NEW DISCOVERY About Supermassive Black Holes Explained!
Вставка
- Опубліковано 19 кві 2023
- PBS Member Stations rely on viewers like you. To support your local station, go to:to.pbs.org/DonateSPACE
Sign Up on Patreon to get access to the Space Time Discord!
/ pbsspacetime
Astrophysicists have discovered a black hole that for millions of years has been blasting vast particle beams in opposite directions across the sky. And has recently swiveled to point its one of these jets directly at us. Is this an intergalactic death ray of an alien civilization that has suddenly noticed us? Absolutely not, and there’s no danger at all. But it’s a pretty cool phenomenon anyway, and something we’ve never seen before.
Check out the Space Time Merch Store
www.pbsspacetime.com/shop
Sign up for the mailing list to get episode notifications and hear special announcements!
mailchi.mp/1a6eb8f2717d/space...
Search the Entire Space Time Library Here: search.pbsspacetime.com/
Hosted by Matt O'Dowd
Written by Matt O'Dowd
Post Production by Leonardo Scholzer, Yago Ballarini, Pedro Osinski, Caique Oliveira, Adriano Leal & Stephanie Faria
Directed by Andrew Kornhaber
Associate Producer: Bahar Gholipour
Executive Producers: Eric Brown & Andrew Kornhaber
Executive in Charge for PBS: Maribel Lopez
Director of Programming for PBS: Gabrielle Ewing
Assistant Director of Programming for PBS: John Campbell
Spacetime is produced by Kornhaber Brown for PBS Digital Studios.
This program is produced by Kornhaber Brown, which is solely responsible for its content.
© 2023 PBS. All rights reserved.
End Credits Music by J.R.S. Schattenberg: / multidroideka
Space Time Was Made Possible In Part By:
Big Bang Sponsor
Ian Jones
Bryce Fort
Peter Barrett
David Neumann
Sean Maddox
Alexander Tamas
Morgan Hough
Juan Benet
Vinnie Falco
Fabrice Eap
Mark Rosenthal
Gamma Ray Burst Sponsor
Vivaan Vaka
Glenn Sugden
Alex Kern
Ethan Cohen
Stephen Wilcox
Christina Oegren
Mark Heising
Hypernova Sponsors
Ivari Tölp
Vyce Ailour
Zachary Wilson
Kenneth See
Gregory Forfa
Kirk Honour
Joe Moreira
Bradley Voorhees
Marc Armstrong
Scott Gorlick
Paul Stehr-Green
Ben Delo
Scott Gray
Антон Кочков
John R. Slavik
Donal Botkin
John Pollock
Edmund Fokschaner
chuck zegar
Jordan Young
Daniel Muzquiz
Gamma Ray Burst
Matthew Oldfield
Lucas Kazakevicius
Massimiliano Pala
Thomas Nielson
Joe Pavlovic
Ryan McGaughy
Chuck Lukaszewski
Edward Hodapp
Cole Combs
Andrea Galvagni
Jerry Thomas
Nikhil Sharma
Ryan Moser
Jonathan Cordovano
John Anderson
David Giltinan
Scott Hannum
Bradley Ulis
Craig Falls
Kane Holbrook
Ross Story
Teng Guo
Mason Dillon
Matt Langford
Harsh Khandhadia
Thomas Tarler
Susan Albee
Frank Walker
Matt Quinn
Michael Lev
Terje Vold
James Trimmier
Andre Stechert
Paul Wood
Kent Durham
jim bartosh
Ramon Nogueira
Paul Suchy
Ellis Hall
John H. Austin, Jr.
Diana S Poljar
Faraz Khan
Almog Cohen
Alex Edwards
Daniel Jennings
Cameron Sampson
Russ Creech
Jeremy Reed
David Johnston
Michael Barton
Andrew Mann
Isaac Suttell
Bleys Goodson
Robert Walter
Mirik Gogri
Mark Delagasse
Mark Daniel Cohen
Nickolas Andrew Freeman
Shane Calimlim
Tybie Fitzhugh
Robert Ilardi
Eric Kiebler
Craig Stonaha
Graydon Goss
Frederic Simon
Dmitri McGuiness
John Robinson
Jim Hudson
David Barnholdt
David Neal
John Funai
Bradley Jenkins
Jiri Borkovec
Cody Brumfield
Thomas Dougherty
Dan Warren
Patrick Sutton
John Griffith
Dean Faulk
"Absolutely not and there is no danger whatsoever" is exactly what you would say if you were recently replaced by an alien from an intergalactic civilization which recently took notice of us humans.
👀 I would like to be amongst the first to welcome our new alien overseers. 👽🤖👾
and all other directions in "randomly" rotated to are targets as well
Now now, he may not be replaced. He could be an Adventists. (three body problem novel)
@@_PatrickO love that book.
Changelings among us.
Hearing scientists be giddy about their work is great. Hearing a scientist _communicate effectively_ about something that makes them giddy? That's a treat.
That is great if you understand effectively. Me, i need someone like Degrasse Tyson to dumb it down. I love listening to Matt nonetheless.
I think we can assume that in this case, it's not a 'them', but a 'he'.
That was a context independent statement, though. The commenter isn't talking about Matt specifically.
@@user-xx5kp2yf9o Precisely, thank you. It's more of a writing habit by now.
@@Tom_Quixote It takes balls to assume anyone is a "he" these days, i admire your bravery.
I recently had a women in physics lecture meet (I'm in high school) and the professor speaking was Prof. Rachel Webster and she brought up this video and encouraged us to have a look at your channel. I was really excited because I binged watched this channel the day before the lecture and I felt so proud as I had already seen this and understood what she was saying.
Channels like this are where I go to stay sane in a sea of insanity. I can't stand the media when they get ahold of things like this.
I swear, every time Matt ends the episode with "SpaceTime" he has the most smug smirk like "Yeah, I did it again. Yeah, I tied it back to the episode. No one can stop me"
LOL! By now he has conservation of momentum on his side! I'm not sure that even a black hole merger would provide enough energy to alter his delivery!
The things black holes do with their angular momenta -- being one of the only three measurable properties black holes are thought to have -- break my mind. When two of them collide, the models I've seen show their angular momentum vectors just... _suddenly combine_ into a new one in an instant called a kick, as though it were one gigantic quantum object. I can't imagine something physically doing that, let alone something made of billions of solar masses.
wow. i’ve never thought about it like that…
DEFINITELY an OMG moment and I think I only comprehend the tiny tip of it🤔
More things might happen after vectors converge. Its just that, for all practical intends and purposes, it doesnt happen in our universe. Models dont show what happens behind that newly established event horizon. We know nothing.
I wonder what happens if their axes are completely aligned and they are already rotating near light speed, where do they shed all that excess momentum?
@@Szgerle What does it mean to rotate at near light speed? Speed equals distance over time. Rotation doesn't really involve distance.
Then again, if you imagine a particle spiralling towards an enormous, point-like mass, at a certain distance it may well be orbiting at the speed of light. And if it moves further in, gaining kinetic energy (?), how can it possibly go any faster?
I struggle to imagine black hole singularities as point-like at all. I can't help clinging to the idea that there's a tiny-but-extensive maelstrom at the centre where everything is in orbit of the centre of mass, perhaps reduced entirely to photons.
Dang! It's never an intergalactic death ray!
You'll never see it coming.
Well. Until it is. As always.
If that doesn't qualify as a "death ray" I really don't want to see something that could lol. Thankfully we are out of even it's mind blowing effective range.
I'm actually happy about that.
BFG11000
Love that you guys always immediately dispel any hint of conspiracy theories. ITS NEVER ALIENS is one of my favourite things to say to people who believe unsubstantiated sophistry. You're a legend Matt and you've taught me and millions of others how amazing the universe and our place in it really is. Shout out to the PBS Space Time team as well. x
It always blows my mind when we talk about these cosmological events in the present tense, when in reality We are observing something that happened hundreds of millions of years ago or even longer. Life is so short, and should we not be so grateful to occupy this very special moment in time, when the universe can both observe and be in awe of itself.
@bendy Bruce exactly!
@@justryingmybest kirby!!
beautiful
@@jesstar119 A couple of years ago I started going blind and since then I have been reinventing myself as a visually impaired writer. So that actually means a lot, thanks.
You can tell Matt is really into narrating this video in terms of his involvement in the field. Love to see it
For once, I was able to understand everything from start to finish in a PBS Spacetime video.
Not a good sign if you ask me
@@maxmusterman3371 why’s that? It would mean he has successfully comprehended prior learnings?
They like to mix it up
Which makes me sad
Try the earlier ones from the very beginning. A lot more layman-friendly than the stuff they been cranking out these past few years.
I guess I've been watching and learning from this show for long enough that the two proposed answers here were exactly what I expected. Feels pretty good :)
Love how accessible this channel has been all these years !
But I think you forgot to add captions (not auto captions)
A few of us really need captions
Were already added! ❤
Quasars are cool and all but there is nothing like a good old supernova💥
6:16 Whenever I will have trouble figuring out what to name my future pets I will remind myself of astronomers, the masters of memorable names that just rolls of the tongue beautifully
This show has changed my life for the better thank you all.
Ikr
Audio is a little . . . . strange on this video.
I really love this channel! It's one of the only ones I get excited about when the new one comes out
Wow! Any Ferengi would be proud of those lobes!
I just have to add that the visuals for this video was breathtaking. Felicitations to the video editors. Also, Matt’s enthusiasm is contagious! Loved it.
I always wondered what the tools and processes used to make these visualisations look like.
I dream of a video game co-designed by the Space Time & Outer Wilds teams; I'd love to get to solve puzzles with quasars
Amazing video as always, but while I know how passionate you obviously are (along with the entire team of course), I really enjoyed you bluntly saying it! Very pleasant.
wow... imagine the amount of energy and torque necessary to rotate an object of that scale, already possessing massive angular momentum
Slow and steady wins the race. Even galactic core Black Holes only make up a fraction of the mass of the host galaxy.
@@Mernom And a very small fraction at that.
A Blazar video on 420? Well played Space Time :)
Another fine piece by PBS Space Time. 👏👏
My first thought was it might be the Dzhanibekov effect (Intermediate Axis Theorem) in action at an absurd scale. That's usually a 180 degree flip but it's not instantaneous so it'll trace out an arc, possibly over a fairly long timeperiod. It'd require a very eccentric accretion disk, I should think. Seems unlikely.
That was my thought as well. Had to look up the name... I just remember the spinning wingnut.
You are not alone with this line of thought.
Would be kind of scary if true, it would point to 3d rotating objects (such as earth) doing the same. The Russians discovered this effect and it was reportedly hidden for years for fear of causing panic. So far no evidence of such happening on the planetary scale however
@@justryingmybest Only if it's a fairly normal black hole and accretion disk. It's unclear if something with a very small differences in mass distribution between two would be able to flip, even given enough time. It is the result of a sort of harmonic reinforcement so it's not impossible in a simplified/idealized setup but you'd think, below a certain scale, the energy would just dissipate as heat rather than accumulating.
I was wondering this, too. Glad to see someone bring it up with a (by the looks of it) better familiarity with the topic than I!
Thank you so much for referring to a black hole as ‘accreting’ matter, not ‘eating’ or ‘devouring’ or any other anthropomorphic nonsense. Also, don’t look up.🖖🏼
I think he said accreting to imply that the matter went into the accretion disk and not necessarily the black hole. But what's the problem with 'eating', or 'devouring'? What about 'consuming', 'assimilating', 'absorbing', or 'gaining'? And when it comes to outputs from the system what words can we use to describe the jets and light? Can we say the black hole is 'emitting', 'spewing', 'shooting', 'launching', 'distributing', or 'vomiting' out matter? What if the words used to describe incoming matter and outgoing energy are both personified? Can we say that the black hole gobbles everything up while the jets are now ejaculating particles in our direction?
15:01 I'm so glad that your doing a live event Monday!
Excellent video as always! In the thanks to the patreon at minute 13 you say Req, but you wrote Ian Jones
I hope you feel better soon, Matt. O7
The audio of Matt over the last few videos sounds very muffled.
I like the "New Laboratory" conclusion.
Hey.... nice vídeo.!!!
I really like this channel and I would support this kind of content: explanation of recent discoveries! Tks!!! Keep on!
Could it be possible that there are actually 2 galaxies overlapping from our perspective, where each is oriented differently so that it looks like 1 galaxy that has changed direction?
Good question. I don't think so. The distance is only 100k light years. The precision is comparable to a galaxy size. In other words, in order to overlap from our perspective the galaxies must actually overlap. It is a pretty rare possibility, and i believe the authors checked it.
I think you would see double spectrum peaks from different cosmological redshift
@@alep1010 agreed, there would be evidence of the overlap. More evidence required!
I would think that you'd be able to see the galaxy behind it via gravitational lensing.
@@johng6436 the gravi-lensing could be only noticeable without an acretion disc.
Terrific video as usual. I have a tech question/note - the audio for this and the last vid is strangely dulled, and makes it look like you are lip-syncing; could it be too heavily de-noised? No actual worries, just confused.
Agreed. There is usually more sound effects/music in the background
I'm glad I'm not the only one. It sounds like ADR.
When you said you have a tech question, i thought you are about to ask about some doubts in videos.
But it turns out to be this.
😮
@@griffindragon3562 ha I never doubt Matt O'Dowd! :D
@@DThron of course, no one can doubt him.
well that explains it! at first i was wondering if i was just hearing things... but after you mentioned you'd just gotten back from down under it's clear you've brought your aussie back, and laying it on thicker than ever! rawrr love it!
Another great piece by PBS Space Time.
Hi, just love your content, please could you share your views on Dr. Unzicker's approach, in relation to variable speed of light.
Most of the images of such jets that I've seen suggest that the black holes' spins are wobbling dramatically, so I would think that this is more the norm than the exception.
Deadpan humor is one of the best kinds! Way to go.
Awesome job on this vid, keep making more
Was there a change in microphone? Not sure if the normal mic wasnt at hand or if this was intended, but I think the old sound was ALOT better. This sounds very unnatural and even the quality itself seems to be worse. This is only technical feedback, but I think the old, more natural sound was alot more connecting, I dont like this "bass sound right into my ear" thing. But maybe thats just me.
Completely agree the sound is unsettling to my ears.
Very nicely explained! This is such a wonderful channel!
kudos on 10:58; that's impressive whoever made that - Takayukison
I love your videos so much i learn so much about space time and causality
Did they use AI to make the audio in this video?? Seriously am I the only one that notices this change? It’s all I can hear lol
Great content as ever! I'd love to see an episode on M theory and the Ekpyrotic universe sooner or later!
Stellar presentation on the update and the larger significance alike =)
Thank you for sharing this that was very interesting and fascinating. Great video.
Audio is strange in this one or Matt has a head cold.
For the purposes of rotation, do you treat a black hole as a point mass or spread it out over it's Schwarzschild radius? Seems like it'd have to be non-zero radius and moment of inertia or it'd be absurdly easy to alter its rotation.
@@volbla Ah, that's a good thought. I knew that if black holes spin fast enough they could end up with an oblate, toroidal or even no event horizon but considering the singularity as going from a point to a ring that grows with any rotation suggests that the faster it spins, the harder it is to spin faster. A little different than the dynamics of a solid body.
The answer is a bit of both and even more.
From our point of view (outside the black hole) the matter never falls through the event horizon, so all the causal effects it creates (EM radiation or gravity) come from the event horizon, the "surface" of the black hole.
However, the matter moving towards the event horizon is not the only part of its mass. From our point of view there was matter that was already in that place where the hole now is (i hope what i said is comprehensible). But the black hole behaves like a literal hole, not a massive object. In the rubber sheet analogy it would be a hole in the sheet, not just a funnel from a massive ball.
And if you try to model the insides of the hole (that cannot causally affect what's outside), they would look like a massive singularity in the center and a lot of matter moving FTL towards it. The singularity itself would be a point in a non-rotating black hole and a ring in a rotating one. The slower the rotation is the more it looks like a point.
@@evgenijdenisov I'd argue against it being a hole... and possibly not even a singularity. Things go imaginary at the event horizon but if you rotate the interior so the time axes make sense, the inside looks pretty much like the outside, an expanding universe with the event horizon as a sort of white hole in the past. I hadn't considered the spinning variant but it should look pretty similar. I'd expect a subtle quadrupole signature in its CMB, though. Not entirely unlike what we see in ours.
@@protocol6 yes. But if you try to map this picture to a sphere, it would look like a singularity in the center. It makes me wonder: what if our inevitable future/singularity is a ring, not a point?
Well so much for the Voyager discs using pulsars to give our position.
"...and collaborators"
Ah, the kindest et al I've ever heard. ;)
Matt's voice is pitched up and he's moving too quickly. Did the editors speed the video up by a few percent? It's weird...
Nah he's just excited
He's just REALLY happy about blazars LOL (6:20)
I was wondering if he's nursing a cold.
Set playback speed to .75x 🤣 you're welcome
Questions for Monday:
1) What happens if a gravitational wave with a wavelength greater than the size of the black hole passes through a black hole? Will it go through ("bends around")?
2) Is the interference of a gravitational wave possible with the help of a multiple system of black holes (analogous to slits), which shield the wave?
3) Is the interference of gravitational waves able to give rise to a black hole at the interference maximum? If so, what orders of energy of grav.waves are we talking about?
Sincerely,
Eugene
Excellent questions
1. From my understanding, a gravitational wave (just like a light wave) would bend towards the black hole, and if close enough, "fall in." Of course, relativity says gravity is just the curvature of space, so the curvature of space bending just means more intense gravity, which brings me to:
3: Yes! It's called a Kugelblitz black hole. Theoretically, enough gravitational lensing could focus energy such as light, similar to a magnifying glass, focusing said energy to the extent that it reaches its Schwarzschild radius, collapsing into a black hole. Gravitational waves carry energy too. Some collapsing stars have so much mass that the reach their Schwarzschild radius and form a black hole, but given e=mc2, energy == mass. A Kugelblitz black hole forms when said black hole forms entirely from focused energy/radiation as opposed to dense mass
awesome episode!
Thank so you much for your great work ! Will it be possible to do a video about the Kaluza-Klein theory ? To explain how gravity and electromagnetism are viewed to be able to be bind, what are the implications, etc. Thank you again, stay strong !
just fyi for the editor, when matt was shouting out REQ for being a big bang patreon contributor, Ian jones was shown on screen instead. Hopefully this gets fixed soon.
May be, REQ is Ian's nickname.
@@evgenijdenisov 🤔 true, didnt think of that
In the abyss there appeared a single Eye that slowly grew, until it filled nearly all the Mirror. So terrible was it that Frodo stood rooted, unable to cry out or to withdraw his gaze. The Eye was rimmed with fire, but was itself glazed, yellow as a cat's, watchful and intent, and the black slit of its pupil opened on a pit, a window into nothing.
Then the Eye began to rove, searching this way and that...
Thank you for what you do
Really cool discovery, yet again for AGN enthusiasts like us!
Is it possible for the magnetic flux lines around the AGN to get tangled and reconnect causing a huge burst of energy similar to how CMEs are formed? This direction would not have to be in the same direction as the jets.
Sounds interesting!
12:34 That's what i usually think when looking up at the Moon and stars.
Some people look at the sky and see a limit, they see the blue sky almost as a physical barrier, even though just beyond that, there are actual physical cosmic objects.
It's amazing to look at the Moon, orbiting us, appearing small to us, but a person would easily get lost when taking a stroll on it.
Same for the Sun, it's not a 2D circle of light, neither are the other stars, or what we perceive as starlight but might actually be galaxies and quasars and whatnot.
For me what really brings the universe to life is videos like the pulsations of NGC 2261 or time lapse of stars orbiting Sagittarius A*
Great episode.
Thank you! Excellent!
Does Matt have lisp now?
Maybe he went to a dentist right before shooting the episode, but ye that threw me off too.
Yeah the audio has been weird/different for the past three or four episodes. It sounds like he's got a lisp. I think the episode before this was "normal" but there is definitely something different about the way the audio is recorded and or worked with in post.
4/20 blazar it
Underrated comment
Matt, I realise you may come back Down Unda on holiday, but PBS should consider doing a live show in Melbourne next year! ~ Ryan, Warburton VIC
Love your show, guys!
Fascinating and very informative as always Matt!!! I wonder if the latest discoveries from Webb which seem to contradict a lot of modern cosmology might mean that the actual universe is far, far larger than the visible universe, as inflation theory suggests it could be, and that in an elephantine megaverse, supermassive black holes might indeed be the best possible candidate as the source for dark matter after all.
Dark matter exists _within_ the visible universe. It doesn't really matter how many supermassive black holes there are beyond the cosmic horizon.
Could it instead be two galaxies that are just along the same line of sight, one in front of the other, and are close enough that we don't have enough precision to notice the distance difference from so far away?
The galaxy is actually reasonably close to us on a universal scale, only 600 million odd light years. This has allowed the team observing it to be quite sure there's not another galaxy lined up. It would also be long odds that their two AGNs just so happened to flip activity at the time they crossed paths and didn't leave us with two sets of jets visible.
Refreshing video about cool phenomenon.
2:23
I love how one of the most epic picture in the history of photography is named as "basic picture of Active Galactic Nucleus" :D
Couldn't a simpler explanation be that there are two objects, not merged? If two objects merge, the resulting spin would be different from both objects, and it could look like the direction changes twice, or there were three different sources.
He covered that, with the suggestion that two AGN's from two merging galaxies can merge changing the orientation.
The problem is that a merging system tends not to be stable if it's so compact that it appears as one. We've seen a lot of double quasars in merging galaxies so we know what to look for there and what they tend to be.
Great , video , well explained , thank you , Farhad ( Fred)
Would love a video on relativistic beaming!
Thank you Matt.
Adore your videos and your curiosity
Particle in the accretion disk: "Oh noooooo!"
Particle in the radio jet: "Whew! That was close!"
Fascinating stuff! 🔭☄🌌🚀👾
I never knew there was a reason for them not to change direction. I always though with the amount of material at any given time plus the speed that it would freely be able to turn.
Not a native speaker of English here, I love the way you pronounce and you are one of my models to imitate. Where are you from?
Giddy Matt still keeps very close to his normal, excellent pace and tone. Impressive! :)
That's pretty cool.
I’ve been playin Nomansky and listening to these. Feels gud
I understand nothing. But I feel clever by watching this channel.
This is one of the few topics on this channel I actually understand
Great Video! and now we also have BH that are even expelled away from their own Galaxy (i guess during a Merge with an other Galaxy)
I’ve never been this early that’s dope
Best tribute ever to Req
Thank you! I like to be encapsulated in my ignorance 😊 - well done I’m enlightened 🌌
I volunteered for a bit at ICRAR who work on the Australia square kilometre radio telescope. Very very good bunch of people
so we’re basically staring down the starfish of the most extreme phenomena in the universe atm
Matt, you rock❗
Been watching you for years due to my curiosity in black hole. I'm we're back on the topic.
6:15 Naming a galaxy: *scientist bangs head on keyboard*. Great video as always! Awesome channel.
Good theory and I am thinking it might be testable. If a galactic merger was large enough to change the spin direction of the black hole, wouldn't it also change the location of the black hole and thus the new black hole location (as indicated by the blazar jet) would no longer be located at the midpoint of the line between the two radio lobes?
I felt this video was quite personal one for you, glad to see it.
I know "Thank you" doesnt pay the bills, however, I offer it irrigardless. Thank you.
I understand more and more with every time I watch, wished I weren't dyslexic I would have enjoyed physics in life more
Best channel ever.