Hadrian's Wall: The Final Frontier Of The Ancient Roman Empire | Full History Hit Series
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- Опубліковано 14 кві 2024
- Tristan Hughes goes on a journey along Hadrian's Wall, visiting some of its greatest sites. Meeting experts to learn more about the Wall's history and the ground-breaking new archaeological discoveries, that continue to tell us more about what life must have been like on this far-flung frontier almost 2,000 years ago.
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I just walked Hadrian’s wall in April 2023 - took my time spent a few days exploring several spots - most excellent walk. Loved the wall - can’t even find enough words to express how magic it was ♥️🇨🇦
You sound as though you thoroughly enjoyed the walk & who would blame you, it's a fascinating, breathtaking, majestic journey & I'm sure you've inspired others to go walk the wall themselves.
Have been thinking about it for a while and I'm going to do it this summer 👍
I walked the wall too! In Assassin's Creed Valhalla. Took me like, 15 minutes. There was a boss fight. It was crazy, had to be there.
@Aaron-df6jc Did you simply walk it unaided or did you have a guide? Website? App? Human?
Excuse me...???
I can't stop watching the narrator's hands. They do the same movement over and over and over with every - single- word - he - says. It's mesmerizing. I have no idea about anything regarding Hadrian's wall, but I watched his arms flail over a hundred thousand times now.
ua-cam.com/video/bwAioN2mtsA/v-deo.htmlsi=svgDq7jTMXl9yjHv
Something like this? 😂
Thanks. Now I can't unsee it. 😂
Yup, its all I could see. There is a mitchel and webb parody of a historian and his flailing hands, so I suspect its a thing, a thing that they all think is a good idea for some reason.
A while ago when i was a school boy the teacher asked us ,,"where was Hadrians wall ?",to which the smart lad next to me replied "behind Hadrians house".
I'm sure it seemed funny at the time
@@bawsack69 It was funny cause Dan was young, and had much life yet
Ho ho ho🙄 how the long winters at school must have flown by……….
Magic, gotta give the Kid Credit for Whit..!
Hope the Teacher at least Giggled inside..!
Dealing with Smart Arsed kids could have taken the Edge off, the Smart Arsed kids Retort..!
Made me Chuckle at least.!! 😂
I'm a Northumbrian and that is the best weather I've ever seen at Housesteads.
Standardizing the fort also helps with construction and maintenance. They would know how much material was needed to build it and how best to maintain it based upon their experience at other locations.
Hi. I recommend booking in advance. I stayed at the Scottish Mews on day two - excellent place. She makes a great lunch for you to take. Twice brewed is a great place to stay. It’s right beside the Roman sit Vindolanda. Also their breakfast was really good. I stayed at the travel lodge at hexham for two nights - hexham was a cool place to see. It’s by the bus stop and a tesco ( grocery store). You can walk the wall in 5 to 7 days depending on what your speed is and how much you want to see. I stopped at everything - the greenwood museum is worth seeing. Chester’s was okay. I stayed extra time at some places. There is a service that will take you knapsack to your next destination so you don’t have to pack it if you wish. The walk is breathtaking. I hope you go!! ♥️🇨🇦
And having drawings & measurements.
I JUST finished writting and submitting a paper on this subject for my college class on Roman history
I hope your class enjoyed your report. Hadrian’s wall is a great subject to write about.
Sound is muffled
Thought that, sounds like the lav was under his coat.
The lav? I don't know why but this made me chuckle. 😂
@@leddielive The mic.
that's because it was obviously very windy that day (you can see it in the vegetation), and if they didn't hide the lav mic under his coat, the sound wouldv'e been a lot more terrible, with wind noise that's impossible to edit out
Wind Noise issues for Sure.
With No Wind protection on Mic. at all, It would have sounded awful without it..!
Hence a little muffled but not too hard to hear.
Cheers All.
P.s. I have been up there Twice and both Days the wind was Bracing..! To say the Least..!!
Sound is NOT muffled. Excellent production and super informative. Thank you!!
I love the idea that this huge empire that fought huge hoards of savages, barbarians,warrior armies across the planet and planted it's flag anywhere it chose then met the Scot's and thought 'fk that ! Let's just wall it off and call that the end bit "
Utter myth. The Wall defined the boundary of the Empire (as do his other walls across the Netherlands and Germany, and North Africa). The Brigantes kingdom stretched north and sout of the Wall
Aye.
I think there was more to it than that. It was more likely a problem of expansion, and the costs involved.
@@janetboles3424yeah the Roman Empire travelled the length of Europe from Rome to the edges of the then known world. Only then when they got to Britannia Major, started worrying about how much it was costing them to keep all of that garrisoned for the next 400-ish years.
Yet just north of Hadrian's Wall, at the Leadhills in the west, the natives had been mining gold silver and lead, only a day or two's ride away.
Over in the east, near the Forth Estuary, the Celts had been turning out high quality weapons grade carbon steel for centuries before the Romans arrived on the scene.
The iron the Romans were using eg for making armour, weapons, horse shoes, and construction nails, was being mined and worked in the south, to be carted up to Caledonia.
Only it now seems to have been abandoned there, when at some point the 'Pictish' natives proved less than impressed by the notion of gaining Roman citizenship than were their southern counterparts.
Scotland? Scots? Neither existed back then pal.
That was absolutely fascinating and thank you so much, it was utterly brilliant. I grew up near Newcastle and I’ve always felt lucky and privileged to be brought up near such a of historical interest re the Roman Empire. Thank you again.
The dream was always running ahead of me. To catch up, to live for a moment in unison with it, that was the miracle.
Good weed huh?
Can you imagine what some poor soldier from the middle east was thinking when he found himself in northern England?
Whats it like up there Centurion ? Pack plenty of Togas, and wooly long Johns son
Well you do not have any complaints from any of the illegal imagrant s they come from same place
Probably.. Like most soldiers they probably wish they were back home. Roman troops seemed to do a lot of marching with extreme heavy gear, they did a lot of daily work for meager rations, delt with all kinds of fighting, delt with pictish warriors who fought mostly nude. The lower troop did all the dirty work while the civilians, Politicans, and officers and officials stayed near safe areas. Sure the scenery was likely nice.. but you see enough areas you see most areas. Weather sucks, sleep sucks.
They likely had a saying similar to the US Army.. " Embrace the Suck "
I promise you they did fine, just like the millions of Mexicans who illegally cross in to the United States to live in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania
Mostly British Roman's guard the wall
Went to see the remains of the garrison on hadrians wall in the lake district at 0:15, absolutely loved it and the museum, I like how much the romans left behind them when the empire fell. Lots of documents of normal roman life in britain. Also bought a cheeky roman legion shield mug from the national trust
The Romans tried to secure the land beyond Hadrian's Wall by marching north some 100 miles and establishing the Antonine Wall. This meant a pacified, safe southern Scotland and the Romans almost abandoned Hadrian's Wall, but not in its entirety. It wasn't to last. Rome could hang on to the Antonine Wall and after Emperor Pius' death, abandoned the wall and returned to Hadrian's wall.
Hadrian's Wall then confronted its greatest test just twenty years after its recommissioning. Around 181 A.D. Caledonian and Pict warriors launched a massive raid upon Hadrian's Wall. Historical sources are scant but evidently the native warriors were able to inflict much damage and even breach the wall. The Roman governor may have been killed.
It was almost the perfect time for the Scots and Picts. The Roman Empire was in deep trouble on its Danube frontiers. The Parthian War lasted five years and returning legionaries brought back a devastating plague which ravaged the empire. It scoured the ranks of the Roman Army too. Throughout the 170s emperor Marcus Aurelius was hard pressed to repel numerous barbarian coalitions and tribes raiding across the Danube River in great strength. Roman manpower was scarce in the face of the early plague and heavy war casualties against the Parthians and the Germanic Marcomanni, Quadi, Iazyges, Sarmatians, Chatti, Chauci, Bructali, and other tribes.
We can possibly assume that at this time, Britain's Roman garrisons may have been understrength. There had been peace for twenty years since the abandonment of the Antonine Wall. The sudden attacks on Hadrian's Wall must have taken the Romans completely by surprise. But in the end the Caledonian and Pictish invaders were either repelled or they left on their own accord. It was the start of rough times in Britain until a new emperor, Septimus Severus, in 191 AD entered Britain with a force of six legions intending to square the Caledonian and Pict problem in Scotland once and for all. History records that after particularly savage, brutal, and genocidal warfare which cost the Romans at least the equivalent of two legions; some say four, Severus was able achieve peace in Britain for the next eighty years.
Wasn't no Scots in Scotland till 5 century my friend timelines of all cultures very important to learn facts they were brothonic peoples that wall split groups up an to divide common folk
The Romans were amazing soldiers and engineers. Greatest empire ever.
Wow, what a bunch of moaners. Sound is muffled, gesticulating too much, thumbnails are tacky. I nearly didn't watch it because of the negativity, glad I did though, enjoyable and educational.
Sound is oddly muffled.
Hadrian's Wall, like everything Hadrian did--Pantheon, elevation of Hellenic culture--is fantastic.
If you visit, be sure to visit the nearby beautiful Neolithic Castlerigg stone circle.
I really enjoyed this. It made it even better to put all 3 episodes together.
Tristan's comment about the barrack room being "cozy" may have been a bit off the mark. By putting 2 sets of 4 high bunks in there, there would've been a fair amount of room. Certainly enough for a table where 4 of the soldiers could've played cards or dice. You have to remember that during the day these guys would've been out building, patrolling, and other jobs they might've been assigned. Aboard a modern naval vessel there might be even more in the same amount of area.
Facinating! I very read a lot about this time.in history, but this is the best program I'that really brings it to life! Bravo!
Weather was mentioned a few times but it is worth remembering it was upto 5deg warmer back then.
Tristan seems like a great guy and a great host.
If a bit boring.
@@heenanyou hes a historian 😃
Bros hand gestures are driving me wild
@@jamesboydriver than dont watch..
Must have been absolutely awesome in it’s heyday. BTW, Hadrian actually had other walls, apparently his Semi in Londinium had 4 walls too!
Hadrian had the right idea, we need another big wall built to keep the SNP isolated and one across the centre of the English Channel to keep all those French inflatables out!
Did all those featured on this piece have a couple of doses of the “Hand and Arm Waving Drug” before filming?
😂😂😂 underrated comment
Did you guys visit the spot where John Snow was stationed? Is it still there?
Love the wall, the Scots must have been scary. Reckon microlhone may be under jacket? Definitely hard to hear at times. Thank you for making.❤
It was and has NEVER been a boundary between England and Scotland! The Brigantes lived BOTH sides of the Wall.
The Scots still are scary. The further North you head, the tougher the people you will encounter. Hard times and climatically hard places beget hard folk.
@@colinearnshaw7725Been a Northumberland born Canadian I get tired of explaining this
@@steveforster9764 Yeah, Geordie here and it's like banging your head against a brick wall isn't it?
It's a mixture of the ignorance of the southern English and the denial of the middle belt Scots.
Love to visit the wall
Thank-you for your guided tours, Dr. MacIntosh! 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻I find it fascinating that both the Denarii/Sesterces are in the same bank vault strong room as their standards and eagles. /// Roman Baths, the great equalizer. All walks of life were allowed to bathe there. 🛀🏻🧼🇺🇸🤝🇬🇧
A quite comprehensive 3-part documentary of Roman Britain! Excellent content guys, thanks for sharing.
An extraordinary and very well-done video👏
Except for the terrible audio.
Wow, nice video. And just in time as I recently have started playing "Hadrian's Wall" the board game. It is nice to know some history behind it. :)
1:05:50 i like this female, she is very knowledgeable, a Good educator.
Thank you ma'am for the input you shared in this video.
1:26:52
If you can put in fresh water.. you dont need to drain or plug the pools. You add new water which over fills the pools, the old water is Essentially rinsed out by new input. The water as it overflows the pool would rinse the floors.
This is what i think happened in the bath house. Maybe on a nightly or bi-nightly basis, or something, somewhat frequently. You have to change the pool waters and rinse the floors, what better more efficient way then just overfilling maybe overnight when no one is in the bath house and you can use a stiff brush on the floors with the water for a better clean. . You got soldiers of all ranks, an high profile people going in the bath house so you got to have some way to attemp to keep it clean somehow.
Thank you for sharing this informative video
Great doc.
yes the officers had better accommodations with a office as they usually stayed longer periods of time while the soldiers had more movement, but on their terms sometimes a inn for a beer :)
Excellent documentry
Some positional freedom for large sites, yes, but there exists on the wall a small tower half-way down [or up] a small dip. It could have been dominated from above on either side of the dip yet not offer a level entrance or exit to the wall itself, for military purposes [it would have been too remote for civilian use]. Like most armies, bureaucracy and daft regulations were intrinsic to daily life.
Excellent doco.
Would love to walk it one day
Thanks
Nice 👍
THANK U, SHARE SHARE
could the chalet style barracks be a response to deforestation in the area? You'd need shorter lengths of timber to go across the width a chalet style building (about 5m). Whereas to go across the width of an old style barrack block would take much longer trunks (about 12m).
It was an informative and wonderful historical coverage video about the Hadrian stones Wall in North Britain 🇬🇧 built 2000 years ago .video introduced by an amazing ( History Hit) channel.
The audio is kind of muffled and hard to hear.
UA-cam does it deliberately to all videos that have "Premium Enhanced Bitrate" available. I'm sure it's simply a massive coincidence.
@@uchoob246 i dont think so..i think the mic under his coat is the issue..the rest of the audio is clear as
that's because it was obviously very windy that day (you can see it in the vegetation), and if they didn't hide the lav mic under his coat, the sound wouldv'e been a lot more terrible, with wind noise that's impossible to edit out
At least it's volume is adequate.
@@spikespa5208 No it isn't,
There was one movie where a doctor in the Early 1900s was riding a car to deliver a baby and he was used to riding to house calls on a horse. He made the point that he thought it was warmer on top of his horse than in the car.
I'm sure having three horses is a good amount of body heat. It might not be a lot, but it might take the edge off a slight chill in the fall and spring.
Would recommend also using the metric system or having some kind of text showing the different measures so us viewers who arent as versed with feets.
Google is your friend
@@jonnphoenix Sure but considering how widely the metric system is used providing such a function would be kinda nice. Quite a few documents already show the measures in more than just in feets or just in meters.
Couldn't agree more.Most of the world do not understand the antiquated Imperial system.
Feet....just picture a very large foot 😅
Should not have to turn to Google to understand measurements that are used only in the US The metric system is the only system science uses.
Well done. Thorough and nicely paced.
I really appreciate how psyched the lady in the pink tank top is about all this. The manifestation of, "if your job is doing what you love, you'll never work a day in your life."
Whats with the presentors hand gestures, drove me absolutely mad
Antonine wall was the original but seems to be more forgotten than hadrians wall
Strange not one word spoken of the first wall
34:08
Thats Impressive and its a suprise to me how near Medieval it looks.
Id like to hear more about the wall after the romans
fell into disuse.
My second favorite wall.
And the first?
....and your first is, don't tell me, Berlin!
You're just so predictable. 😂
@@leddielive Berlin is perhaps last on my list.
Vividly remember feeling elated on the early November day in 1989 when it came down, overwhelmed by the jubilation & the world-altering of it all. Living in Belgium at the time, the energy was palpable even in the streets of Brussels.
My favorite may be predictable, but less so than Berlin - the Theodosian Walls. Solid.
Thank you for asking, @@thomasbell7033!
First on my list has got to be *The Theodosian Walls* (part of the Walls of Constantinople/Istanbul).
Those are a couple of badass walls. *Did their job spectacularly for a whole MILLENNIUM.*
As far as defensive walls go, I'm a big fan of these.
Thank you for asking, @@thomasbell7033!
First on my list - The Theodosian Walls (part of the Walls of Constantinople/Istanbul).
Those are a couple of bad*ss walls. Did their job spectacularly for *an entire millennium.*
As far as defensive walls go, I'm a big fan.
When?
It's was cool seeing it in Assassin's Creed valhalla by the way 👍
Is the microphone in your coat pocket with all that other stuff you're always carrying around?
Audio is scuffed
Turf, a pallisade and a couple of deep ditches sounds fine to me ...
BANNA ! The Dacians Fort on the wall of Hadrian. Banna-Birdoswald, Britannia-UK.
BANNA - In Northumbria - the largest and oldest fort of the sixteen inscribed along the wall, the best preserved, with most vestiges, the only inhabited, and after the breakdown of the Roman empire, long after, by the descendants of those soldiers coming from Dacia . Banna! ... Birdoswald, as the Englishmen baptized it .
This fortress was built and inhabited by 1000 soldiers from COHORS I AELIA DACORUM , recruited by the Roman Emperor Hadrian from Dacia ( actual Romania) at 120-125 AC , to fight against Scottish, Iuti and Picti from the north. After the Dacian wars (101-102 and 105-106), the Roman Empire used Dacian cohorts (military units of 500-1000 soldiers) throughout the Empire, archaeological discoveries pointing to their presence both in the United Kingdom today and in Turkey .
'' '' They were remarkable warriors. They fought without fear of death and died laughing because they believed that their souls were immortal. The title "Aelia" itself was a great honor, for it derives from the entire name of Emperor Hadrian, a name that could be won only because of a military or cultural service out of the ordinary. At first they were sent to the Wall, in an outpost called Bewcastle, to fight first with the barbarian tribes. Send somehow to the sacrifice. At a fort located in an open, wilderness, without a wall, without forests, without anything around. That, precisely because they knew their courage and devotion in the fight. They were supposed to die, but they did not die. Then they came here to Banna, and they lived here until the end. They got lands, rights, ranks. They have remained forever there in their city. Yes. They were undoubtedly among the best fighters brought here to fight at Hadrian's wall. These are facts, certainties, "says
the archaeologist Robin Birley ''' , British archaeologist Director of Excavations at the Roman site of Vindolanda and head of the Vindolanda research committee .
The Dacians, the Romanians ancestors..
Tristan Hughes’s audio is terrible. It’s so muffled it’s often hard to understand him.
No the Romans didn’t meet the Scots, Scotland did not become a country until about 843, 433 years after the Romans left. The tribes of Northern Britain were not Scots or English. The Romans recognised Caledonia, which was north of the Firth of Forth, well over 100 miles from the Scottish-English border today, Caledonia was most probably north of the River Tay. Imagine if you fell through a hole in time ending up 2,000 years ago. Even if you could speak some form of ancient Gaelic or Latin and you asked about Scotland, No one would know what you were talking about before they killed you.
Amen preach you'd think BBC would tell basic information
I call them Welsh cumbric language was a form of Welsh an per Scots probably spoke it to till Scots came to invaded the lands Irish half invited them there that's nice of them
This becomes much more intelligible if you use an equalizer plugin, and boost 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz bands to max...
What if the wall was to stop everybody escaping into Scotland from the Romans?
What if it was use to divide common people's from uniting an over throwning lots of evidence northern Britain was always the strong hold of these islands only if brigantines women queen didn't sell her husband out all account high kings of UK was in Eire Spain Germany all over leading to pythains of Anatolia Celts an all miner farmers homeland dna backs this up hill top buliders
What about Antonian wall?
Hughes sounds like he is wearing a lapel mic. His interviews sound better.. Is there a audio software used to filter out ambient noise?
NEXT : WELSH ORIGINS OF SCOTLAND IRELAND AND ENGLAND ; actually SLAVS from ARATTA . ❤❤❤
It was warmer during the Roman occupation than it is today so may not have been too bad during the summer time
I walked this track about 8 years ago or so and only now watching the history of it 😂
Great stuff guys i went there once years ago take care Sam Moore 😊
Need 4k
why is the audio so indistinct..sounds like it was recorded badly..yet the music is clear...muddy sounding..poor treble response
that's because it was obviously very windy that day (you can see it in the vegetation), and if they didn't hide the lav mic under his coat, the sound wouldv'e been a lot more terrible, with wind noise that's impossible to edit out
Built to contain.... this wall wasn't built due to the defeat it was built out of fear .... interesting documentary
You're thinking of the wall the Romans built around Dacia, this wall was built after the Romans had already conquered Caledonia and decided there was nothing worth having
@Sagittbrit Caledonia is the central region of Scotland. There is no evidence of them entering it and staying there marching camps go around there was no defeat of northern people ( picts )
Does this sound really muffled to anyone else?
Sounds like his lav mic is under his jacket, probably an effort to minimize wind noise. It's quite a windy spot
27:17 when he's not wearing the jacket, the audio is considerably better
Tristan great documentary,but i think it has been proven that the wall was 20 feet high and 10 feet wide.which would have allowed soldiers to patrol it.
I think, wooden tours were made to clear the near land of the forest to see the attack
The Antonine Wall says hello
The Gask Ridge says hello
59:11 buried the chest, then possibly died or he wouldve came back and gotten it.
I'll guess it was a wealthy soldier of some rank who had 2 sets of Armor. He buried one and his other left behind belongings, while wearing the other off somewhere to a battle, never to return.
Sound levels are terrible on this can barely hear what the presenter is trying to say.
Re: main picture…..I don’t think the Spartans ever visited the wall!
those kind of places are magicala bcuz when you walk there youre realizing totally different ppl walked there like with a totally differnet mindset, culture and it was so far in the past
Why is it that the tragic death of world leaders/ their lovers, always seems to involve Egypt in some way...
I think one cycle periodic the wall it is construct for defense, later for dogana!😊
i am just wondering how one knows, how high the wall would be, but not know how it looks at the top?
Is the sound muffled for anyone else?
18:00 - could it be for fire prevention like in other Roman towns, or is the timing wrong?
Terrible sound/ audio..
RIP to his mic that sounds terrible
that's because it was obviously very windy that day (you can see it in the vegetation), and if they didn't hide the lav mic under his coat, the sound wouldv'e been a lot more terrible, with wind noise that's impossible to edit out
Brutal conditions? Nonsense I’ve been up there, was quite nice actually 🤣
Lol visits Corbridge, does not mention the massive Roman bridge that was there which the town is still named after 😵💫
I was there as a child about 7 or 8
Whats up with the sound???
You wonder why no one thought to draw pictures of the wall or write down detailed descriptions of the wall, for example, its composition, dimensions, construction, etc. Historians think there is a reason. Back then, to have been seen drawing pictures of the wall or writing down information about the wall would have caused great alarm among the Roman authorities. The person seen doing that would have been assumed to have been a spy or committing some espionage. It would have taken written permission from the Roman governor, even the emperor himself to be able to draw pictures or document the wall itself in detail. No one back then thought it was necessary nor desirable to do that. The information might end up in the hands of Roman enemies or hostile tribes who could use it for their own nefarious purposes. Censorship must have existed because we don't find such information in letters written by Roman legionaries and officers to their families and loved ones.
Why would they do that?
@@samuelgarrod8327 For the same reason soldiers in the very late 19th century and the 20th century did, to record their lives in the military, where they were stationed, their daily lives, what they liked and what they hated. A lot of men wanted to leave behind some memory of their lives, and that they weren't just animals who live and died without anyone knowing or caring. But literacy was very low in Roman times and those who were literate mysteriously refrained from writing down their stories or sketching pictures. As I surmise, this activity could have been considered subversive by the authorities of the day.
@@jeffyoung60 Also the medium and materials would be relatively, to us, rudimentary and long term preservation unlikely.
Franis McIntosh? I wonder if we are related 😊😊
I guess he was gay. That wierd for sure?
Couldn’t keep my eyes off this Doco. The Romans were certainly way ahead in construction of anything at that time. The britains would have thought great you build it when you leave we will move in 😂😂😂
3 horses or a car in the garage. Whats the difference anyway? Can you even imagine having a horse for every pk your car has?
Being stationed on Hadrian's Wall must have been the crappiest assignment for any legionary or officer. Or was it? A legionary could be posted at a stone fortress constructed out in the middle of the North African desert. Or the legionary could be posted on some mile fort or tower out on the Rhine or Danube frontiers, staring at the dark forests day after day.
On Hadrian's Wall, outside the major forts, known as fortresses or fort, civilian settlements sprang up, known as, vicus when these grew into the organization of a town. Otherwise, sutlers and their wagons containing consumer goods, dried goods, and foods must have stationed themselves outside. Legionaries off-duty could leave the fort and avail themselves of these services, entertainments, better food, drinking establishments, buying consumer goods, and in some cases, availability of women.
The other option for the Romans would have been to storm the northern part of the island.
They tried, eventually they came to the conclusion that it was more trouble than it was worth.
FFS, is that the only movement he can do with his arms when talking. I hate it when people 'talk' with their arms at the best of times but this guy takes the freaking biscuit.
😂his doing a tonyblair
The sound is somewhat muffled at the beginning, but I do think a few people here might need their ears testing or hearing aids upgrading, because it is easy to hear.
Also great documentary and very enjoyable and informative, really enjoyed the details we often don't think about such as who were the romans on the wall and how did they live.