes Einstein's theory as TRUTH when Einstein himself said it was FULL of inconsistencies. Now, astrophysics love to use the word "black" or "dark" to name the things the current model fails to explain. Stop promoting failed theories as truth!
Has anyone tried to make nanoscopic wormholes . The Large Hydron Clolider all I heard were black holes but not about wormholes
And please restrain the comments like: "Oh, but we have a nice picture of a black hole. NO, my friends. There are NO "pictures" of the black hole from galaxy M87. Those are not pictures, that is only rendered data TURNED into pictures. Mainstream astrophysicists read that data basing themselves in the current model, which is (as Einstein said) full of inconsistencies.
It is not a black hole, it is just a rendered guess based on a failed model.
What evidence do you expect to see if there's advanced civilians in space? . Maybe radiowaves have to much interference over light years then previously thought maybe to many messages insidernt language's makes things in deficerable
@@tomasramirez4985 I don't think anything I've watched on this channel or others hide the fact that Einstein himself didn't think they could exist? He called them black holes because the way they make a hole in space time and the fact that they don't themselves emit any light. The name makes perfect sense?
Now we have dark matter. Its not named dark matter because its also something that shouldn't seem posible like a black hole. Its called dark matter because it is "matter" because it has mass, we can detect its influence, and again because we don't see it, hence dark.
You make it sound like anything we can't explain is automatically called black or dark, when really its just all things that can't be seen. Would you rather it be called a transparent hole, and I can't see it matter or something?
Inside the event horizon, this show is known as PBS TimeSpace.
Thats actually a really good pun
A Matt without a beard is just weird.
@@flynnyoba6175 he used to not have a beard, and it was weird
hilarious bro that was mad funny
Sadly viewers within the event horizon are unable to leave comments, as not even UA-cam comments can escape a black hole.
When your spaceship is slowly falling into a black hole: PANIC! at the ISCO
This is gold.
I came up with this joke independently as a chapter title in a draft of a sci-fi novel...though said chapter involved not a spaceship but a hostile star jostling another star that was orbiting at the ISCO of a supermassive black hole and threatening to cause it to fall in
" 'Panic! at the ISCO' by Fallout Boy"
-by Panic! at the disco
It’s comments like this that remind me why I brave the bleak world of UA-cam comments in the first place
Once you're in the accretion disk be careful not to fall out, boy.
"Schwartzschild" is German for "Black Shield" and couldn't be more apt for the dicoverer of the Event Horizon.
Wow. I wonder if he maybe changed his name to that or something. Probably not. That's an incredible coincidence. Or maybe he was heavily inspired by his name to achieve it lol.
I thought it was "black child"? Maybe not then.
@@SimonClarkstone I believe that would be 'Schwarzkind'
'schwarz' = black
'schild' = shield
@@SuperLLL As someone with Germany as their mother tongue, i can confirm this.
@Pronator Tendon to be fair, most people pronounce that name so poorly that it kind of does XD.
My understanding is that it's supposed to be schwarzen-egger schwarzen all one word. (pronounced something like shvart-sun egger).
There is also an equivalently offensive term to the n-word, that someone unfamiliar with the language will probably say accidentally when trying to say the German word for carrots...
Quarantine is less boring thanks to Space Time.
There aren't enough 👍 in the observable universe for that statement.
Have you tried just not being sick? It's working for me just fine :P
@@hooliganbubsy7298 quarantine isn't for the sick, only.
If you get close to a black hole, you can shorten the Pandemic from your POV. You can even skip it if you get too close.
@@TS1336 but if everyone tried it no one would be sick and there'd be no problem...
Matt, this message is addressed for you: If you wouldn’t join pbs space time, I would never know that such a marvelous professional like you exist. Thank you for your existence. It made me, one out of 7 billion people happy.
Seems like there is now 5 of us. Lets start a cult where we chant PBS! PBS! around a giant statue of Matt
@@Vrozkrokop I'm so down to join this cult. I'll bring the candles and incense.
Where do we assemble
Word dude. Most presenters are annoying (voice). Keep it up Matt and also the animations are awesome and the editing
+1. I really hope PBS pays him an insane salary for this kinda quality material
"Spacetime itself is now brought to you by Raid: Shadow Legends!"
Raid: Stellar Legends coming soon! 😉
Spacetime doesn't tell you that Einstein, who wrote the theory which predicts black holes, died telling us that black holes DO NOT EXIST, that they are mathematical errors caused by the inconsistencies in his model. Google it. The problem is that mainstream physics took Einstein's theory as TRUTH when Einstein himself said it was FULL of inconsistencies. Now, astrophysics love to use the word "black" or "dark" to name the things the current model fails to explain. But they don't exist.
@@tomasramirez4985 What about the picture of Black hole? And what about bright big stars orbiting something dark and comparatively small object? What about other proofs seen by Telescopes?
You have any other theory?
If you do, please share with the world.
@@saurabhstrauss There are no "pictures" of the black hole from galaxy M87. Those are not pictures, that is only rendered data. Numbers turned into an image. Mainstream astrophysicists analyzed the data and based themselves in the current model, which is (as Einstein said) full of inconsistencies, to conclude that they were "seeing" a black hole. Fake news.
@@saurabhstrauss just ignore him
Black Hole: Infinite possibilities
Humans: How much does it explode
Literally loled
It blowed up GOOD. Real good!
Humans: How much does it explode?
Black Hole: *Ý̸̴̢͠E͏̷̨́͡Ş̕͠*
.
Same question I had actually, black hole mirror bomb? What I wouldn't give to test that lol
"Let's get close to a Kerr black hole"
Um, let's... not?
How else are you gonna escape the photino birds?
#YOLO
Um... Black holes don't exist, so don't worry, getting close to fantasy is no danger at all.
@@tomasramirez4985 obvious troll is obvious
@The Truth of the Matter We have also used them as lenses, and have been doing so for decades
A funny coincidence by the way is that the Schwarzsschild radius looks like a "black shield" around the singularity, which is exactly what "Schwarzschild" means in german :D
There are others, though I don't remember them right now. But Schwarzschild is the best. Super easy to remember for Germans.
@The Truth of the Matter No that means Black Plough
@The Truth of the Matter That actually means Black Corner, like referencing the location of an old family farm.
Scientists: You can use a blackhole to build a bomb.
America: Oh?
Scientists: I mean, nevermind. Continue ignoring us.
America and every other country with the capability.
The government:. 'takin notes...
I am American and can confirm I'd really like to surround a black hole with mirrors now. Does it just take out the surrounding area or can we shoot it somewhere first? Eat this Andromeda! Pew pew!
Negative, sir. I'm quite sure that America is the only country that ignores scientists.
.
*You spin me right round baby right round like a black hole baby frame drags space time*
Whoa thats awesoooomeee!!!!!
Like Britney Spears Oops did it again baby one more time.
Actually, black holes don't exist. Einstein, owner of the theory which predicts black holes, died telling the world that black holes do not exist, that they are mathematical errors caused by the inconsistencies in his model. Google it. The problem is that mainstream physics took Einstein's theory as TRUTH when Einstein himself said it was full of inconsistencies. Now, astrophysics love to use the word "black" or "dark" to name the things the current model fails to explain. They don't exist.
Tomas Ramirez Just because you say it multiple times doesn't make it true. Einstein made a lot of mistakes, he was human after all...
@@dogcarman Einstein made mistakes and, one of them, was making the people believe that black holes existed through his incomplete theory. He even accepted that mistake when he was alive and he did it throughout his life. Einstein has been probably the most brilliant mind when it came to understand Gravity. Give him some slack on this.
Me fourteen minutes ago: “Black holes are strange, but I get the gist.” Me now: “Faster than light pumpkin! Ahhhhhhh!”
Sounds like you visited your past! :)
Hey, this is how Brand was able to escape the Black Hole’s pull in Interstellar, by leaving Cooper at the right time!
Yeah I thought so but then someone said it was just a gravity slingshot like e.g. that star that slingshots round Sagittarius A* at the centre of our galaxy. Like that star must be a long way away from the supermassive black hole? So I dunno.
"The spherical symmetry of the Schwarchild solution eliminated a lot of the complexity."
That's still a lot of complexity remaining though :|
I like how that PBS clown is able to cut out all the high-falutin bafflegab and dumb down the science and math to a mere 4th-year Astrophysics student's understanding. Otherwise we 90% wouldn't have a clue.
As complex as the complete digit of pi?
It's the complexity difference between an ordinary differential equation and a partial differential equation. That's a huge complexity difference.
As Grant from 3Blue1Brown once put it: Mathematics has the tendency to reward you if you respect its symmetries.
I'm just amazed at how many times he said space-time without the show stopping!
😂😂😂😂
Take a hit of DMT each time he says that
Every time he says that word there is a chance that it stops and a chance that it doesn't stop. The duration episode depends on which branch of the multiverse you are. But in most branches we will never reach the actual end of an episode.
I'm single and sitting at my PC naked. Does that mean I'm a naked singularity?
"what is rotating? Spacetime is rotating"
"hmm yes, I call it the orientation lock/autorotation for my phone"
Not really, because black holes don't exist. Einstein, author of the theory which predicts black holes, died telling the world that black holes do not exist, that they are mathematical errors caused by the incompleteness of his model. The problem is that mainstream physics took Einstein's theory as TRUTH when Einstein himself said it was full of inconsistencies. Now, astrophysics love to use the word "black" or "dark" to name the things the current model fails to explain. They don't exist.
@@tomasramirez4985 Bruh
@@tomasramirez4985 wtf is with this idiot bot ?
@@Cashman9111 Sorry, your dad is not here. Read my comment and, if you brain allows you, come up with an argument.
@@tomasramirez4985 you know that we recently made a picture of a real black hole?
"General relativity is hard."
You don't say.
@The Truth of the Matter While true you would need an insanely precise clock to observe any actual change on that kind of scale, it would likely take a time scale on the order of a few hundred thousand years to even get a drift of a single second. We have to use highly precise atomic clocks to detect the difference between ground and orbit, and those differences are only in the thousandths of a second.
@The Truth of the Matter Yeah and not that many people have lab grade picosecond precise clocks.... much less two of them
Difficulty is relative, you know...
@The Truth of the Matter all I'm saying is measuring time dilation due to a gravitational field isn't really "a little experiment you can do with someone you know" lol
@XY ZW are you trying to suggest time measurements would have a discrepancy due to pressure???? Please, please elaborate as that is not one I've heard before.
"[...] galactic scale bombs [...]"
April 2020: 🤫
That got my attention too
🤣🤣🤣
@@hellfire66683 You also read it as "galactic scale boobs"?
@@Einyen no, I saw bombs, I worked with explosives in the military
smashing pumpkins
"sort of like how water drags itself near the edge of a waterfall" - isn't this a good analogy for all fields? if so, do other fields display instances of frame-dragging? can i use any of this to slow down the reaction times of potential enemies in world of warships?
Kerr metric: massive algebraic mess
Kerr Newmann metric: hold my geodesic path
Edit:
At a 3r distance of the black hole you can have a stable orbit
Radiation from the acrescion disk moving at a high percentage of C: I’m ‘bout to end this man whole career
Wow the edit is more gold than the original😂😂😂
Steve Kerr Metric: Give Steph the ball
Every time he says something about spacetime stretching, rotating, oscillating or changing.
Me: *sigh* and here we go again, lost in the video. The point of no return.
the event horizon of your knowledge? 😋
I highly recommend turning on subtitles.
Being able to read the sentences helps me greatly with comprehending them.
So black holes were first understood by someone called "Schwarzschild" or "Blackshield". What's in a name.
Now that's actually an awesome coincidence!
Someone should compile a list of accidentally-fitting names. Off the top of my head I have Thomas Crapper, toilet salesman.
@@TheReaverOfDarkness In Germany there are several authors and journalists (granted some of them dead by now) who were named "Schreiber" which means "writer".
@@MrAranton That trade must've run in the family.
@@voxelfusion9894 I don't think all those authors and journalists named Schreiber are related. The name is relatively common in Germany after all.
Rotating space-time...? Awesome!!!
This one sounds like an Issac Arthur video baha. I always wondered what Matt's take on some of his topics would sound like XD
2021: Disney offers amusement park rides through the ergo sphere. Guaranteed to energize you for the rest of the day while you enjoy some of the other rides!
Finally, been waiting for a video on this
As fun as theorizing parallel worlds was, it's nice to get back to something relatively more tangible like my childhood favorite black holes.
Really looking forward to the next episode. Thanks for keeping on keeping on, SpaceTime.
When I eat spaghetti I twirl my fork around the noodles.
A black hole's spin is just how it eats spaghettified matter.
Wrong, because black holes don't exist. Einstein, who wrote the theory which predicts black holes, died saying to the world that black holes DO NOT exist, that they are mathematical errors caused by the inconsistencies in his model. Google it. The problem is that physics took Einstein's theory as TRUTH when Einstein himself said it was FULL of inconsistencies. Now, astrophysics love to use the word "black" or "dark" to name the things the current model fails to explain. But they don't exist.
Nice
If angular momentum is preserved, then shouldn't every stellar black hole rotate due to the rotation of it's parent star? Are there black holes that don't rotate? If there are not, why the non-spinning black hole is a solution of the Einstein field equations? Great video as always btw.
Its possible to have a black hole that dosen't rotate but it's so unlikley that it's virtually impossible due to the rotation of the star that created it.
Even if there weren't any non-rotating stars in the universe, the material ejected from the supernova could theoretically carry the same angular momentum as the star. Then the black hole would have none. Besides, there could be a natural process where a black hole prefers to lose any angular momentum.
But, a physical theory like GR just predicts what is possible, not what actually occurs in nature.
In an infinite universe one might expect there to exist a non rotating black hole but the number of variables required to cancel out there would be staggering
Director of NASA: Who wants to test Kerr's Innermost Stable Circular Orbit?
Me: *steps backwards*
I'd be in bro😂😂😂
@@pressaltf4forfreevbucks179 hahaha
In a black hole, ending up in the singularity is as inevitable as next tuesday
Time ago there was a movie “Your name”, in this movie they talk about some Shoemaker and some limit, I understanded like there is a Shoemaker radius about mases orbiting and later-on I ear about it was related to black holes. The time pass and then you talked about this, I re-watch the movie to find the misunderstandings, it was Shoemaker’s Levy 9 and Roche Limit.
In the end, thanks to you, now I know about the Schwarzschild radius, Roche Limit and the Shoemaker levy comet…
So Thanks!!!
That's not the "Your Name" I watched :D Wasn't it about a meteorite impact and body-swapping?
@@jangxx -- I'm with you. Maybe the movie included some bizarre explanation for the body swapping that involved co-opting astrophysics, but I don't remember it.
@@mvmlego1212No it was just something some astronomer guy in the news was talking about when they were theorizing how the comet could’ve broken up. They were comparing the situation to Shoemaker Levy (comet that broke up near Jupiter and its shards plummeted into its atmosphere) and how the comet wasn’t close enough to the Roche Limit for Earth so it must’ve broken up some other way.
Does time travel specifically going back in time theoretically mean reversing universal expansion thus making the theory of time travel impossible and vice versa going forward in time increasing universal expansion. Can general relativity justify the possibility of the manipulation of universal expansion of space time or has it already been confirmed by Astro and quantum physicists. P.S. I love this show in all the possibilities that exist within my light cone.😎
So is the ergo sphere just an intense amount of frame dragging caused by a massive compact object? Does the earth, or possibly more realistically do neutron stars have something akin to the ergo sphere?
As a side note I also should add that its been theorised that quickly rotating super massive neutron stars might spontaneously form a black hole as they slow down over time due to random drag and star quakes, therefore it wouldn't make much sense that only at the moment of collapse would an ergo sphere form instantly without any prolonged process following it.
I don't think your reasoning is necessarily correct. Even if a neutron star slows down gradually and thus has gradually increasing density, the instant it hits the critical density limit it becomes a black hole and it was not a black hole at all at any point before that. (Although it's possible that the critical density is only reached in a small region first and the rest then collapses into that region.) So there is already a sharp transition from neutron star to black hole, I don't see any reason to believe the ergosphere can't just appear during that transition.
you can infer from Mats report on the proof of Earth's frame dragging by a satellite designed to detect it as the Earth frame dragging exists but is tiny thus no intense frame dragging.
@@RedRocket4000 You are right, intense though is relative, technically anything with mass has it, but earths is large enough to be detectable
@@factsheet4930 Why would the temperature of the neutron star need to drop to zero to become a black hole? Temperature isn't a conserved quantity or even really a fundamental one, it's really just a statement about what thermodynamic states are occupied by a system in equilibrium. There are lots of processes that have no well defined temperature because they aren't at equilibrium, in fact it's generally hard to define a temperature during any explosion, so a neutron star collapsing into a black hole is certainly has no defined temperature.
But to your original point, sure maybe it takes some finite amount of time for the neutron star to collapse into the black hole. There's no reason the ergo sphere can't form in that same period of time. Certainly the event horizon does. That doesn't suggest that neutron stars should have an ergosphere.
@@kylelochlann5053 Thank you very much for clearing it up!
More black hole content please
7:27
safe = technically possible to survive according to physics
Technically possible to _escape_. Survival is dependent on the forces your body is subjected to, which are a different story...
I was born with many difficulties in my life. Although I am not fully educated, I have a strong love for science and the universe. Thank you for bringing it to me. Love you
I’ve never been this early, although maybe I have in a different world
Lockdown due to coronavirus?
You've been the first for every video and Matt has called you out by name and you are known to us all as SpaceSheep in another world. Cool meeting this version of you, baah bro.
Bazinga !!! Ya
whoa whoa whoa let's not just gloss over this black hole bomb. what do you just mean boom? what is there afterward? what level of explosion are we talking about? this needs to be a video
How much does the Event Horizon Telescope cost? I'd like to buy it for my home 😉
> Galactic scale bombs
I normally don't care about the sub topics as long as they have something to do with black oles, but not gonna lie, that caught my attention
Edit: Okay... I can't decide if the bomb was kinda disappointing, or positively amazing. A bit of both, I think...
World of Warships : Yeah people who solve stress-energy tensors will totally like our product
NEW BATTLESHIP USS CHARLESTON
You ever met any physics students? Gaming is not something only 12 year olds do.
Avoid Wargaming Products. World Of Warships and other products they make. They are a dishonest company.
All this shows that no matter how worse the matters are, but "KNOWLEDGE" knows no bounds and keeps on spreading !!!
And ................
Thanks to Dr. Matt O'Dowd and the whole team of PBS Space Time for making informative videos even in this Quarantine condition.
Matt, could you please explain how superradiance can extract more energy than is shot into a black hole via photons? My thinking is that 1. Even in a Kerr rotating black hole that could have spin of space fabric faster than light, the light itself still moves at a set speed ‘c’ along any section of space fabric; 2. Any light which undergoes an increase in frequency due to going into the gravity well of a black hole (without passing into the event horizon) should undergo a similar decrease in frequency on the way back out; and 3. Any amount of photons shot into a black hole drive (trapped inside mirrors) will lose at least some of the photons to the event horizon, so there will be a net energy LOSS.
I've seen this explained on several other channels. The basic idea is that the photons enter the region of spacetime that is being dragged by the black hole's spin and exit with more energy than they entered with on account of the black hole's distortion of spacetime. The black hole pays this debt by losing a small part of its spin.
That's a good trick!
I have a bad feeling about this.
If time slows down the closer you get to the center of a black hole, almost to a stand still, does that mean they're all still in the process of collapsing to this day?
Yup. Seen from the outside, that is. That's why Soviet physicists used to call them "Frozen Stars" instead of Black Holes.
Huh, an entire video and no mention of Covid-19? I didn't know they made these anymore.
So, we watched a video that includes information on how to make a black hole bomb. Does space force want to know our location now?
CNN should replace their industrial-sized washing machine with this.
One setting it has. Dirty filthy spin.
Oh my gosh, I think I just got destroyed. Wow, it hurts soooo bad. I'm literally crying right now. The wit of this comment, how well it related to the subject of the video. Its so relevant.
@Theballonist Are you cnn?
The Truth of the Matter I am not okay
At some point after Kerr black holes, would it be possible to do an episode on the fuzzball theory? You promised one already some years ago ;) and it would dovetail nicely into the previous episodes about string theory.
Remarkable how a region of Spacetime can rotate faster than light, makes one wonder how the parts of spacetime actually communicate with each other...
“hey how are ya”
Any parts that interact with them are also trapped in the gravity well and would also be moving just as fast so probably about how you'd expect
@@ExpandDong420 i meant: how can parts of spacetime communicate their postions to each other faster than light?
How does spacetime regulate itself / manage itself anyway?
World of Warships devs - shouldn't you have made the the PBS Space Time free ship the USS Eldridge?
No - The Enterprise!
No, the Enterprise.
I would've settled for at least them clarifying the charleston is a cruiser not a battleship lol
Note : if you understand the maths it’s not actually hard as Matt describes, what he really means is that it takes a lot of time to complete and the longer it takes you to do it then the more chance there is of making a mistake, so you really need two or three people working on the same maths problem so you can all agree on the sums and limit the err to zero , this ofcourse takes more time so in reality hard just means time consuming .
Most informative micro lecture on black holes ever!
Finaly an episode where i understand more than 80%.. as oppose to a quantum episodes.. 👍
Spin me right round baby right roud
Meatspin
minor nitpick :
your rocket does not "behave properly". By pointing the way demonstrated and firing its engine, it only displaces the orbit, it does not increases the orbit radius.
great episode as always :)
P. sure you have to fire radially to escape if you're inside the photon sphere. Otherwise you increase radial velocity, but even moving radially at the speed of light you'd fall inside.
6:30 but hang on, isnt that faster than light travel then?
Not TECHNICALLY, but "result-wise"?
If you're moving with the rotating spacetime, you could "arrive" halfway around the orbit, faster than light would arrive going backwards against the spin of spacetime. Yes, you're not moving THROUGH your co-rotating spacetime faster than light, but you will ARRIVE in a position relative to the orbit of the black hole, FASTER than light would if the frame dragging did not occur, right?
Basically, a cheap version of warp drive.
So for an outside observer, they would see your spaceship orbit the black hole faster than the speed of light. Or rather, you'd arrive at various points around the orbit faster than the outside observer, in his non-rotating reference frame, would expect.
You are NOT moving faster than light, you're moving WITH space, BUT you ARE orbiting faster than the outside perspective would assume possible. Right?
So isnt this something we could test and observe?
Maybe the big bang is but a consequence of having a perfectly defined "everything" in the singularity that gave birth to our universe. According to the uncertainty principle, a perfectly defined position or momentum at a single "instant" results of a superposition of an infinite different combination of both position and momentum that extend infinitely in spacetime (it exists everywhere and at all times). The accelerated expansion of our universe is therefore due to space itself having a perfectly defined position and momentum at the singularity, so as we sort of "experience" the version of the universe's wave function we are in, it will most likely evolve to one of the most probable microstates that translate into the singularity as a macrostate. In other words, dark matter and dark energy could be considered fundamental properties since nothing really causes them, they are just there and probably with a different set of values (as well as any other fundamental property) in a different "path" of the universes wave function.
Just a thought tho
why is physics getting more and more interesting to me? never thought math could be that interesting actually wtf
Same as me...
This year coronavirus is like Avengers Infinity War the villain wins, next year gonna be Endgame the heroes wins...
MpS shut up
@@Jwdude123take my upvote
peepee poopoo
The mirror bomb into a black hole sounds a bit iffy, wouldn't the mirrors have to be perfectly reflective? Otherwise I would think they would melt long before the light was strong enough to explode
Yeah, this seems like one of those hypotheticals that breaks down when you try to engineer it. Like, how do you get the mirror into place fast enough to pull this off, since any thermal radiation from the atoms of the mirror would be amplified to UV and start blowing holes in the other mirrors before they were fully encompassing.
So maybe you liquid nitrogen cool a material that is clear and strong enough to survive the stresses of distorted space over a distance that no human structure has ever come close to bridging, and you use orbital cranes to slowly drop them down the gravity well in a massive synchronized dance without tangling them. Then you have to be able to instantaneously turn them all reflective at the same time. And then what? You sterilize all the life bearing planets on the plane of rotation around you at a galactic scale? Not a very interesting plot device.
How/why can charge 'escape' a black hole to be felt from outside of the event horizon?
It's not as if the electric field lines are escaping from inside the event horizon; they start from the surface of the event horizon and go outward. The event horizon "keeps track" of all the charge that falls in and that it initially started with upon black hole formation.
@@trogdorstrngbd Here's a question then if the charge is a result of an imprint on the event horizon:
Lets say you have a black hole with a radius of 1 light year. At the start this BH has zero net charge. You have 100 'charge units' ready to through into the BH. If you measured the charge in normal space from 1ly away then you would measure a strength of 50 'charge units'. After throwing the 100 units into the BH what would the measured charge be at the event horizon? (bearing in mind the EH is 1ly away from where presumable the charge is after you put it into the black hole)
@@Speak_Out_and_Remove_All_Doubt Where does the 50 come from? I'm going to ignore that for now and state that, from the outside universe's perspective, things falling into the black hole linger forever at the event horizon, so _I think_ the electric field you measure depends on where the charge hits the EH and where you (currently doing the measurements) are.
Hello Matt. I'm a recent subscriber. I'm working on a science fiction novel, and using your videos to make sure I build my universe as realistically as possible. I've been doing some thought experiments, and come to an interesting idea.
Suppose we had two black holes of equal mass, zero charge, and EDIT: equal spin in the same direction, with parallel axes. Let's suppose they are in a stable orbit about each other maintaining a constant center-to-center distance. And let's suppose that that distance is small enough that the ergospheres of the two black holes overlap.
What the heck is going on inside the overlapping ergospheres? It seems to me that the opposing flow of spacetime in each ergosphere must react there, but what happens? Is there an effective area of zero spacetime flow where they equalize; or on the contrary, is there a violent tearing effect along a front, and opposing pressures on each side?
Furthermore, would the reaction steadily cancel the opposing angular momenta of the two? Would this not eventually reduce the total angular momentum down to zero?
I imagine a scenario where the angular momenta are opposite but unequal. Is the slower spinner's angular velocity reduced to zero, then reversed as it continues to sap the other's spin? Supposing zero loss of energy to space, would the final total angular momentum be the initial net difference?
Splendid show.
I figure trapped matter and energy will be sandwiched between them, compressed into a noodlefied star, stretched vertically along the rotational axis, eventually forming into a black hole between the two larger black holes, spinning in the opposite direction?
You probably already figured an answer to this question, or finished your book, but I thought your question was interesting and pondered on it for a while.
I think any effect that causes spacetime to deform is additive. After all, a massive object inside the gravity well of another massive object just deforms the gravity well further. That implies to me that if the ergospheres of two black holes overlap, there would be a region where they perfectly cancel out. No front where the ergospheres touch each other and violently rip anything that crosses the front apart.
P.S. you probably also already know about Project Rho/Atomic Rockets. That's probably the #1 source of good background info for science fiction authors.
What's your book about?
Humans ~ “Let’s turn a black hole into a galactic bomb.”
Other intelligent species ~ “Please use the right coordinates for Oumuamua to strike Earth next time.”
Oumuamua's come in three.
But a black hole has no hole.
It traps matter from all angles.
It's more like a 'black compressor' compressing matter into a 'single point. The spin gives the ability for matter to enter from either front or back giving the illusion of a hole. But a static black hole traps matter all around it because of no spin.
This looks to be a fantastic series! Wish you guys could release daily
I see your Schwartz(child radius) is as big as mine.
Schwartz Child Radius 2: The Search for More Money
*While world has forced me to go in quarantine till our Top Notch scientist find Cure For COVID 19* 😷😰
*Me: Watches about Blackholes thinking someday humans will decode everything thing about Blackholes, Dark Matter, Dark Energy etc* 😍
*God: Seems Pretty arrogant to me, considering the present situation you're in* 👻😂
*Me: cries in a corner of my room holding my Hand Sanitizer* 🤕🤧😭
God doesn’t exist.
I don't exist. Oh wai-
Black holes do not form from stars. This was mathematically proven by Laura Mersini-Houghton in 2014. YES THERE ARE BLACK HOLES AND THEY DO EXIST. However, she just proved that quantum mechanics forbids the formation of any future black holes. The implication of this is that all black holes are primordial black holes.
Beyond the Event Horizon
Beyond the lights of the stars
A place of eternal freedom
The void where all illusions die
Nothing escapes, not even light
Beyond the mystical horizon
We surrender to its might
Gazing into the eye of the universe
Feed me light, I'm the halo of darkness
Feel my might, I'm the eye of the universe
What is this poem?
@@jolez_4869 it's a song "Into the Black Hole" by Ayreon
and Dusan's is a song "Beyond the Horizon" by Dissection
@Sjd567 Gj57 Well, it depends what you want to be freed from.
World of Warships thoughts:
- 'Hmm, we must sponsor a youtuber, who's viewers are most likely to play our game!
+ 'I know a famous youtuber called PewDiePie who plays games-'
- 'NO! I have a great idea!'
+ 'What is it?'
- 'PBS Space Time! His viewers are nerds who want to be believe they are somewhat knowledgeable and have absolutely no life.'
+ 'PERFECTION!'
Our thoughts:
- 'Lol, this video was fun, although I didn't understand much haha'
*sponsored part comes in*
- 'Yeet, time for another video! It's 4 am, so I have another 23 hours hehe'
9:11 this little maneuver's gonna cost us 51 years!
That movie was so bad
I've been watching The Thunderbolts Project. Their last 4 or 5 videos seem very good at explaining stars and the universe. Could you do a video on why those videos are wrong, or how some parts are plausible?
They haven't proven anything. Plausible or not, their theory isn't grounded in any rigorous science and while their theory sounds "logical," maybe even morose than mainstream cosmology, that doesn't make it true. They seem to spend more time dissing new scientific discoveries over trying to prove their own theories.
@@nihlify Not the last episodes. No bashing, just science. Look at them, then tell me your concerns.
so... black holes are donuts
No, donuts are black holes, they were here first
@@taylormcfarland3623hats off to the geniuses that came up with the doughnut, so creative of them to demonstrate the geometry of a ringularity through foodstuffs
Woo-hoo! First time I've ever heard you mention *Roy Kerr* but maybe I just missed it before. The man is a veritable genius and son of the city I reside in, Christchurch NZ.
Rutherford medallist and kick-arse bridge player, it's great to hear the Kerr Metric/Kerr Black hole referenced. Okay, Kerr fan-girl out.
I've heard that charged black holes have a region inside the event horizon that might see "normal" to anyone falling in. Do rotating black holes have similar wonky-ness hiding beneath their surfaces?
Oh man... the next spacetime video will be interesting for you when he talks about the Kerr interior region. If you want a preview, google "falling into a kerr black hole" and read up on the madore link. He has a bunch of simulations "visually" showing the wonkiness of the math. Depending on the orbital characteristics when entering the black hole, you'll get one-way and two-way wormholes to antiuniverses, parallel universes, and unreachable universes, as well as a closed timelike curve on a special orbit (you travel a finite distance of space in an infinitely-small time). Keep in mind though, this isn't reality. Like we don't know what happens inside a black hole, but the math of the Kerr solution is a kind of bandaid to resolve some issues with the Schwarzschild solution. In the real world it isn't Interstellar, you'd probably meet the same vaporization fate as any other black hole if you were to fall in.
Not a good solution for social distancing, then.
@@chiragpatil2052 Incredible, this is exactly what I was hoping for.
I love how much of our understanding of the insides of black holes is just "idk, tell me how quantum gravity works first ¯\_(ツ)_/¯"
Not completely related to this but, if the Schwarschild radius for the observable universe is 1.3 x 10^26 m and its actual radius is 4.4 x 10^26 m, does that mean that in the past, when the scale factor was smaller (and so everything closer, everything denser) the observable universe (a volume equivalent to it nowadays, not the observable universe of that time) was a black hole?
Also the Schwarschild radius for the observable universe is only taking baryonic mass into account, so with dark matter it should be even bigger.
I assume dark energy has to be taken into account too, but since the further into the past the less dark energy there was, at some point there should be so little that its effect was neglectible.
Dead Or Alive is gonna show up in all our recommended lists now.
This suggests a really basic question that I should probably already know the answer to but don't: What gives light its brightness? Is it the number of photons, or the energy of those photons? Because I thought that the energy of photons influenced the wavelength, but this video seems to say that the more energy a photon has, the brighter it is.
Hmm... I'd say the product of the two. We're interested in total brightness, which is to say the total energy. Just my 2 cents.
Though you could also be interested in light flux (over a surface) and divide that product by an area.
1:35 It was mean of you to use the word spin here. Angular momentum would've been kinder. Now people are going to think that black holes have the same properties as fundamental particles.
That was what I had started thinking😂
How do you protect your spacecraft from the tremendous radiation from the accretion disk
They don't, because black holes don't exist. Einstein, who wrote the theory which predicts black holes, died telling the world that black holes do not exist, that they are mathematical errors cause by the incompleteness of his model. The problem is that mainstream physics took Einstein's theory as TRUTH when Einstein himself said it was full of inconsistencies. Now, astrophysics love to use the word "black" or "dark" to name the things the current model fails to explain. The current model, due to its inconsistencies, can't explain 95% of what we observe in the universe.
Then Hawking came along and proved they do exist. Lordy, we've even 'seen' them! Stop this nonsense lol
This whole paragraph LMAO
yes umm........We got a picture of it so....
Please restrain to send me "pictures" of the black hole from galaxy M87. Those are not pictures, that is only rendered data which mainstream astrophysicists read basing themselves in the current model, which is (as Einstein said) full of inconsistencies.
Tomas Ramirez there is credence to what you say as Einstein did say that if Black Holes exist there has to be something that is the exact opposite to it, ie White Holes, which theoretically “spit out” matter but haven’t been found yet
Will there be stable solutions without merging for 2 body problem with comparable masses in general relativity(I guess it was not solved completely)?If there are in what situations?
Wouldn't growing blackholes have a slowing spin? You'd expect matter to fall in at a random direction, so statistically be equally going with and against the existing spin, so not add any angular momentum on average. Therefore the spin of the black hole reduces in proportion over time.
Has it ever been theorized that the one-directional nature of time is the result of a similar phenomenon, that we happen to live at the edge of a "time black hole" or something and at a larger "distance" the nature of time could becompletely different?
There's a lot of interesting food for thought in these comments
I was kind of thinking that too. Maybe time and space are completely interchangeable. Like if we were in those areas where space and time switch places, we would perceive time to be "left and right" and perceive the forever moving towards the center of the black hole as time.
Could you use that method of stealing energy to actually slow and stop a black hole's rotation?
Yes. But its a lot of energy. That is my hypothesis.
Rotate in the direction of spinning of blackhole and spin in just opposite direction at the same rate of spinning of black hole. You will not be spaghettified.
"i bet youd want to drop down below the event horizon right now"
Yeeeeaah....yeeah....
is light infinite? i mean like the light trapped in a black hole will be there for eternity or does it eventually disperses and just vanishes?
So Black Holes are basically the frame-drag-queens of the Universe? i like that
4:55 Would such a spacetime vortex remain when a rotating black hole eventually evaporates as Hawking radiation?
what is up with world of warships ads on every single physics/astronomy channel lmao
PBS Space Time: If the infalling mass takes on negative energy values in the Penrose Process, is there a way to use that for time travel? For example, could wormhole be stabilized by constantly extracting energy from one of the black holes via the Penrose Process, thus creating a steady stream of negative infalling mass? Specifically if we force one of the black holes to orbit the other such that it exits in the past of its stationary partner, it would seem most practical to extract the energy from the stationary black hole.
There is one thing I don’t understand about black holes. If I construct a physical body which is roughly spherical, but one half of it has double the density of the other, and the overall mass is enough to turn it into a black hole, then its mass distribution is not even, one half of it has more gravity than the other. (We have gravity scanners to scan the earth’s surface to find asteroids etc...).
Why the event horizon is perfectly spherical then, not following the mass distribution?
ritemoelaw_books83 Yes, one hemisphere. But I guess it would be a similar for a merger as well.
The point is, that Earth has a different density all around, which is measurable. That’s how they find where the crust is thinner, heavy mineral deposits etc...
Why the same thing is not measurable on a black hole.
I like to imagine spacetime as this ethereal superfluid, so black holes causing it to spin makes sense to me.
I picture it as etheral god's tears. The expansion is as he watches Americans and COVID.