Nestor Makhno: Ukrainian Anarchism and the Free Territory of Ukraine
Вставка
- Опубліковано 18 бер 2022
- During the Ukrainian War of Independence and the Russian Civil War there was one faction that shouldn't be overlooked: the Ukrainian anarchists led by Nestor Makhno and his Black Army (a.k.a. The Makhnovtsi / Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine) that came from the so-called Free Territory (a.k.a. Makhnovshchina / Makhnovia). They fought on the Southern Front of the Russian Civil War together with the Reds against the White Movement of Anton Denikin.
History Hustle presents: Nestor Makhno: Ukrainian Anarchism and the Free Territory of Ukraine.
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SOURCES
- Nestor Makhno. Anarchy's Cossack. The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917-1921 (Alexandre Skirda, Paul Sharkey).
- Russia in Flames. War, Revolution, Civil War 1914 - 1921 (Laura Engelstein).
- A People's Tragedy. A History of the Russian Revolution (Orlando Figes).
IMAGES
Images from commons.wikimedia.org.
VIDEO
Video material from:
• Makhnovtchina - Махнов...
Makhnovtchina - Махновщина
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MUSIC
"Exciting Trailer" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
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"Mesmerize" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
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SOUNDS
Freesound.org.
Wanna ask something? Send me an email at: historyhustle@gmail.com
The History of Ukrainian Territory
ua-cam.com/video/347zyCNL85c/v-deo.html
Ukrainian War of Independence (1917 - 1921)
ua-cam.com/video/GMxYls8ctIY/v-deo.html
Ukrainian Collaboration with Germany in WW2 (1941 - 1945)
ua-cam.com/video/Cll91vfc_3Q/v-deo.html
Id like to know was there a russian anarchist movement or faction during the russian civil war because all i am hearing about is the black army which was restrained in ukraine?
@@mordok7987 Look up "Kronstadt 1921"
@@d.c.8828 they were very localised and rapidly destroy in kronstadt in the sailor rebellion if i remember. I am speaking of a wider movement througout russia.
@@mordok7987 Also, I highly recommend reading My Disillusionment In Russia by prominent anarchist author and activist, Emma Goldman, for a firsthand account of the experiences many workers faced following the Bolsheviks' seizure of centralized power.
@@d.c.8828 okay thanks.
Fun Fact:
Makhno is often credited for inventing the tachanka, a horse drawn carriage armed with a machine gun; a very early technical!
Yes, that is what his army used.
'technical' - technical innovation; technique?
@@hazelwray4184 are you asking what a technical is (a truck outfitted with a heavy machine gun) or are you asking about the etymology of the word technical?
@@hazelwray4184 A technique is a method, as in what technique do you use to operate this technical innovation most effectively?
@@653j521If nobody thinks about it and nobody do something about it, it's called invention.
I love Russian and Spanish civil wars. Those wars were
filled with so many ideologies. Socialism, communism, anarchism, monarchism, nationalism, syndicalism and many more. It's so fascinating.
Also comes to show how very complicated civil wars are, not just a black and white picture. Basically, very messy!
Very complicated and messy indeed.
I miss idealogies . I understand there flaws , but at least they provide some agreement of purpose. Now we have personalities and angst playing with the people
No war is fascinating and lovable, sorry to tell you so.
an Era of when people did not accept oppression and exploitation should continue, and used force for the vulnerable who could not. I believe one of the most noble things one can do is stand on your convictions and fight and if necessary sacrifice for those who cannot.
Born a working class man, died a working class man. A real grass roots hero
Many favor him.
Fantastic, Makhno is one of the most interesting figures of the period. Also, I have always loved the way you say "for you" in the intro
😎🏴👍
That was a time of many colorful political leaders and experiments
The Black army remnants including Nestor Makhno would later draft a proposal for a new organizational method known as platformism in response to the shortcomings of the anarchist revolution. Platformist organization would go on to influence modern anarchist groups such as the modern Ukranian/Belarusian anarchist org Revdia which is currently fighting the Russian invasion.
Thanks for sharing this.
I've been waiting for a history channel to cover this, thanks!
🏴 Анархия-мама сынов своих любит! 🏴
🏴👍
Mother Anarchy Loves Her Sons
Trotsky's explanation for why he wasn't an anarchist.
When he was young, he asked an anarchist activist how they would manage train schedules without any hierarchy. The anarchist replied: "I don't like trains." And Trotsky beat him to death with a newspaper.
@@therewaswith186 BULLSHIT!!
@@HistoryHustle OMG are you an anarchists? Or partial to some form of libertarian socialism??????? That would be awesome!!!
Nestor is such an intriguing character, can’t wait to hear more about him ⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️⭐️
👍👍👍
This video was excellent!
The makhnovists are forgotten heroes of Ukraine who fought against ultranationalists, monarchists, statists and eventually even the bolsheviks themselves.
I love how the topic of Makhnovia is getting more traction on UA-cam! 🏴
Glad you liked it. Feel free to share.
@@HistoryHustle
Will do!
I have an anarchist comrade who may enjoy it. :>
The makhnovists are not forgotten heroes in Ukraine . State propaganda just hates him
Makhnovists were statists themselves while pretending not to be. Their economy totally failed. Then Makhno fled to the glorious nationalist countries Romania then France. Nothing heroic about anyone of them.
@@The80sWolf_
Please elaborate further if possible with those claims, perhaps direct me to some r/anarchy101 thread where this is discussed, thank you!
And yes I am aware that Makhno fled through a bordering country rather than deciding to swim in the black sea, but really can you blame him? Nobody wants to die.
Excellent research Stefan, it would appear many never study history thoroughly enough to learn from it. ❤️ cheers =) Jesse
Many thanks!
Thank you! For putting this together.
👍
Another wonderful and fascinating video Stefan!!
👌
Well done, thanks for posting this excellent background info
👍👍👍
I really enjoyed your time and effort can't wait for the next episode. Mooi so.
Dank!
Love your channel!!! CARRY ON !!!
💪
Very interesting and quite appropriate right now. Thanks for sharing.
👍
Thank you for this presentation. I was just disappointed when it came to an end. I look forward to your follow up.
👍👍👍
The podcast Behind the Bastards did a christmas episode on Nestor.
Dude was a bad ass, and seems to have over all been a solid dude.
I'll check it out.
He helped the Communists take over Malorussia and defeat the Whites. Yeah solid guy.
The Russian Civil War was a huge battle royale.
Indeed.
@lati long The US love Civil Wars except their own that they don't want to discuss.
A fascinating individual. He helped build one of the most important anarchist movements of the 20th century (the other being in Spain).
Agree.
There was actually nothing really important about it. It's like a tiny part of history and these war events.
@@The80sWolf_it’s important because it materialized as being possible
He helped the Spain Revolution too. In "The Short Summer of Anarchy", by Hans Magnus Enzensberger, it is told that Buenaventura Durruti met Makhno in Paris, in 1927. That meeting had a key role in Durruti's life and political action. It was such a misfortune that Makhno died just few years before the Spanish Revolution (and Errico Malatesta too, one of the biggest anarchist thinkers of that time).
@@The80sWolf_tell me ur mad ur historically insignificant without telling me
Thank you for the video.
You're welcome 😎
A great presentation about an obscure but fascinating character!
Thank you Jan.
Outstanding once more, Professor! Not many know about the Black's Army in Ukraine at all between the Great Wars. I look forward to the next installment! 👍❗
Great, thank you!
@@HistoryHustle , you're most welcome! My first regiment I served in was part of the Allied Intervention forces, and landed at Vladivostok to free the Czech Legion...and got tangled up with the Imperial Japanese! (Learning unit history was traditional in the service, and mandatory!)
The Great War channel did talk about the Japanese during that time in great detail.
@@HistoryHustle , I know. I watched it!
It wasnt "black army". In russia and ukrain noome say "black army. Say Rebel army of Makhno or Revolutionary rebel army of Ukrain, or Makhno rebels, anatchists rebels
Thanks Stefan, a real 'cocotte minute' (pressure cooker) the Ukrainian region, looking forward to your next episode.
Thanks as always Marc 👍
Dude.. why did I not get this video recommended earlier?? So informative and most important: So factual! Without ideological judging!
Many thanks for your reply.
Batko’s speech in a nutshell: You work for them, they hit you, kill them all
Pretty much I think.
Good analysis of this historical event.
Thanks for watching Igor!
Great video!
👍
The great roots and historical influence of anarchism in Ukraine is priceless.
And this history of rebellion and freedom is certainly at play in the strong ukrainian resistance today against the russcists and RuZZia.
Victory and Glory to the ukrainian resistance!
Slava Ukraini!
Loved your video. You have a new subscriber my friend.
Welcome to the channel👍
Many thanks for this one, as it deals with a missing piece of the Russian Civil War puzzle. I eagerly await your follow up video. You know what would have fit well and been rather anarchistic? If you had some ding dongs in the background. Anyway, I hope you're feeling better. Take care.
Thanks for watching. Slowly recovering, getting better.
Once again lad you have come too scratch and delivered a telling blow. Thank you for sharing a great video on a semi forgotten anarchist leader. Kudos!
Great to read Fred, thanks.
Hartstikke bedankt dat was heel informative.
Super👍
Very interesting thanks.
Thanks for watching.
Nice story and so very actual!
Thank you Max!
Fascinating!
👍👍
Truly breathtaking. Thank you Stefan. 🇦🇺🙏
Cheers Phil.
Bravo! An overlooked episode and personality of the 20th century.
👌
As a Nestor myself I declare this guy is good for all Nestor’s worldwide
Ok.
Great video man! Super interesting! A couple of things that I wanna say though
1. "Ivan Bat'ko" as you called him was actually called "Bat'ko Ivan". Bat'ko in Ukrainian means uncle or grandfather (can't remember for sure lol), and was used as a term of respect. A good example of this is that followers of Nestor Makhno would refer to him as "Bat'ko Makhno".
2. I'm not 100% sure of this, but I believe "Gulyai-Polye" is the Russian name; and in Ukrainian it's known as Hulaipole (pronounced the same but with a soft 'h' instead of the g as this does not exist in Ukrainian)
3. His prison sentence was originally meant to be death! He got it changed down to 'only' life and hard labour, however was freed due to the revolution!
Anyways still a really great video, just wanted to share a couple of bits that I noticed :)
Thanks for sharing this.
@@HistoryHustle No problem dude! :)
Really enjoyed this video! Since you’re currently making videos on Ukraine, you can maybe make a video on the short lived state of Carpatho-Ukraine
Glad you enjoyed it. The short-lived states I cover on location and since I wont travel there anytime soon I won't cover it anytime soon.
"union of poor peasants" sounds ironic lol
PS. Love your videos. Just found your site recently and look forward to seeing more
Welcome Fred!
Mother anarchy loves her son's! It is worth noting to have such ready access to good history is revolutionary .
👍
Thank you for covering the true history of Ukraine. I do not agree with some details, but I am grateful for your work. Good luck :)
Thanks for your reply. Here is the follow-up video:
ua-cam.com/video/Mx2mIMjf_40/v-deo.htmlsi=yvpu3lD8ry3gpPPV
Trotsky had only one name for the opponents： Counter-revolutionaries.
Yes.
Great video. I think Nestor Machno is the most interesting person of the russian civil war, but sometimes quite cruel. (like burning a priest alive)
Thanks for watching.
There was no reason to burn anyone alive or dead in the Ukraine. Guys had a lot more important things to do than wasting time for cruel fun.
@@achatcueilleur5746 He was seen as a traitor. A friend of Nestor, Fedir Shchus saw this as an excuse to murder ruthlessly.
I do not think they saw it as fun, especially not Machno. Maybe as a deterrent to others, not to betray them or telling secrets to germans.
@@DerDrako You've got a very sick imagination. Living all your life on Government's hand outs you have no ability to understand what it means to live in Survival Mode for years.
There was no need to burn a priest in order to kill him.
Destroying State Welfare was more than enough to kill all sort of parasites.
@@achatcueilleur5746 No need to insult me.
I just told you what happened. The machnovzye never destroyed the welfare system. They supported the poor and those who were unable to work. There was not a system who supported people who did not work after all. Neither was their a system under the ukrainian government.
You do not know anything about the world back then.
Excellent BZ
Makhno was an interesting individual, being, in his own words, "the first among equals."
👍👍👍
Bravo
👍
Excellent video, but what happened to Nestor Makhno later in his life?
Hope to cover that later. I know he got away to Romania and then worked as a taxi driver in Paris, but I may be mistaken.
Nothing glorious.
He never returned to Ukraine and died from tuberculosis in 1934 in France.
@@Sleepery22 To be fair, he /did/ have an interesting encounter with some of the anarchists that would play a key role in the Spanish civil war a decade or so later
@@TheLostArchangel666 That's true, but he unfortunately died just a few years before that. :(
@@Sleepery22 Indeed... He would've fought for not just one, but both major historical attempts at establishing an anarchist society had he still lived.
This week in England,
London Makhnovists
occupied a mansion
linked to Vladimir Putin ally
Oleg Deripaska.
Yes, I've noticed.
One of the most interesting figures of that turbulent time.
Edit: BTW Mike Duncan talked a lot about him in a couple of the latest episodes of his podcast.
Indeed 🏴
LOVE YOUR PROGRAM!!!!!!!! RESPECT FROM A ANCIENT CULTURED CIVILIZED LAND OF THE PERSIANS!!!!!!!!!! IRAN!!!!!!!!!!! WELL DONE!!!!!!!!!!.....
Many thanks.
Lol Islam isn't ancient ..by ancient Iran you should mean zoroastrian iranian culture not Islamic culture
@@jayakrishnan26 FIRST I NEVER TALKED ABOUT ISLAM. ISLAM IS A TRIBAL ARAB RELIGION THEY FORCED THER ISLAM ON OTHER LAND'S!!!!!!!!!! SECOND I SAID ANCIENT LAND OF THE PERSIANS (INDO EUROPEANS) THE LAND IS THOUSANDS OF YEARS OLD. I AM NOT A ISLAMIST!!!!!!!!!! I CONSIDER ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OCCUPIEING IRAN!!!!!!!!!! HAVE A GOOD DAY.
Hardly civilised wrapping up their women in black and Mullah ridden! Iranians don't need Mullahs they can run themselves with Science and Socialism!
Hello. I don t want any kind of beef or conflict, i just want to put this out there.
Nestor Makhno is a very delicate kind of matter in the history of Ukraine. It is hard to determine if he was a hero, or, in fact, the actual anti hero.
I don't want to get into it too much, i just recommend you to read the book by Sean Patterson "Makhno and Memory"
This will help you dive into the history of Mennonite culture in Ukraine, and, if you never heard of it before, you will find out about the massacres of 1918-1919
But still, very nice to have a video about this😁
Thanks! In the future more on him.
The mennonites should of gave up their land.
completely off topic but that is an amazing shirt
Finnish 🇫🇮👍
Can you cover the greens who simply wanted nobody on their land .. i think they rose up invarious places including tambov
Yes, one day.
Annalina Baerbock itching for Nuclear wipeout but against Gas and Nuclear power. She has shattered the poor German Workers freezing and shutting Germany down with that idiot Global Warming bull!
Was there ever a second video, the one I said ud make?
There will be. Can't tell when.
Хвала Стефане - само напред!
👍
Anarchism is the future, anarchism will win!
I see.
Argh, the cliffhanger….
👍
9:01 thought he said self directing toilets had to read the screen been a plumber a few times
Books about the Makhnovists I would recommend : The History of the Makhnovist Movement by Peter Arshinov, Nestor Makhno : Anarchy's Cossack by Alexandre Skirda and the Unknown Revolution by Voline.
👍
We remember Volyn slaughter!Karma comes back .Doesn,t it?
A History of Ukraine and Russia in maps.
This is a Polish History site. - CC - with English Subtitles
-
turn down/ off audio & read. Turn off audio and slow down the play speed:
-
ThrashingMadPL - Ukraine and Russia - History on Maps and Putin's theses
I'll check it out.
Bat'ko is the Ukrainian word for "father". So Bat'ko Ivan would simply mean "father Ivan".
I understand.
Bat'ko is the Ukrainian word for "the one who knows the ropes"
I learn something new here 👍
@@HistoryHustle "Father" in Ukrainian is "Tato".
Makhno isnt only one anarchist leader of anarchist movement in rus. Emp. Were Novosiolov and Rogov in Kuzbass, , wsd Buyskih in Cheremkhovo, was Kalantarishvili in Irkutsk, and etc
Thanks for sharing!
@@HistoryHustle some russian historian named this "siberian Makhnovtchina"
Why i misread it as Makhnov's china
I understand.
The Eagle Has Landed. -Liam Devlin 😁
😁
так интересно когда англоязычные говорят про историю твоей страны
👍
anarchism is the people. if you’re afraid of anarchism, you are afraid of yourself
Ok.
👍
🏴
Glory to Ukraines son Nestor Makhno🇺🇦
Ok 👍
You videos have always been interesting but with what is going on now Russia v Ukraine..these videos remind us of the complexity in Europe and Eastern Europe 🤔
Sure is complicated. Thanks for watcing.
Rip Nestor long live the free territory
🏴
Thank you for the unbias info, it's a big disfrace all what the Ukranians had to endure being in the cross roads, in the Middle of ideologías and facción forces for...ever!
Mother anarchy loves her sons
🏴
The criticism of Lenin was on point of course, the Soviet state was just the next czardom.
I understand.
Except only 10% of the Russians could read under the Tsar. Lenin introduced full literacy free libraries schools up to University level housing and free medicine. The Russians ploughed with wood. Lenin's successors put a man in space and a woman!
Viva Makhno!
Ok.
"no one here should countenance the disgrace of being beaten. And as for you little nestor, if one or your masters should ever strike you, pick up the first pitchfork you lay hands on and let him have it
-ukrainian anarchists betrayed by the reds (communists), 1921
-spanish anarchists betrayed by the spanish communists, 1939
*are we seeing a historical pattern here ?
No.
The spanish anarchist were also betrayed by russian communist, you could effectivly add all anarchist and authoritarian communist into this.
What kind of shirt is he wearing?
It's actually a Finnish tunic of WW2.
Anarkhiya-mama za nas!
Wearing a Finnish tunic this episode?
Sharp 🇫🇮
@@HistoryHustle I have the same coat. 😎🤓
A recurring theme in all your videos is the east-west divide in Ukraine, which is present today and relevant to today's war.
It is.
North-south divide is even more important in Ukrainian history.
Religion has it's part, Catholic west and Orthodox east. Anarchy is a peasant and oddly craftsmans ideology the peasants don't want the Government and Church stealing their crop. Craftsmen hate factories cheapening their handcrafts like watches. Lenin agreed all Governments are bad. But his advice to Anarchists who asked him. He said "Discipline is essential,without it nothing can be achieved"! In 1917 he was prepared for the Anarchists to carry out their experiment but with the peoples consent!
I am from Kazakhstan. Before russians kazakhs were decentralized nomads. Even though kazakhs had khan, his power was nominally. Is it considered anarchistic? Since there wasnt any governmental power and you and only you is responsible for your life and your familiy.
And betray him, they did!! I could tell you how that happened, but I won't betray Stephan or his channel either!!
Good 👍
@@HistoryHustle - Thank you for your kind reply, and 🍺 cheers, from Australia!!
: )
👏 Also in a celebratory sense I feel like restating that the FvD didn't win anything in Utrecht.
✊🏴
There are quite a few innacuries. Even just two minutes into the video, you say that Nestor Ivanovych's father died when he was 11 years old but this is simply not true. His father had died much earlier, and Makhno entered the work force when he was only 6 years old.
I refer to my source.
Makhno was a rare survivor of the Stalin era as he got out early like Alexandra Kollontai.
Think Lenin would've killed him off is he got the chance, but indeed: Makhno got out.
I thought she stayed and became loyal to Stalin?
Rasputin ;)
Nope..
@@HistoryHustle But u could play a cool Rasputin in a movie or an anime/cartoon ;)
@@HistoryHustle
Would be cool to hear how the Kemalists and Bolsheviks tore Armenia (territory ownership entitles by the Special Commission of the League of Nations and the Arbitrary Award of Woodrow Wilson) between each other. And compare it to the Stalin-Hitler (Molotov-Ribbentrop) pact per which the USSR and the 3rd Reich tore Poland between each other.
The "perverted" aftermath of WW1 and the start of WW2...
If you think it can be an interesting subject and, in a broader context, especially, because now the results of this war are being contested (and most probably more is to come) on different levels and from different sides, is can even become a series of videos with possible continuation in the future with real time observations...
Thanks for your work! It is always interesting.
Slava Ukraina!🇺🇦💙💛🇺🇦
🇺🇦
The MOST WANTED video of this channel, from my part, as an anarchist myself. A libertarian anarcho-capitalist, to be clear. For those who would like to know more about this exotic animal:
"Anarcho-capitalism is a political philosophy that advocates the elimination of centralized states in favor of a system of private property enforced by private agencies, free markets and the right-libertarian interpretation of self-ownership, which extends the concept to include control of private property as part of the self." Wikipedia.
Obrigado! 🇧🇷 🏴
Thanks for your reply.
But you're still placing people with capital above those who don't. Capitalism needs workers, and a worker is inevitably beneath the employer in such an instance. I like the idea of keeping a market system around, but how do you see yourself as an anarchists with that power differential?
There is no real discernable difference between localized oppression and nationalized oppression. Monopolization of vital resources is immoral, regardless of the form it takes.
@@JohnBrownsArmory "But you're still placing people with capital above those who don't"
I believe that we are all equals as human kind.
"Capitalism needs workers, and a worker is inevitably beneath the employer in such an instance."
Not always. Everybody works to someone, and are free to be an employer too.
"how do you see yourself as an anarchist with that power differential?"
All interactions must be voluntary for an anoarcho-capitalist, if not, it is tirany. The coercitive state itself is a tirany.
Thank you very much for your reply, brother. Obrigado! 🇧🇷
@@marcoskehl Not everyone can be an employer. You must first have capital. And given that one person has enough capital to hire, and one must sell his labor to survive, the consequences are not equal. . One goes hungry, the other doesn't get to make more profit. Also one gets to set the value of the others labor which again is hierarchical.
The more i learn about Ukraine the less I support them.
I see.
We support Ukraine. 🇺🇸❤️🇺🇦
🇺🇦👍
My great uncle fought under the Makhnovshchina, 1st Donetsk Corps. He was at Peregonovka during the assault, and was a very skilled fighter. At the end, he fled to Hungary, and died in 1934 from Pneumonia. While i cant see myself as an anarchist (If i were forced to id pick Anarcho-Pacifism), i respect his legacy of fighting for Ukraine.
Very interesting to read. Thanks for sharing this.
The problem with anarchist is that having strong organization is against their basic tenants.
True.
Being against hierarchy doesn't mean being against organisation.
@@lumpenproletarier9584 Yes but it could then become a hierarchy. In the Kingdom of the blind the one eyed is King!
The problem Is you actually don't know what are you talking about nor you read about anarchy or actually any libertarian socialists in general ,i Guess Is Better centralizing the power,surerly worked out good.
@@Pj-hv3nw All power will eventually centralize, whether by consent or brute force.
but whats the point of anarchy? wouldnt there just be crime and work refusal? why work and save money if i can just kill and steal? outside of fiction i cant imagine a sustainably society forming under anarchism
great vid tho 👍 ❤
@@hyprux9077 👍
Why are you asking it here and not anarchist or read their literature.
Ugh, you could've learned to pronounce "Makhno" better. In standard ways to romanize Russian and Ukrainian, "kh" represents essentially an "h"-like sound, if a bit harsher one. It doesn't sound like "k" in that the air keeps flowing without being interrupted by the hard "k", so if it feels difficult, rather go with "h" as in "yahoo", not "yakoo".
Ok. I understand.
@@HistoryHustle Cool. I can't help it, these things just hurt my ears lol. And btw, the stress is on the last syllable in this case, i.e. 'makh-NO'. Also, come to think of it, if you happen to speak a little *Spanish*, the "kh" sound is quite similar to the Spanish 'j'.
anarchists didn't want to centralize control?
Anarcho-Platformists (makhno’s ideology) wanted to decentralize the economy and government control and want it the power to shift from the federal/central government to communes
@@AlternateTimelord Isn't the point of anarchy that there is no control? Like the Anarchists' Convention?
@@johnpritchard5410 no anarchism just means stateless it doesnt mean governmentless, I mean for god's sake even a family unite is a form of government to some extend
@@johnpritchard5410 Anarchism doesn’t mean no government, (which is pretty much impossible) it just means no state and hierarchy
Thanks for sharing.
Ukrainian Nationalist state ? are you working for RT ?
Nope, it was named as such. Its other name was the Ukrainian People's Republic. Both were in use.
Long live the reds and blacks!!!
Ok.
@@HistoryHustle LOL
I love Your channel