Body Proportions for Artists

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In this video lesson, you will discover a canon of human body proportions that is taught in leading art academies of Russia. It originates from classical Greek and Roman sculpture, and it developed further during the Renaissance period. Many of these proportions were also described by German art professor Gottfried Bammes in his books. As this is more “engineering” than creative drawing, I will use a ruler and pen and ink to craft the diagrams.
Due to the shift of the body in contrapposto, the head is slightly tilted to one side. The distance from the pit of the neck to the pubic bone can be divided into three equal parts. Each part is equal to the height of the face. The first part is the height of the breastbone. The second part is from the breastbone to the top of the pelvis. And the third part is from the top of the pelvis or navel to the pubic bone. To compensate the tilt of the pelvis, the spinal column is laterally curved. Here’s an important proportion in contrapposto: The distance from the pit of the neck to the pubic bone is equal to the distance from the top of the pelvis to the top of the kneecap. It is also equal to the distance from the top of the kneecap to the toes. I will now depict the relaxed leg. The line of the two knees follows the tilt of the pelvis. The length of the foot is slightly bigger than the head’s height. Here’s a good tip when drawing an arm resting on the hip: first draw the hand, and then add the forearm to avoid misplacement of the hand. The elbow is on the same level as the end of the ribcage. We can do a semicircle to keep this level for a raised arm. The same rule works for the other arm. The forearm on the right is in the pronation position. This means that the two forearm bones are crossed. In the previous drawing, these bones were in the supination position and therefore parallel to each other. Here is another drawing of a figure in the contrapposto. This time I added muscles’ outlines. Because the figure in contrapposto is slightly lower, the head fits to the ground seven times plus the half of the face. The figure’s height to the toes is seven heads plus two-thirds of the head.
Do not take all these proportions as absolute rules. Every model is different, and you will find that not every proportion is true for your models. Take those proportions as suggestions of what to measure, and see how your model deviates from those measurements.
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Head : Torso : Leg = 1 : 3 : 4