I have a standard Les Paul that I played in drop B for like 4 years, and I did literally this exact method. So can confirm this works and is sustainable
What gauge you use? My guitar easily goes to G standard without any modifying, and it's a standard gauge guitar. Not saying there's something wrong with your guitar or something like that though, I'm just curious
@matt-lacey Damn dude, I have a Jazz master made for E standard too, I use a Brazilian string brand, gauge is 10s, and even then I can easily tune to G standard, I guess not all guitars are the same though
@@FakeMetalHead yeah you can use tens and G standard. They’re gonna feel like sevens and break easier I know that you don’t have a triple digit IQ, but use the Internet and use a string. Tension calculator to find the right gauge string for the tunings that you want to do. Your string tension is supposed to be a certain amount for the sound, it’s not about the feel we get used to it. We can adapt musical instruments aren’t alive and they have a limitations. They cannot learn to have the same tension in every tuning without me or you changing the size of the string god dammit no you can’t tune to standard g you do it and you play one song and have to tune it again because your tension is too low. Grow up the best guitar players in the world use balanced tension custom sets not just a set of tens kiddo
I love videos showcasing odd alternative tunings that are ACTUALLY odd tunings. I'll definitely be trying out this tuning! Thank you for this very interesting video! 😊
@@K_R_N. the tension is definitely a bit inconsistent across the strings, but the point is to show that you don’t need any custom gauges to achieve a useable setup And it also keeps the Drop D feel that most people would be familiar with in the top 5 strings
12:48 i discover that tuning by Dir En Grey in their post 2009 era and i always thought that they played in a 7 string A standard (just like Korn) and i was surprised that all this time it was actually Drop D with the that low A, and now i get it, the Drop D tunning offer a lot of possibilities to compose over it. Great video
Dude! I see a lot of music tip channels who put their music in their channel and it’s always bland unlistenable stuff but this song is incredible! First time I’ve actually enjoyed a song from a channel like this its going on repeat!
Bro are you kidding? This is so sick. What a great video and the song from The Sound of Modesty is so good. Added your page and the band page on socials. Can’t wait to keep track of your progress. Thanks for the content man keep it up
Def gonna get some 8 string sets and do this to one of my guitars! as someone who finds 8 strings to be a bit too much and uncomfortable, this video is a blessing! Have also been eyeing the Hartwood charger for like 1 year atleast now, maybe even longer. If you get to work with gear4music again, id recommend seeing if they are able to send you a Jet guitar! incredible budget guitars for the price
Stringjoy makes a 13 - 68 "Drop A/G" set that'll get you close without having to buy extra strings. They also do custom packs which was perfect for my 7 string in B0.
Keep in mind that stripping off the jacket means that the core would get tensioned differently than the jacket due to not being mechanically bound to the same point. Who knows what the acoustic effects are, maybe it sounds cooler, just be aware of the mechanics. The alternative way to avoid this would be to ream the tuner hole a bit bigger
Swaping from playing your song to playing Unholy Confessions really caught me off guard... and I loved it! Please, keep up these kind of videos, I just discovered your channel and already love your content!
As an old git I find this fascinating. Back in my day Sonic Youth used to use crazy alternative tunings like this (though not as low). I used to go down to a B back in the 90s but we couldnt get the strings back then so we had floppy, nasty sound to it. Times have certainly improved!! Great video!!
Dir En Grey use a similar tuning to the ADADGB tuning. On their 7 string songs, they play drop D on the first 6 strings then A on the 7th string. Cool to see others using a similar tuning.
i was thinking of getting this mode put in the peppermint color lol. crazy good looking guitar man and sounds good too. i really like their "Deytona" in gold. thanks dude keep riffing! 🤙
Great video and very inspiring! I tried this guitar in the grear4music centre in Mülheim, Germany,, but the tuners were not ok, but it sounded good. There was only one of these, possibly this specific guitar was not set up properly. I really like the look of this guitar.
Cool video! I’ve never really messed with alternate tunings too much. I’m always E standard, 7 string B, 8 string F# and 9 string C#. I have a spare 7 (that needs a tech) and an 8 that I could and should experiment with!
Love it dude. I’ve been looking for a way to low tune some of my Gibson and standard scale guitars. My baritone’s are already in drop E so still having standards with drop D shapes is cool. Have a great day bro!
I've done this same trick to some of my basses for years - instead of going multiscale or 8string, just use thicker gauges and tune lower 🤣👍 Thát is certainly a lovely looking (and sounding!) guitar! Too bad about those pickup cavities, but honestly: I've never seen expensive guitars with perfect frets either... Any (bass)guitar needs adjustment on the frets, intonation and nut (you're putting on new strings of your preferred brand and gauge anyway) to really make it your own. It's all part of the gig - once you've done that it truly is *YOURS* 😎🙏 Edit: It's possible to find single strings instead of buying a complete pack. That way you can just find gauges that have the right tension with the particular tuning - and it gives some wriggle room to move up and down a whole step on each string, if and when needed.
Reminds me of the Periphery tuning where you tune to Drop C but then you drop the C down to an A. So you have octaves when you play a power chord shape on the A and G.
On my LTD Viper-400 I put on Ernie Ball Baritone strings and I play in Drop G# but have tried Drop E# it's pretty cool and yeah it's a 72 to 13 gauge. Amazing video!
A pretty cool tuning I’ve been using on my 7 string is GDADGBE you still get bar chugs on the G and D string with the scale lengths of standard tuning.
FAKE NEWS. it says "How to tune a NORMAL GUITAR ?? BUT that guitar is unbelievably amazing and beautiful ❤❤❤❤. thanks for introducing it to me. now i have to get one.
@@neufxtroisthats not all of them champ read more guitar forums see how many ppl having fun with there several grand gibson usa guitars needing to be sent back/set up its more than enough to make les paul turn over in his grave.
This could actually be really helpful! I used to use a 70 gauge string on my 7 string but I want to go back to using one next time I change the strings on that thing. I also love low tunings on my Gibson SG. Nice
I kinda fell in love with low tuning 6 strings. I currently play a lot with the Allt tuning (Drop A with a low E instead of low A, so it's E1 E2 ... on the lowest 2 strings)
I’ve had such a mixed bag with gear4music, got their fan fret 8 string and half the frets were ground flat when it arrived with major tooling marks and I have the g4m baritone and I love it
you will need to modify the nut to accept larger strings. Typically a guitar nut is cut for 10s or 11s to accommodate whatever gauge someone might use within reason. I put the bottom 6 of a 7 string set on one of my guitars and had to modify the nut to make it happen. Going back to regular strings I would have to replace the nut. Make sure you know what you're doing when you change your tunings like this. It's not just slapping on heavy strings. You have to also intonate the new setup for your chords to be in tune.
thats pretty cool i actually have this weird tuning i mess with when i hit wroters block moments.... basically its the tuning for slide by googoo dolls except the top string is dropped to d instead of just open e but it took some time but you can get some really wild sounding highs with lower sounding low without having to tune to something like e1
Nice song! I found the frets becoming higher after tuning to Drop E, and the pitch easily went up if I picked hard. That's why I bought an 8 string then to get enough scale length. I will probably get a baritone guitar next.
widening the nut also helps the strings not pop straight out of the nut (only a problem if you're an idiot like me and thought stringing a lefty guitar backwards would make it perfectly useable)
Do you not find that, because of the 25.5' scale length, your lowest string bends out of tune when you hit it hard? We had that issue with one of our 6-strings that we had tuned to Ab. Our guitarist ended up buying a 27' 7-string to fix the issue. Surprised that that 25.5" sounds okay considering you're in E1
Very nice man. Great ingenuity and I love the music I definitely have to try this. Could you elaborate a little bit more on what exactly you did to your pickups to get them working their best in those low tunings? I've been playing for years but never todd about pickup adjustments. Going in conjunction with tunings, But now that you mention it, it makes sense.
Hey, awesome video! I really liked the new single, but also the chill backing track that plays when Rayn isn't playing the guitar. Does anyone know what the name of the backing track is?
Kinda off the cuff from this video, but I like the sound of the .105 string on the gretsch baritone. Would the jazzmaster baritone be able to use that same setup that you did in your gretsch video?
I went for a kind of bass style drop to D tuning on the 30" baritone, and to get the tension right I had to go for a 90 on top (stringjoy) never even thought of going lighter on a shorter scale. it does look very light (floppy) on the top when I see your bending on the strings, not a critasism just an obsovation. I am always coutous about the intonation, I am guessing for that gauge it helps getting the intonation bang on. I am very interested in trying tuning, I have a doner guitar to give it a go, thanks for sharing haha.
That guitar was a pretty sick find at £250, it goes well with your hoodie too 😂 shame about the fret issue tho, that has to be one of the worst areas for manufacturers to cut corners in
oh shit I ran into you talking to Loathe’s monitor guy (i forget his nickname but it was stinky or something??) about bass VIs in newport/cincinnati, cool seeing you out in the wild man! also awesome fuckin video, very well done
The bass is still absolutely necesary, you’re never gonna get a guitar to sound like a bass no matter how low you tune. In the song the bass is still fulfilling its role of providing the low end even while the guitar is tuned to the same register And I love playing bass, its a lot of fun!
@@RaynP30" baritones do get pretty close, I love how they can sound like both, I wanna try to run one through both a guitar and a bass signal chain simultaneously to see if I can get a good guitar and bass tone at the same time.
Just casually throws out he is a guitar tech for Loathe. That's so awesome. I'm happy for you!
He’s been for a while, common knowledge at this point, at least inside Loathe’s fan base
If you think he “threw it out there casually” then you’re a sucker.
also bro studying his masters???? Crazy
I went from passively listneing to listening intently. lol
I'm such a nerd because I was like "yeah?"
I have a standard Les Paul that I played in drop B for like 4 years, and I did literally this exact method. So can confirm this works and is sustainable
What gauge you use? My guitar easily goes to G standard without any modifying, and it's a standard gauge guitar.
Not saying there's something wrong with your guitar or something like that though, I'm just curious
@ it was my standard Gibson Les Paul obv made for E standard, and I’d use the mammoth slinky to go down to c# standard / drop B
@matt-lacey Damn dude, I have a Jazz master made for E standard too, I use a Brazilian string brand, gauge is 10s, and even then I can easily tune to G standard, I guess not all guitars are the same though
i have a lp in drop a# and have not needed to do that. guess whoever played it previously also liked low tunings
@@FakeMetalHead yeah you can use tens and G standard. They’re gonna feel like sevens and break easier I know that you don’t have a triple digit IQ, but use the Internet and use a string. Tension calculator to find the right gauge string for the tunings that you want to do. Your string tension is supposed to be a certain amount for the sound, it’s not about the feel we get used to it. We can adapt musical instruments aren’t alive and they have a limitations. They cannot learn to have the same tension in every tuning without me or you changing the size of the string god dammit no you can’t tune to standard g you do it and you play one song and have to tune it again because your tension is too low. Grow up the best guitar players in the world use balanced tension custom sets not just a set of tens kiddo
as an 8 string user, I find this setup and tuning very cool and good sounding and intresting.
btw fucking sick riffs dude
I love videos showcasing odd alternative tunings that are ACTUALLY odd tunings. I'll definitely be trying out this tuning! Thank you for this very interesting video! 😊
that guitar is actually really awesome, I wasn't expecting that
the tension on the middle strings with this setup is insane
@@K_R_N. the tension is definitely a bit inconsistent across the strings, but the point is to show that you don’t need any custom gauges to achieve a useable setup
And it also keeps the Drop D feel that most people would be familiar with in the top 5 strings
@RaynP, but does that mean that we can't play in standard or like drop A with those strings? Sorry for the dumb question
@@Snowsvamp_Y2K You would have around 25lbs of tension on the 4 lowest strings which is waaaay over the top
@@K_R_N. bloody hell.... tyyy
@@Snowsvamp_Y2K i use 64 through 10 on my 7 set to G# and it sounds awesome
They need to make that guitar in 27" like take my money
sparkle black with gold binding too!
Gotta be a 30 inch
@@TheMusicalMedicagreed. a 30’ in that and I would have bought it yesterday.
minimum 28
Literally my first thought thinking that this would be fire as a 27 as well.
Paused the video in the beginning to listen to your band's song and I love it, I hope you guys can make it big! :)
That song is wonderful.
12:48 i discover that tuning by Dir En Grey in their post 2009 era and i always thought that they played in a 7 string A standard (just like Korn) and i was surprised that all this time it was actually Drop D with the that low A, and now i get it, the Drop D tunning offer a lot of possibilities to compose over it. Great video
Very cool tuning. The song is amazing. Love the riffs
Dude! I see a lot of music tip channels who put their music in their channel and it’s always bland unlistenable stuff but this song is incredible! First time I’ve actually enjoyed a song from a channel like this its going on repeat!
Bro are you kidding? This is so sick. What a great video and the song from The Sound of Modesty is so good. Added your page and the band page on socials. Can’t wait to keep track of your progress. Thanks for the content man keep it up
Dude, you just saved me hundreds of dollars. Tysm dude!
great video dude. production value and quality is top notch! plus really great content😀
Def gonna get some 8 string sets and do this to one of my guitars! as someone who finds 8 strings to be a bit too much and uncomfortable, this video is a blessing! Have also been eyeing the Hartwood charger for like 1 year atleast now, maybe even longer.
If you get to work with gear4music again, id recommend seeing if they are able to send you a Jet guitar! incredible budget guitars for the price
Stringjoy makes a 13 - 68 "Drop A/G" set that'll get you close without having to buy extra strings. They also do custom packs which was perfect for my 7 string in B0.
Who needs intonation?
@@Durkhead ones who want to be in tune
Keep in mind that stripping off the jacket means that the core would get tensioned differently than the jacket due to not being mechanically bound to the same point. Who knows what the acoustic effects are, maybe it sounds cooler, just be aware of the mechanics. The alternative way to avoid this would be to ream the tuner hole a bit bigger
This video is sick. I learned some new things as well from this. Good shit!
Every Jaguar and Jazzmaster model guitar is sick dude....
I really love them when they're also good for metal
not gonna lie I came to this video for that beautiful guitar in the thumbnail itself
I do the Jason Richardson thing with a 7 string: drop F# using 11-58. Works perfectly well.
Swaping from playing your song to playing Unholy Confessions really caught me off guard... and I loved it! Please, keep up these kind of videos, I just discovered your channel and already love your content!
Instant subscribe as soon as the full volume of the song came in.
As an old git I find this fascinating. Back in my day Sonic Youth used to use crazy alternative tunings like this (though not as low). I used to go down to a B back in the 90s but we couldnt get the strings back then so we had floppy, nasty sound to it. Times have certainly improved!!
Great video!!
I find it incredibly weird that someone who knows about sonic youth would refer to themselves as old, but I guess a lot of years have passed
i was just asking that question last night lol, now i can sleep peacefully! thank you
Crazy breakdown.
The cleans are amazing
You're the GOAT man. Nice job as always 🤟🏻
woaah what a way to get introduced to a band:o You guys sound amazing, will be checking out more stuff from you 💜thanks for the tips too:)
Dir En Grey use a similar tuning to the ADADGB tuning. On their 7 string songs, they play drop D on the first 6 strings then A on the 7th string. Cool to see others using a similar tuning.
This is the way
The fact that he chose a guitar that looks like the inside of a vintage diner to churn out sick metal riffs is hilarious, very nice 👍
Wow nice tech thing! Plus artistically, very nice
Using the string as a file is genius! I will definitely use that in the future.
Absolutely amazing sound. Killer set up!
I love your stuff man! I felt your passion for the instrument. Ill give your song a listen. Just subbed.
That guitar is beautiful! well done on the band man, also that bathroom door switch is amazing
Oh this guitar is gorgeous.
I watched this video and heard that song and all I could think was, "the future of heavy music is in good hands"
That sounds really really sick!
Ryan Chan. The people’s champion. My hero
beautiful guitar
Awesome, thanks for sharing!
i was thinking of getting this mode put in the peppermint color lol. crazy good looking guitar man and sounds good too. i really like their "Deytona" in gold. thanks dude keep riffing! 🤙
Awesome video! Guitar looks crazy good, camera quality and lighting is crazy good
Also we can use a pitch shifter
Great video and very inspiring!
I tried this guitar in the grear4music centre in Mülheim, Germany,, but the tuners were not ok, but it sounded good. There was only one of these, possibly this specific guitar was not set up properly. I really like the look of this guitar.
Cool video! I’ve never really messed with alternate tunings too much. I’m always E standard, 7 string B, 8 string F# and 9 string C#. I have a spare 7 (that needs a tech) and an 8 that I could and should experiment with!
I use a capo second fret only on the highest 5 strings on my les paul or Martin 00018. Works great.
Love it dude. I’ve been looking for a way to low tune some of my Gibson and standard scale guitars. My baritone’s are already in drop E so still having standards with drop D shapes is cool. Have a great day bro!
One of my favorite tunings is the Mastodon tuning, AGCFAd. It's just 7 string standard without the 6th string. It's really heavy.
I'm new to this and i'm really greatful when found out ur videooo, keep goinggggg
I've done this same trick to some of my basses for years - instead of going multiscale or 8string, just use thicker gauges and tune lower 🤣👍
Thát is certainly a lovely looking (and sounding!) guitar!
Too bad about those pickup cavities, but honestly: I've never seen expensive guitars with perfect frets either...
Any (bass)guitar needs adjustment on the frets, intonation and nut (you're putting on new strings of your preferred brand and gauge anyway) to really make it your own.
It's all part of the gig - once you've done that it truly is *YOURS* 😎🙏
Edit:
It's possible to find single strings instead of buying a complete pack.
That way you can just find gauges that have the right tension with the particular tuning - and it gives some wriggle room to move up and down a whole step on each string, if and when needed.
That's a very interesting tuning. I gotta try it myself some time.
That guitar looks unreal man, gonna have to have a look at those especially at that price point.
That guitar is gorgeous. Have to check if they ship to the US because I need one.
100% great value for money
Babe wake up,
Ryan dropped another nerdy guitar vid 😩
Defo gonna get one of these guitars, currently got an eastcoast and this would be a sick next step
Hey mate I really enjoy your videos you seem like a really nice dude! Will check out your band.
The door lock for the tremolo is pretty darn nifty.
you're a wizard ryan
Man,you good 🎉
Reminds me of the Periphery tuning where you tune to Drop C but then you drop the C down to an A. So you have octaves when you play a power chord shape on the A and G.
Well this video sold me on an off brand guitar. Been looking for a guitar to mod the absolute crap out of that looks cool and interesting
Great!!! want to put these strings on my 7 string ibanez guitar
On my LTD Viper-400 I put on Ernie Ball Baritone strings and I play in Drop G# but have tried Drop E# it's pretty cool and yeah it's a 72 to 13 gauge. Amazing video!
I had this exact guitar for almost 3 years, I really regret it selling it, because it was really great for the price :o
A pretty cool tuning I’ve been using on my 7 string is GDADGBE you still get bar chugs on the G and D string with the scale lengths of standard tuning.
Ahh just got to the part of the video where you mention the same tuning 😅
FAKE NEWS.
it says "How to tune a NORMAL GUITAR ??
BUT that guitar is unbelievably amazing and beautiful ❤❤❤❤.
thanks for introducing it to me. now i have to get one.
Sketchy body routing, frets aren't properly seated... yeah have fun lol
@@neufxtroisthats not all of them champ read more guitar forums see how many ppl having fun with there several grand gibson usa guitars needing to be sent back/set up its more than enough to make les paul turn over in his grave.
You will love it.
This could actually be really helpful! I used to use a 70 gauge string on my 7 string but I want to go back to using one next time I change the strings on that thing. I also love low tunings on my Gibson SG. Nice
I kinda fell in love with low tuning 6 strings. I currently play a lot with the Allt tuning (Drop A with a low E instead of low A, so it's E1 E2 ... on the lowest 2 strings)
I never unwind the string before tightening it first!
Even with the hex core there is a chance the winding might loosen and the string goes dead
That guitar is so sick, if I had more room I would be tempted to actually get one lmao
D'Addario makes a set of Baritone Light strings 13-62, works great for my tuning A# standard/Drop G#
I’ve had such a mixed bag with gear4music, got their fan fret 8 string and half the frets were ground flat when it arrived with major tooling marks and I have the g4m baritone and I love it
love the vids good shit
If you had a longer scale and/or a thicker low string, you could also tune it to D-DAD-gb, which is fun to jam in.
That guitar is really fit ❤
As soon as I said that it all fell apart! The pick up slots suck the frets suck!! I should have kept my mouth shut! I take full responsibility 😂
I play mostly 8 strings and 30" baritones, which I do tune a little strangely, but I may just throw my Tele in this tuning to see what comes out
I use my strings as files too. It's a nightmare doing that to Graphtech nuts. But so worth it.
you will need to modify the nut to accept larger strings. Typically a guitar nut is cut for 10s or 11s to accommodate whatever gauge someone might use within reason. I put the bottom 6 of a 7 string set on one of my guitars and had to modify the nut to make it happen. Going back to regular strings I would have to replace the nut. Make sure you know what you're doing when you change your tunings like this. It's not just slapping on heavy strings. You have to also intonate the new setup for your chords to be in tune.
"For any Loathe fans out there..." you have my undivided attention
thats pretty cool i actually have this weird tuning i mess with when i hit wroters block moments.... basically its the tuning for slide by googoo dolls except the top string is dropped to d instead of just open e but it took some time but you can get some really wild sounding highs with lower sounding low without having to tune to something like e1
Nice song! I found the frets becoming higher after tuning to Drop E, and the pitch easily went up if I picked hard. That's why I bought an 8 string then to get enough scale length. I will probably get a baritone guitar next.
But did the low E intonate?
widening the nut also helps the strings not pop straight out of the nut (only a problem if you're an idiot like me and thought stringing a lefty guitar backwards would make it perfectly useable)
How much work with the truss rod did you have to do ?
loathe mentioned, ill give the video a like now
that guitar is gorgeous i wouldve guessed it was atleast $400 not $250
Great video ! I bought that Hartwoord guitar today !
Have you by any chance uploaded your Quad Cortex presets on the cloud ?
Do you not find that, because of the 25.5' scale length, your lowest string bends out of tune when you hit it hard? We had that issue with one of our 6-strings that we had tuned to Ab. Our guitarist ended up buying a 27' 7-string to fix the issue. Surprised that that 25.5" sounds okay considering you're in E1
Very nice man. Great ingenuity and I love the music I definitely have to try this. Could you elaborate a little bit more on what exactly you did to your pickups to get them working their best in those low tunings? I've been playing for years but never todd about pickup adjustments. Going in conjunction with tunings, But now that you mention it, it makes sense.
This might be an alternative choice for Deusenberg since I can't afford one. lol 😅😅😅
Hey, awesome video! I really liked the new single, but also the chill backing track that plays when Rayn isn't playing the guitar. Does anyone know what the name of the backing track is?
It’s got that 50’s Cadillac pink found on Elvis Presleys pink caddy!
Kinda off the cuff from this video, but I like the sound of the .105 string on the gretsch baritone. Would the jazzmaster baritone be able to use that same setup that you did in your gretsch video?
I'm gonna try this on my tele 72 reissue someday.. haha thx for the video
I really love the voicings and tone! Can you talk more about the shapes your using? would love to try and use those for some of the music I play 😅
I went for a kind of bass style drop to D tuning on the 30" baritone, and to get the tension right I had to go for a 90 on top (stringjoy) never even thought of going lighter on a shorter scale. it does look very light (floppy) on the top when I see your bending on the strings, not a critasism just an obsovation. I am always coutous about the intonation, I am guessing for that gauge it helps getting the intonation bang on. I am very interested in trying tuning, I have a doner guitar to give it a go, thanks for sharing haha.
Roland Octa-Capture
That guitar was a pretty sick find at £250, it goes well with your hoodie too 😂 shame about the fret issue tho, that has to be one of the worst areas for manufacturers to cut corners in
oh shit I ran into you talking to Loathe’s monitor guy (i forget his nickname but it was stinky or something??) about bass VIs in newport/cincinnati, cool seeing you out in the wild man!
also awesome fuckin video, very well done
@@cinnamoncoffeecake5925 that’s awesome! It’s not his nickname but it definitely is now 😂
@ shit glad i could help 😂 tell him what’s up and sorry his name morphed into stinky in my head lmaooo
Guitarists will do anything to not play bass lmfao
I just switched to bass because my friends band needs a bassist. Holy crap I'm in love. It's not just a lame rhythm guitar, jazz bass is so cool
MORE STRINGS MORE METAL!!!
The bass is still absolutely necesary, you’re never gonna get a guitar to sound like a bass no matter how low you tune. In the song the bass is still fulfilling its role of providing the low end even while the guitar is tuned to the same register
And I love playing bass, its a lot of fun!
@@RaynP30" baritones do get pretty close, I love how they can sound like both, I wanna try to run one through both a guitar and a bass signal chain simultaneously to see if I can get a good guitar and bass tone at the same time.
Fr