Why Were So Many Dutch Jews Deported in World War II?
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- Опубліковано 28 жов 2022
- When we take a look at the West European countries under German occupation in World War II, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France, we see the percentage of Jews deported in the Netherlands is much higher than in the other countries. Many claim this was due to Dutch anti-semitism and collaboration. But is this really the case? In this video you are going to learn why so many Dutch Jews were deported from the Netherlands in WW2.
History Hustle presents: Why Were so Many Dutch Jews Deported in World War II?
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SOURCES
- 'Wij weten niets van hun lot'. Gewone Nederlanders en de H-locaust (Bart van der Boom).
- Grijs Verleden. Nederland en de Tweede Wereldoorlog (Grijs Verleden).
- Nederland en de Tweede Wereldoorlog (René Kok en Erik Somers).
- • Waarom werden er zovee... (11-10-2022).
- www.annefrank.org/nl/anne-fra... (11-10-2022).
- www.trouw.nl/cultuur-media/ee... (11-10-2022).
IMAGES
Images from commons.wikimedia.org.
VIDEO
Video material from:
openbeelden.nl/media/958723/W...
Westerbork Acte 1 (HD)
• Beeld van Nederland - ...
Beeld van Nederland - De oorlogsjaren 1940 - 1945
openbeelden.nl/media/1366617/...
Intocht van Duitse gemotoriseerde troepen
openbeelden.nl/media/1128058/...
Nederlandse vrijwilligers aan het Oostfront
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"Division" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License
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"Dark Times" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
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"Devastation and Revenge" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com)
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GERMAN INVASION OF THE NETHERLANDS:
ua-cam.com/video/_IIsY664tE4/v-deo.html
GERMAN OCCUPATION OF THE NETHERLANDS:
ua-cam.com/video/776LXzMw3eQ/v-deo.html
THE LIBERATION OF THE NETHERLANDS:
ua-cam.com/video/Kg5GEEMtCsI/v-deo.html
AFTERMATH OF WW2 IN THE NETHERLANDS:
ua-cam.com/video/uj9Vet6KH3c/v-deo.html
✅
I've known a heroin a large part of my life.
It was my grandmother. After losing her father in the Rotterdam bombardment she lost her Jewish husband to the Nazis.
She hid his equally Jewish brother the rest of the war and protected my uncle and aunt from prosecution.
My father was born from a deadbeat thief who ran with her inheritance and she ended up raising three kids alone.
She never got her driving licence, walked miles to and from her job, was the sweetest grandmother you could imagine, tough as a nail and taught us not to hate Germans for the past. With a vengeance, even the playful bantering around football was not allowed in her presence.
She had forgiven and knew how important the gift of forgiveness was.
She lived to the age of 84, died as she lived as she refused to die before she could attend my wedding and hold her first great-grandchild. As a mere ghost she left this life leaving a legacy of true heroism.
Being a hero is not within the violence you bring upon your 'enemies'. It's in the forgiveness you can find in yourself and the strength you can find in moving on.
I'm sharing this as there's many men and women in many parts of the world performing these same acts of heroism at this very moment.
Take a moment to think about this.
☮️
thank so much. Lump in my throat after your fine clear discription of your grandmother & her life
The mother of a school friend survived the Vel D'Hiver round up of Parisian Jews. There were rumors circulating, which caused her parents to send her away to Catholic friends. The parents were arrested and sent to Poland. They did not return.
One windy rainy day in 1970, I was walking along Main Street. Ahead of me, was a woman in her fifties, who I recognized as a neighbor and acquaintance of my mother. She was limping. She was struggling with an umbrella, and with grocery sacks. I was obliged to offer to carry her groceries. She accepted.
I had never spoken to her, beyond "Good morning" or "Good day." We were elbow-to-elbow under her umbrella. An attempt at conversation was indicated. Old people love to talk about their ailments, so I volunteered, "This wet weather must be hard on your arthritis."
"I don't have arthritis," came her gruff reply. "I'm missing four toes on my right foot." Then she told me her story.
Thirty years earlier, she had been a young woman, living with her parents in Antwerp. She and her parents were rounded up by the Nazis and put on a train to points east. They traveled in a slow-moving cattle car. It was crowded and stifling. Someone managed to make a hole in the side of the car, allowing air to enter. Rounding a bend, the train slowed almost to walking speed. Her mother took her by hand to the hole and, standing behind her, shouted "Jump," and gave a hard push. My neighbor never saw her parents again.
My neighbor found her way to a clandestine group, dedicated to sabotage of railroad tracks. They lived rough. They often slept outdoors. One winter night, she developed frostbite in her toes. They had to be removed.
After the war, she was honored by the Belgian government for her wartime efforts.
I guess you omitted the suviving Lady & family were Jews ?
So brave of her mother to push her out of the train.
My Opa's business in Rotterdam continued to trade on the city outskirts after the bombing. Among his staff was a Jewish bookkeeper. One day he was arrested by the Germans. His blood stained clothing, neatly packaged, were returned to his non-Jewish wife. Dad recounted this to me shortly before his death. Still brings tears to my eyes.
Well done, Stefan...Correct me if i 'm wrong, but the February Strike was the only civilian protest in WW2 against the treatment of the Jews, to the extent that at first the Germans did not understand what was going on. Eventually by the 2nd day the Germans understood and began brutal crackdowns.
That's where it came down to. Thanks for your reply!
That is the biggest protest action of the Dutch during German occupation. Really fucking pathetic.
@@Oost129 Your source on the Talmud, "What the Talmud Says" was produced by a Russian Orthodox priest in collaboration with the Tsarist Ohrkana secret police. Same as "Protocols of the Elders of Zion."
The actual Talmud is 15,000 pages long, written in a handful of languages, some extinct. Reading the Talmud is for specialists, of which you are certainly not one.
@@Oost129 YOU Sir, are a Nazi apologists. Kindly see your way out!!
Well done and you deserve credit for taking on a difficult and painful subject
Many thanks Scott 👍
Excellent video Stefan. The excellent Dutch movie 'Riphagen '(English subtitles) starring Huub Smit who plays a Dutch secret policeman is an excellent portrayal of Dutch collaboration
Good movie 👍
Another good video on a tought subject. it was, if I may conjecture, probably difficult for you to make this one. History is often complicated. Good job Stefan.
Thank you Jonathan.
Hi Stefan, graag wilde ik je bedanken voor het opsommen van je bronnen. Dit maakt het een goed onderbouwd en betrouwbaar geheel. Ga vooral zo door!! 👍 🇳🇱
Bedankt Henk!
Stefan , you are educating me in little known aspects of the Second World War, I thank you so much for this. I know about the big battles of war but this is about what really was going on in the occupied countries which is the real history of ordinary people and their experiences, superlative history Stefan, thank you so much 🏴🇬🇧✌️
Many thanks for your reply.
Very interesting and eye opening. Cheers Stefan.
Thank you Otis!
I read a book last year called 3 Ordinary Girls, two sisters and their friend, Hannie. They bravely fought with the Dutch resistance, tricked and killed German troops. Hannie was executed by a Dutch collaborator just three weeks before The Netherlands was liberated. The oldest sister and Hannie were awarded Righteous Among Nations.
Killing of soldiers by ununiformed civilians is illegal under the Geneva Convention and little wonder the Germans took reprisal. No army tolerates such action as seen in Vietnam.
Excellent video ... thank you Stefan
You're welcome Rob. Thanks for watching.
Good content and good presentation. Thank you.
Thanks for watching!
A very interesting in-depth video.
Many thanks 👍
Rarely, if ever, are there "easy answers". Thank you for shining a light on this topic👍
Groet'n, T.
👍👍👍dank.
LOVE HISTORY HUSTLE!!
🥈👍
Stefan, could you do a video about how much the Germans and the occupied countries were inundated with Nazi propaganda about the deportations of the Volga Germans in the Soviet Union? How close was the Nazi propaganda to what actually happened?
Very interesting again stefan, love your posts. I would say occupation will always foster collaboration where ever, or who ever that maybe, but I think you are right, there is no simple answer to it, more a combination of situations, just my thoughts, but great post.
i hope you do a video on anne frank and who betrayed her its the greatest mystery since the end of the war my mom always tells me "The saddest thing about betrayal is that it never comes from your enemies, it comes from those you trust the most"
true words. but we will may never know for sure who betrayed Anne Frank and therefore responsible for their deaths.
There was a large Research with international experts, its not long ago, about a year or so. The conclusion from the Researchers was shocking, so the medial voices about that are pretty rare and devensive
Half her diary is fake written by her father after the war, he even admitted this.
@@aka99 Don't be stupid! Anne died of a disease in a hospital in Germany, her old man died in the USA well after the war. He was convicted of swindling the author of Anne's diaries out of $50,000 in the USA.
Earlier this year I read the diary and letters of Etty Hillesum, who lived in Amsterdam and was deported from Westerbork to Auschwitz in 1943. Some of her final letters from Westerbork were published by the Dutch resistance as a way of publicising what was happening to Dutch Jews. It’s out of print now but worth trying to get hold of, I found it a very moving and emotional read.
I have read about her yes.
Fascinating video, thank you.
👍
I don’t know how you find the time to do such great research each week, but keep up the good work.
Awesome. Many thanks!!
Agree, its top notch!
Hey Stefan well done again by putting elements in line with their true weight. In Belgium we had the experience of the Germans in WWI , which you already documented (thank you again) . So the population was already expecting the worst and was already familiar with forced labour deportation to Germany of WWI. My grandfather escapted this deportation at that time by joining the office of a befriended tax collector which became his father in law. So people were more weary and easier to convince to commit acts of resistance or even sabotage. This combined with the Jews experience in Eastern Europe resulted that things were put faster into place. In France there was also a early resistance which accelerated with the invasion of Russia , the communist (partisans) which already had a earlier experience with clandestinity got the themselves organised in armed groups which were eventually reinforced witht SOE agents and instructors on top of that France has a good topography for hiding out ( as you mentioned). Even in the Vichy governement there was infiltration, the most notorious infiltration of them was that of François Mitterrand (State Secretary) who had set up plans to divert trains with Jewish deportees . He succeeded with the help of staff of the prefecture to divert two of them before being hunted down by the Gestapo.
Marc Vloeberghs Hebben jullie Vlamingen nu ook al last van engelse ziekte?
In WW1 Holland remained neutral, and wasn't occupied by the Germans, unlike Belgium. Many assumed the same thing would happen in WW2. So Belgian Jews could either leave or hide in time. The Dutch Jews left things far too late, by the time they realised what was happening.
Idk why I don’t get notifications for this channel??? Haven’t seen any of these awesome videos in a while
Crazy. You pressed the notification Bell? Enjoy catching up 🙂
@@HistoryHustle yessss
This was a good video, with depth on a subject that people don't normally hear about. Thanks for it. (I heard a short ring at 9:30, and saw you edited the video there. Going to blame the neighbor again?)
Hahah. I ve been adding a short ring since a few weeks now. I was wondering when you would begin to notice 😀👍
@@HistoryHustle HAHAHA!
Thank you for this. I ran into the ignorance and prejudice about the Dutch vis a vis the Nazi extermination campaign years ago when I wrote a piece about the February strike. I myself had not known of this event prior to visiting Amsterdam as it was absent from popular awareness in the USA where perceptions were largely dominated by the tragic story of Anne Frank and her family.
De Dokwerker, a statue dedicated to the strike, is a very powerdull image depicten strength and defiance.
@@dpt6849 is employing tactics used by bullies here, by which bullies make up / invent reasons to put the blame for their own insecurities and failure on a person or group they perceive as weak, so these cowards can safely expect to not face retaliation. By this method they try to excuse to themselves their horrible behaviour towards that person or group inventing a reason that they 'deserve' it. Exhibit A. The real problem lies with the bully, Dp T is Exhibit B here, who instead of facing their problems and taking their responsibility for their own role in their failures, find it easier to blame somebody else. As we all know bullies are the actual arseholes.
It is not exactly relevant though. A day’s delay doesn’t matter that much
@@FaceAway-xb9hd Who said anything about American Education? A little refresher in reading comprehension might be in order.
I live in Australia, I have an Australian wife whose mother was from the Netherlands. She grew up during the german occupation. So much missing history and lost stories are explained by your wonderful, honest and direct story telling. In this post modern world of FAKE NEWS you are doing are wonderful work to balance the record. I salute you.
Thanks for your reply Paul.
Was she ever curious about her Dutch roots and family left in the Netherlands? There's lots of ways people can make us of to search for information about their families, you can sift through your entire family tree since a lot is documented and "publicly" available.
Some of my family members also left the Netherlands and immigrated to Australia. I'm currently trying to find out information about them. Unsuccesful so far. 🧐
Once again, well-done sir.
😎👍
An excellent presentation by someone who is clearly a great teacher!
Thanks for your reply.
Great content Stefan, history that bridge’s the past to the present in social complacency ❤ :) Jesse
Many thanks Jesse as always!
good job bro👍👍
Thanks Carl 👍
One book I read - Richard Grunberger's "Social History Of The Third Reich" attributed the high level of deportations in the Netherlands to the German Nazi Party controlling the occupation there. In contrast the Wehrmacht was the dominant occupying force in Belgium, and was perhaps marginally less driven by ideology.
Great insight into the way this unfolded in different countries. The sad thing is that the Otto family fled Nazi Germany for the safety of the Netherlands in the 1930s thinking they would be safe there💔
Sad history.
Danke, tot ziens!.
👍
Goed gedaan, Stefan! An excellent explanation for a painful chapter in Dutch history. One of the best, if not THE BEST, History Hustle you've done!
I can see how the German regime in The Netherlands differed from that of Belgium and France. The failed attempts to convert "fellow Aryans" to Nazism, cooperation of the Dutch police with the Germans, the use of IBM tabulation equipment, and deliberate deception to avoid further protests.
However, I had never heard of the Jewish Council of Amsterdam (Joodse Raad) before your video. I did a little online research and came up with this:
"The actions of Abraham Asscher, David Cohen, and the Joodse Raad during the German occupation were and are a controversial topic. Hans Knoop, in his history of the Joodse Raad, came to this conclusion:
They issued deportation notices and urged the Jews in Het Joodsche Weekblad to obey these summons to the letter…Cohen declared after the war that ‘thanks to our efforts no Jew suffered from hunger in occupied Holland.’ That is the case. But thanks to Asscher and Cohen the deportation of the Jews in the Netherlands achieved a greater measure of perfection and efficiency than anywhere else in occupied Europe."
When I worked in Uithoorn in the 1970's (for IBM incidentally), I never noticed any anti-Semitism amongst my Dutch collegues. They insisted I visit the Anne Frank Museum on the Prinsengracht, and talked openly about "Zes en een kwart" and the Hongerwinter. Every so often I would hear the word "moffen", expecially from older workers. I was advised never to try my college German in the countryside if I couldn't make myself understood. Thinking back, there weren't any Germans working at Uithoorn at that time.
Once again, thank you for making this video on this most sensitive topic!
I think the typical Dutch habbit of ordering and administrate everything was the couse .
As far as I know even peoples religion was mentioned in the passport and local archive, witch makes it very easy to pick out the Jews .
Well I invite you to watch the video and found it if this is really the case.
I agree, I remember registering the birth of my first born son. Had to fill in my religion, I filled in Christian, that was rejected. I had to fill in what church denomination. That was in my case: none. With other words the Germans only had to search through the birth and death registration and would find the address of every Jew in that city.
Once the well compiled records were compliantly handed over (not destroyed) it was all up for the Jews!
i heard it had something to do with the excellent record keeping of the dutch, that they unlike other countries had an ethnic database of their citizens
Please check the video and see if this is true.
@@HistoryHustle yup you said a historian rejects this claim but didnt really go into detail why it was rejected. Can you spell the historians name so i could research it further?
See below the video under SOURCES.
Aditionally to the obvious moral issue it amazes me the amount of effort it took to round up and deport the jews even when the war got complicated for the nazis. Such logistical effort surely might have been useful somewhere else. Thanks Stefan!
Thank you SO much, Stefan. I certainly don’t want Dutch people to feel at all especially guilty AT ALL. As I’ve mentioned before, both direct and distant relatives of mine in Latvia and Belarus were simply beaten and shot to death on the dunes of Courland , and other deported .
Sad to read. Thanks for your reply!
Thanks for updating and expanding my history.
My paternal grandfather was a policeman in Rotterdam during the war and he refused to round up Jews. He even tried to warn them beforehand. He had to go into hiding and the Germans took the rest of the family (including my father who was very very young) to a Dutch detention center to try to smoke him out. He was eventually caught and sent to Bergen Belsen for the war but made it out alive. The stories are absolutely horrendous as he was tortured for information. After the war he was denied his pension by the police because he had disobeyed direct orders during the occupation in relation to the Jews. I dont understand how they could do that!!! He was broken and so angry they immigrated to Canada. But they did not thrive and the family suffered from the trauma. My father and at least two of his brothers became lifelong alcoholics. It is a very fractured and dysfunctional side of my family. My late uncle was providing info to Yad Veshem for recognition of my grandfather's assistance to Jews during the war but i dont know how that is going.
Thank you for providing more insight into this personal history for me!
Thanks!
Hi Kevin, really appreciate this. Thanks.
I am reading Presser's "Ashes in the Wind" at the moment. Fascinating.
Sounds interesting.
@@HistoryHustle Known as Ondergang in Dutch, absolute must reading.
I have read it twice. Its well written and explains all too clearly. Its a hard & necessary read. Try also "Hitlers Bounty Hunters" by Ad Van Liempt. The only effective bounty system to find, rob and deport Jews in any occupied country
There are also huge differences inside the Netherlands, in the Dutch province of Limburg the "rescue" and survival rate of Jews was more than twice as high than in Holland, comparable with Belgium. Unfortunately, there has never been serious scientific research in The Netherlands after the war, why this was the was the case. I only found a Dutch historian mentioning some obscure reasons, like houses had more basement space in Limburg. Not having serious research after the war, is a sign the Dutch authorities may being too afraid of the truth.
I doubt that was the case. After the war a large research was done by Lou de Jong, but he did the whole story and perhaps neglected. Like I said in the video historians have done research now. Please watch the video if you haven't.
@@HistoryHustle I watched the whole video, and Lou De Jong was exactly the historian I referred to. He wrote 14 books about the war, but he left this topic completely out. I am doing research about industrial production and. cooperation with the German industry in the Benelux countries during occupation, so it is also out of my scope, but it really got my attention. And also in this video, I found no answers, maybe a new topic for myself in future, first have to finish mine. ;)
I also remember "basement"-story. I also thought wtf this is a pretty lame and lazy statement of this team of historians, which apparently further chose just to ignore it. It also made me doubt somewhat about the explanations mentioned in this video. I am not saying, they are not correct, but with such a huge elephant left in the room, really still needs research to make the picture about WW2 in the Netherlands more complete.
@@luxembourger I am just totally guessing and "brainstorming": Maybe many Jews in Limburg came from Eastern Europe and were more aware what could happen duo to anti-semitism in their countries of origin. Also Limburg is near the German border and both sides dense populated and industrialised, so probably many direct contacts and "first-hand" information out of Germany. (Note that in the German border city Aachen the NSDAP did not win any election and was never really popular). I agree, it was and is really really worthy for research, unfortunately most witnesses (from both sides of the border) are not around us anymore, maybe it is impossible to get a clear picture.
@@vanCaldenborgh
I just watched this but the persecution of the Jews in the east before the wars1and2 probably are a huge marker .and is left out .
What was the cultures before the great wars ?? .
Hey could you do a Episode on Andres Riphaggen
Not really interested in episodes about ONE person but maybe some day in the future. Could be an interesting format...
Another wonderful explained video about Jewish ✡️ deportation in Netherlands 🇳🇱..compared with Belgium 🇧🇪 & France 🇫🇷 by Nazism persecution systems...yes your evaluation about this phenomenal exactly 💯 correct...each political, economic ,society & education phenomenon uprising has several different reasons not a simple reason..as naively minds thinking .history Hustle channel always sharing excellent videos...thanks with respect 🙏 & best wishes 👍🏻
Many thanks for your kind words.
Jews were the self-proclaimed enemies of Germany! They said so in headlines.
In March 1943 the Resistance attacked the Amsterdam Office that held the population registry and attempted to destroy it. They set the building on fire and only managed to destroy about 20 percent of the registry cards which undoubtedly saved some lives.
Thanks for sharing.
Intressant weer! Je ken het je niet voorstellen allemaal
Dank voor het kijken 👍
Well done Stefan ! Yet again another well researched film about a very sensitive subject. I'd like to add that many of these volunteers who went to fight for the Germans were the children of German citizens who moved to Holland between the wars. Whilst they considered themselves Dutch the Nazis considered them German so when the subject of why so many men from Holland joined the Germans many I believe had little choice. My late father fought in Holland during the war alongside the Princess Irene Brigade and he would never hear a bad word about the Dutch. I still have the scroll his unit was awarded for protecting the Nijmegan bridge during the winter of 1944/45.
That's a good point but what about the regions Alsace/Moselle in France annexed to the Third Reich by Hitler because he considered they were ethnically Germans. Most of the ones who went to fight for the Germans were enlisted by force in the Wehrmacht or in the Waffen SS.
The ethnic german dutch volunteers would still have been a considerably small minority as most dutch volunteers where actual dutch people who where right wing and very anti communist.
Again a video which is raley discussed! Great stuff, learned today something new. I have some suggestions for upcoming subjects in the future. Maybe there is something interesting to you you want to cover up. Freestate Bottleneck after ww1, American occupation of Koblnez see the american flag on Ehrenbreitstein fortress, When the irish fought for UK in ww1 - the irish during ww1 and in german pow camps, especially that one in Dietkirchen an der Lahn. The irish refused to fought against the british. The secret german Niedermayer-Hentig-Expedition to Afghanistan during ww1. 03.10.2010 - Deutschland zahlt die letzte Rate an Reparationen für den Ersten Weltkrieg.
The secret german fieldpolice during ww2, KG 200, transport of concentration camp inmates to Tyrol, Strafbattalion 999 german anti facists in the german army, Nationalkomitee Freies Deutschland, Dr. Richard Sorge and Willy Lehman - two german spies for Stalin. Hitlerjunge Salomon, August Agbola O’Browne (second name also spelled Agbala,[1] Agboola, surname also spelled Brown or Browne; 1895-1976) was a Nigerian jazz musician who is believed to have been the only black participant of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising. Few swedish and swiss citizen in the Waffen-SS. Switzerland during ww2 - airfightings against german planes and bombings by the USAF and Operation Tannenbaum. U-234 german uranium for Japan. Monsoon Group, 30th U-Flotilla german uboats by land transport to the black sea. Albert Göring, John Rabe, Malta during ww2. Kassel mission - when american B-24 bombers suffer much losses. Japanese POW in the sovietunion, Persian Corridor, Land Lease Program. Why still no peace treaty between Japan and Russia. American POW in soviet gulags during ww2 and the cold war. Special video: soviet faking of photos. Special video: 3 Most german awarded medals and 3 top most soviet awarded medals of ww2. The iron cross second class comes in mind and the red star and whatever. Maybe the black wound badge and the soviet medal for bravery as second most awarded and the third medal, maybe the eastern medal and maybe the soviet stalingrad medal or moscow defense medela? House of Nassau and the King and Queen of Netherlands, Flag of Tritonezien
Much more to cover yes, thanks for your reply.
Godspeed to the Dutch who suffered during the Nazi occupation of The Netherlands. May they rest in peace. 🇳🇱
🙏
Welldone. More needs to be said about these brave men.
Which brave men?
Had a Dutch lady tell me her Mom gave her her worst spanking for taking chocolate from a German soldier during occupation. That is just one case, but sure there were many more.
I've heard such stories as well.
dank!
Fijne kerst!
Wederom duidelijk en objectief ………
Dank voor het kijken.
Great video, I learned a lot, especially about how the different attitudes came to be and how the manipulation was so gradual regarding the German occupiers and the Dutch. The Dutch efficient administration and the geography were my go to explanations for some of the reasons behind this black page in our history. In the interest of saving time you, as a teacher, probably left out another interesting fact: Dutch tolerance in the form of “gedogen.” The Netherlands were one of the last countries to shut their borders to Jewish refugees. Ironically, Westerbork had been built to serve as a refugee camp. Even after closing those borders out of fear of angering the Germans and provoking an attack, refugees continued to cross the border. These ‘illegal immigrants’ were sent to Westerbork, as there was no place else for them to go. Not sure if the Dutch government was negotiating a transfer to England, you might know the answer. In the end though, Westerbork became a cog in that horribly efficient system of genocide.
Stefan, i read at either The Jewish Museum or The Resistance Museum in Amsterdam that over 80% of the Netherlands approx 220,000 AJews died during WW2...Cooment?. Thanks, Gene
Characteristically thoughtful presentation. Thanks for your fine analysis. I'm watching and writing from Israel, btw.
Many thanks for your reply.
The Diary Keepers by Nina Siegal is a very interesting book on this
Thanks for sharing this.
One factor (?) - The Netherlands were not fully liberated until April 1945, while both France and Belgium were mostly liberated by 1944.
T NG What do you call liberation? That limey's and yankees conquered Western Europe and stabbing the Germans in the back?
I thought of this initially, but then realized that the Frank family was deported in September 1944. By that time most Dutch Jews had already been deported. So even if by some miracle the Allies would've liberated Belgium and the Netherlands in one blow in September 1944, the numbers wouldn't have differed that much.
Shout out the Danish who managed to save pretty much all of their jewish population in ww2
👍
@@HistoryHustle Good video also , as always👍🏻
Incomparable circumstances & situation! "chalk & cheese". Check out the differences
Generally, I really enjoy your content, but for this video, which is in many way a comparison video, I feel like some nuances might have been missed by leaving out the North Western European countries (that would still consider themselves Western European) under German occupation during WWII.
Don't forget that in the decades before many (Not only Jews!) had fled Germany into the Netherlands because of its neutrality and relative (....) safety for marginalised groups. Doing so they of course left a wide and easy to follow paper trail in government administrations easily picked up by the SS after occupation.
Being recent immigrants they also just stood out among the locals.
True. In reality the Dutch hoping to remain neutral again were far from keen to take in Jewish refugees from the potential enemy Germany. They plonked them in miserable , distant, bleak Westerbork camp. Netherlands amongst 99% of nations after the Evian Conference (to find a solution try & settle German & Austrian fleeing Jews) was a complete failure.! So called decent countries like US, Canada, Australia & New Zealand refused outright to accept but the barest minimum and often none like Australia.
It was the harshest possible enviroment to be a Jew in Europe and all this contributed towards their massive vulnerability and subsequent deportations & deaths.
Also, falkenhausen was strong against the actions against the Jewish.
Believe he did play a major role in the deportation of Jews from Belgium.
Stefan. I’m surprised you didn’t talk about Andries "Dries" Riphagen?… Unless you’re saving that for another video?
Too detailed for this episode.
I would note that there is an entire display at the resistance Museum in Amsterdam which ascribes much of the ability of the Occupier to round up the Jewish population to the excellent Dutch administrative card system which identified persons as being Jewish and also provided addresses. Coupled with the collaborators (such as the NSB), the assistance of the Dutch police, and the innocent assistance of the Raad, this facilitated the deportations.
I hope you tell the story of Corrie Ten Boom & her family who saved many Jews & were turned in by a neighbor for hiding Jews. They were arrested & some died in concentration camps.
Hopefully one day.
Thats a question you should ask the Dutch people whose relatives were members of NSB
I believe there was also a certain civil servant (the name escapes me) who made an ID for the nazis that was almost impossible to forge, which made it more difficult to give jews (and resistance members) false papers. The man was a rather typical techocrat who did his job to the best of his ability, regardless of the consequences.
Lemme know if you remember the name.
@@HistoryHustle Jacob Lentz
Denmark had the smallest percentage of Jews who died in WW2.
Denmark also aided Jews in their escape from Fascist Europe.
Amazing people!
True!
I fully agree, but one thing is important to note in comparing: Denmark was treated relatively well by the nazis because it was not strategically important to them and ironically enough because they complied. The nazis let the government of Denmark continue to function normally. Germany allowed Denmark to keep its king, its government, and its military. The situation there was very different from what happened in the Netherlands.
My parents and grandparents hid jews but were betrayed by dutch collaborators unfortunately my grand father was sent to a camp i dont exactly know where for one year and my grandmother for 6 months to some camp somewhere but luckely they both survived although my grandfather became blind wether that happened during that time in the camp or shortly afterwards i dont know i was about 2/3 years old then my father escaped capture by hiding he was involved with the underground resistance he was an radio operator. And passed on dutch information to the rest of europe most likely french intelligence anyway he did or was shot at one stage and carried that bullet in his kidneys till his passing in 1999 and he was also hit by a granade and my mother used to pick those pieces out as they slowly came out in boils or infections after the war whether he recieved a medal for his services i t never crossed my mind to ask him really but unfortunately all the jewish people perished my father tried to follow up after the war had no success in finding them and my mothers brother was sent to a camp as well after he was caught also doing work for the resistance but died from TB about a year or so after the war they were forced to stand out in the snow day and night till they dropped it was lucky at least that my uncle made it back to his home where he was cared for in hospital but unfortunately couldnt save him myfather said there were many resistance fighters but also many spies after the war the resistance killed many men and woman who collaborated with the germans they hunted them down i know that he used to talk about it anyway iam sure many people still have war stories similar to mine thankyou for putting on this history it’s important that its passed onto the younger generation so we dont forget those who perished ❤☮️☮️💟💟🕉️☸️✝️🛐❤️🌹🌹🌈🌈☔️☔️💐😍🍀🌻🇳🇿🇳🇿🇲🇨🇲🇨🇺🇦🇺🇦🌺🙏🙏peace to all and love to all without exception 🙏🙏🕉️🕉️🕉️🛐
respect to you & your family. Thank you for sharing this touching & moving account.
Lest we forget.
Indeed.
British occupation of iceland in world war two my sugestion of next episode teacher
Already covered.
@@HistoryHustle Greenland was occupied by the American Army btw
I follow the presented documentaries with interest, but also with slight disappointment because you "avoided" the topic related to the "Pogrom of Iași" also related to the fate of the Jews in Romania and Bessarabia.
This video is about Dutch Jews and that has nothing to do with the fate of the Jews in Romania and Bessarabia.
Not just a video, but a very informative documentary itself. I am very sorry for all good people persecuted by a criminal state along the time.
Muito obrigado, Stefan. 🇧🇷
Many thanks for your reply Marcos.
Nice dog by the way.
@@phlm9038 C'mon... It is a lonely sigma wolf. 👍
@@marcoskehl 😄
From Wikipedia: "Finnish front had a field synagogue operating in the presence of Nazi troops."
"In November 1942, eight Jewish Austrian refugees (along with 19 other deportees) were deported to Nazi Germany after the head of the Finnish police agreed to turn them over. Seven of the Jews were murdered immediately.[13][14] According to author Martin Gilbert, these eight were Georg Kollman; Frans Olof Kollman; Frans Kollman's mother; Hans Eduard Szubilski; Henrich Huppert; Kurt Huppert; Hans Robert Martin Korn, who had been a volunteer in the Winter War; and an unknown individual.[15] When Finnish media reported the news, it caused a national scandal, and ministers resigned in protest"
"Although Heinrich Himmler twice visited Finland to try to persuade the authorities to hand over the Jewish population, he was unsuccessful."
"Jews with Finnish citizenship were protected during the whole period. Late in the war, Germany's ambassador to Helsinki Wipert von Blücher concluded in a report to Hitler that Finns would not endanger their citizens of Jewish origin in any situation.[17] According to historian Henrik Meinander, this was realistically accepted by Hitler.[17] Yad Vashem records that 22 Finnish Jews were murdered in the Holocaust, when all died fighting for the Finnish Army.
Three Finnish Jews were offered the Iron Cross for their wartime service: Leo Skurnik, Salomon Klass, and Dina Poljakoff. Major Leo Skurnik, a district medical officer in the Finnish Army, organized an evacuation of a German field hospital when it came under Soviet shelling. More than 600 patients, including SS soldiers, were evacuated. Captain Salomon Klass, also of the Finnish Army, who had lost an eye in the Winter War, led a Finnish unit that rescued a German company that had been surrounded by the Soviets. Dina Poljakoff, a member of Lotta Svärd, the Finnish women's auxiliary service, was a nursing assistant who helped tend to German wounded, and came to be greatly admired by her patients. All three refused the award."
"Finland was the only Axis country where synagogues remained open throughout World War II."
I believe that in Bulgaria was the same..Tsar Boris protected his subjects
Finland never joined the Axis.
@@alswann2702 Yes, it's true. Finland wasn't in the Axis but fought on the same side to survive.
even now the Finns are an honourable tough people.
Got a suggestion for a video: German collaborators to Nazi Germany or as I'd like to call them "Fellow Travellers". These were Germans who were neither Nazi Party members (card carrying) nor in the Wermacht, but still worked closely with the Nazis. Examples include independent "guest" members of parliament, Franz Von Pappen who served as ambassador to Turkey and another chief economist who's name escapes me who's largely responsible for the economy of Germany in the 1930s.
Much more to cover yes.
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Dutch people often get blamed for the high number of Jewish deportees compared to the rest of Western Europe as if the Dutch as a whole are responsible. I don't think that's fair. The Netherlands was one of the few countries in Western Europe that were both fully occupied and had to deal with the most fanatic divisions of the German army with respect to the persecution of the Jews (SA, SD, SS). Let me sum it up. The following Western European countries were not occupied by the Germans: Portugal, Spain, Great Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Switzerland, Sweden, Finland, italy, Austria. Italy was an ally to the Germans and did not have a hostile invasive army in its country focused on deporting Jewish people. The same goes for Austria that became part of Germany. Denmark was occupied, but it was in large part left in control (kept its government and army!; it was a relatively 'light' occupation). Norway was occupied, but there were only 1700 Jews in that vast country. France: only half of it was occupied. Many Jews fled to the other half. Belgium: many Jews fled to the unoccupied part of France. The situation of the Netherlands was probably more comparable to Poland, which had even more of its Jewish population killed by the nazis but the Polish people were not to blame. Just looking at numbers and pointing fingers is like giving the answer to a math test without the calculation behind it.
Strange you omit the Germans received from the Mussert Dutch Nazi party, a mostly cooperative local Police, compliant civil service and those horrific Dutch civilians who acted as Bounty Hunters of Jews. Can I suggest you read in English or Dutch "Hitler's Bounty Hunters" by Ad Van Liempt. Berg Publishers.
"Ashes in the Wind" -the destruction of Dutch Jewry by Dr Jacob Presser. Souvenir Press publishers. "Nazi Looting -the plundering of Dutch Jewry " by Gerard Aalders. Berg Publishers.
The above combined with this useful & well thoughtout video will explain how & why so few Jews survived in Netherlands
Interesting subject with a lot a facettes. Is mostly forgotten that there was a strong NSB in some places and local NSB and other collaborating people not seldom took advantage from such anti-jewish actions. Flats, houses and stores or companies. Other point is that economic situation was not to bad for a lot of dutch people. With such work law and transport of dutch people to german factories a lot changed and things got worse. Amsterdam was also a special place for Nazi occupation and police actions, administration there made such maps for deportation and also had a way to help such police operations. The group of the willing helpers is a factor that often varies in statistics. Cause a lot of people just see it as their job and supply such informations with no bad background. Others did it in purpose and also be corrupt or took a personal advantage. Some also smuggle arts and other valuable things to neutral countries and made such profits with it, when jewish people try to escape.
Thanks for sharing.
@@HistoryHustle It would be interesting to put a light on such arts and other values that be transfered in such days. The ownership of arts and other things often bring people in the focus of the Nazis and is well known that Görong and other nazi collectors had a strong relationship to galleries and art agents. Such so called "entartete Kunst" was transfered to get neutral currencies or other goods. The name "Achenbach" and others was often in such papers of robbery and looting jewish owned arts. Also jewelery and fine things like flamish lamps or furniture were transfered and looted. Even the house stuff of jewish people be looted or given to a public auction in all over europe. Things of cooperations also had a background to establish a safe position for the owners of companies. A lot of tracks for the Wehrmacht half track vehicles were made in the netherlands.
I feel compelled to comment on this video since I feel a lot has been left out. You've done a good job covering the broad spectrum in both Holland, Belgium and France. But it has also been established that the dutch government workers ''ambtenaren'' played a significant role in the ease with which the dutch jews were deported. The fact that before the war everyone had to be registered and thus almost all jews were registered at the government. These files were handed over to the germans and dutch civil servants used all this information to effortlessly comply with the german demands to dehuminize jews. All because they had a sense of ''duty''. If the dutch government and all the civil servants working there were not so eager to comply and be so well organized, thousands of jewish lives could have been saved. Besides this, the dutch general population was mostly looking the other way from halfway 1941 onward or even helped actively in reporting jews in hiding or hunting them. This myth after the war that the dutch were such great citizens and all heroic in resistance is false and a mere 0.5% of the population was actually in the active resistance. It is odd to still see parts of this myth linger in some videos and comment sections. All of this also needs to be told!
Feel free to share your source on this. According to historians - as I pointed out - the registration system did help but didn't attribute to the high numbers.
@@HistoryHustle I would recommend the book called ''De boekhouders van de holocaust - Nederlandse ambtenaren en de collaboratie'' from Rob Bakker. In this book the author sums up all the ''painful'' data and concludes that the dutch government was institutional antisemitic and a great contributor to the deportation of over 100.000 dutch jews.
Sounds interesting. The claim that the Dutch government was institutional antisemitic is something I have to research. Do notice the Dutch government was gone and had fled to England.
@@HistoryHustle Yes the queen and the kabinet fled to London. However, the government consisted of some 200.000 ambtenaren or civil servants and also people to take over the functions of ministers. All areas that were left vacant were quickly filled. I hope you will research it and maybe even make a video about it! I will look forward to it
Another brave and accurate reply. Remember also if you were christian Dutch in the early years of the occupation your life was not so bad with few privations. After all they were used to living beside the Germans and knew them well. Much of their actions at the expense of the Jews was aimed at contining as best as possible a quiet life.
Wow
Sad times.
After the war, did the Dutch government dismiss the policemen who assisted the Germans in the deportations?
Don't know actually! I think that happened but not sure.
Hi Stefan, wouldn't it be prudent to dedicate (at least) one video to "de Joodsche Raad" (The Council for Jews) that functioned as a go-between the Occupational Dutch authorities and the Jewish Dutch community. This Council became more and and more a manipulating tool in the prosecution of the Jews. The leaders if this council were throughly misled where the German intentions were concerned.
Perhaps one day. I am traveling now in South America till July.
Why? The book "Mein Kampf " explains it without all the usually well poisoning & sugar coating that has to be added, to avoid being censored.
The book Mein Kampf was written before the deportation of Dutch Jews.
@@HistoryHustle not to mention it's a terribly written, irrational piece of ''literature'' thought up by a maniac and transcribed by a buffoon.
The number of men, women and children deported would have been higher if Hans Calmeyer, a German examiner of ancestry, had not "verified" the supposed non-Jewish origins of 3,700 very questionable applicants.
Interesting. Didn't know this.
The city of Amsterdam f.e. had perfect records of where they lived and officials + contractors (f.e. Firma Abraham Puls) were happy to comply because “benefits”. Book “Boekhouders of the h0l0-caust” by Dutch writer Rob Bakker describes it. Bad and mostly unknown history.
I should check it out.
Great content. Thanks. BZ
Surprisingly the only concentration camp controlled by the SS outside Germany in Western Europe Hertogenbosch “Musterbetrieb der SS”, only deported 12,ooo.,
I read somewhere that Anne Frank's famous diary was written by her father, I don't know if it's true and it doesn't matter, it's terrible what happened to Jews all over Europe and God forbid it happens again to anyone. We Serbs did not fare better in the Second World War either, and I think you made several accurate videos about that. Thank you very much, greetings from Serbia!
Her father added a few annotations to it
Indeed, Anne wrote most of it herself yes. Serbian people also suffered badly in WW2.
14’ 28’’ The holocaust punchcards and the machines they ran on: kindly made and provided with love by IBM...
When they sold the newly developed system they could hardly had envisaged its horrific usefulness - could they ?
@@gordonspicer IBM was a CO-PLAYER from the start, they were there themselves. The punch card technology of IBM and its German subsidiary DEHOMAG through their Hollerith machines helped Nazi Germany in the persecution of Jews and other ‘‘unerwünschte Volksgruppen’’.
On April 12, 1933, the German government announced plans to conduct a long-delayed national census. The project was particularly important to the Nazis as a mechanism for the identification of Jews, Roma, and other ethnic groups deemed undesirable by the regime.
DEHOMAG offered to assist the German government in its task of ethnic identification, focusing upon the 41 million residents of Prussia. This activity was not only countenanced by Thomas Watson and IBM in America, but was actively encouraged and financially supported, with Watson himself traveling to Germany in October 1933 and the company ramping up its investment in its German subsidiary from 400,000 to 7,000,000 Reichsmark-about $1 million (equivalent to $22.6 million in 2022).
This injection of AMERICAN capital allowed DEHOMAG to purchase land in Berlin and to construct IBM's first factory in Germany, thereby "tooling up for what it correctly saw as a massive financial relationship with the Hitler regime".
Documents show a "secret deal" was made which allowed DEHOMAG commercial powers outside of Germany, enabling the "now Nazified" company to "circumvent and supplant" various national subsidiaries and licensees by "soliciting and delivering punch card solution technology directly to IBM customers in those territories".
As a result, Nazi Germany soon became the second most important customer of IBM after the lucrative U.S. market. The 1933 census, with design help and tabulation services provided by IBM through its German subsidiary, proved to be pivotal to the Nazis in their efforts to identify, isolate, and ultimately destroy the country's Jewish minority. Machine-tabulated census data greatly expanded the estimated number of Jews in Germany by identifying individuals with only one or a few Jewish ancestors. Previous estimates of 400,000 to 600,000 were abandoned for a new estimate of 2 million Jews in the nation of 65 million.
As the Nazi war machine occupied successive nations of Europe, capitulation was followed by a census of the population of each subjugated nation, with an eye to the identification and isolation of Jews and Romani. These census operations were intimately intertwined with technology and cards supplied by IBM's German and new Polish subsidiaries, which were awarded specific sales territories in Poland by decision of the New York office following Germany's successful Blitzkrieg invasion.
Data generated by means of counting and alphabetization equipment supplied by IBM through its German and other national subsidiaries was instrumental in the efforts of the German government to concentrate and ultimately destroy ethnic Jewish populations across Europe. Every Nazi concentration camp maintained its own Hollerith-Abteilung (Hollerith Department), assigned with keeping tabs on inmates through use of IBM's punchcard technology. Without IBM's machinery, continuing upkeep and service, as well as the supply of punch cards, whether located on-site or off-site, Hitler's camps could have never managed the numbers they did.
7,50 gulden per Jood. 😞😞😞
Zou goed kunnen ja.
Alles goed beschrijven in het boek: Kopgeld. Dat werdt ook betaald aan Joden die voor de SD werkten en bv op stations mensen aanspraken met een joodse uiterlijk om ze dan te arresteren.
Why was the south of France not occupied?
Good question. Well eventually the Germans did take this region as well. I think initially this was done either to "befriend" a part of the French population and to spare resources, but I'm not sure. I someone knows, do share!
@@HistoryHustle someone told me that the South of France was a poor region and not economically viable so no interest in occupation.
I find it strange as surely it could have possibly used as a stepping stone to invade Europe
Yes the Germans were more interested in northern France for its industries. The south of France was the garden of France, producing vegetables and fruits. Also the Germans needed their soldiers to fight on the eastern front. After the armistice signed in June 1940, Petain, the leader of the collaborative government known as Vichy, was in charge of enforcing the laws of the Nazis in the south of France.
By the way, France was divided in more than two zones :
The two departements of "North" and "Pas-de-Calais" were attached to the German administration in Brussels.
The regions Alsace/Moselle were annexed to the Third Reich.
All the western coastline was part of a "forbidden zone". The Atlantic Wall.
Other forbidden territories went from the town of Saint-Valery-sur-Somme to the Swiss border, called the Nordostlinie. Hitler was intending to start a mechanism of colonization there. The idea was that German colonizers settled in this region called "Ostland" in order to recreate one of the former Frankish Empire.
Other territories in south east of France were occupied by Italians till September 1943.
A real patchwork !
@@phlm9038 thanks for the reply you can't always get a good explanation from a google search, you have explained it well thankyou
@@Adrian-ju7cm You are welcome.
hatred and bigotry?
Nope. Watch the video.
@@HistoryHustle i know, but there are tares in every wheat. sarah's key - french movie ..
Communism and subversion?
Vichy is a nice town, more famous for mineral water.
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and where the French Milice has there headquarters close to where Petain resided
NSB'er is a insult till this day
True.
I find this video to be a little bit of a let down. The reasons for Dutch people having more "compassion" as you said towards the fate of the Jewish people were two. One of them you have already mentioned, that is Dutch Jews being more integrated ("assimilated") into the Dutch society. Please also compare the treatment of the Dutch people by Germans during the "occupation" as opposed to other peoples of Europe (especially Slavs). I like how you try to ballance your statements especially in terms of describing the Holocaust on the so-called eastern front, but let me just say the line of Dutch people being more compassionate towards the fate of the Jewish people sounds ridiculous. Remind me please what would be a possible penalty for a Dutch person for standing up for Jews in the Netherlands as it seems I might have missed it.
Deportation was the penalty. Thanks for sharing your insights.
If they had compansion the Jews would prefer otherwise. The author is always very reluctant to share his views with others that maybe oppose his. In effect he frowns on any criticism as it dies not suit his agenda. Can I suggest, if you dont know them already, you might care to read the books I have listed above which, for time space alone, give a much more broader & accurate discription of the situation in the Netherlands.
I guess you have viewed the German made videos available here on life in Westerbork camp? Tragic viewing and noted the guards, like in France in their harsh internment camps, were Dutch Police !
The reason why is because of the smooth cooperation between the dutch police and the germans.
Partially. Please watch the video.
It was the main reason along with the dutch registration of citizens.
Stefan makes far too many excuses for what happened to the Jews of the Netherlands during the Second World War. It was a combination of xenophobia, collaboration and anti-Semitism that led to such a high proportion of Dutch Jews being murdered. In particular massive collaboration by the Dutch Civil Service and police. This, combined with the Dutch fascist party, the NSB, controlling many of the smaller towns and cities resultted in mass roundups of Jews, the wrecking of their synagogues and the theft of Jewish property by other Dutch citizens. The Holocaust museums in Amsterdam avoid dealing with these subjects and, quite wrongly, blame the murder of so many Dutch Jews entirely on the Germans.
Which sources and historians confirm your claims?
@@HistoryHustle I suggest that you do as I did: Visit the towns and cities of the Netherlands where there are Synagogue buildings, but no Jews, and ask the older local people what happened to the Jews and why this happened. I found many of the answers both shocking and contradicting the sanitised and formalised Dutch history.
@@HistoryHustle I suggest that you read the books written by H.J. Van Baalen as an example of what happened to the Netherland's Jews in many smaller towns.
and cities. Van Baalen wrote mainly about the history of the Jewish community of Deventer.
You have the courage to say how it was and add a little extra to my own comment (with three useful book suggestions)
Not forgetting some of the few returning Dutch Jews were presented with UTILITY bills during "their forced absences", many refusals to return their looted homes and a general hostility & surprise to see the" impudent "Jews actually returning. It has to be said.
However, of course, not forgetting the very brave gentile Dutch who risked their lives trying to save & hide their fellow Jewish & other citizens.
When I visited Amsterdam I noticed that Jews look very different from regular Dutch people. However in France many French people have a Latin look and Jews can blend in with the local population and therefore it is easier to hide from the Nazis.
What?
Not sure. I believe Dutch Jews were very assimilated. It was more in Eastern Europe they were due to their culture more easy to recognize.
How did you have this experience? Amsterdam doesn't have a big distinguishable Jewish community anymore where you can just go and visit them. The Jewish people are spread throughout the city. Plus most of them look like average Dutch people. You wouldn't see a difference. Only thing I can think of is that you are talking about the Jewish people of Portuguese descent. They had a big community in Amsterdam. But like I said, that's not the case anymore. It's very scattered now. My guess is that you visited a historic synagogue in the center and saw some traditionally looking Jewish people.
It is a fallacy to claim they look different. Although the proportion was lower than Netherlands the French did "a darn good job" too. France generally was not heaviliy occupied for the most part and without the GREAT assistance of the French administration & French Police it is estimated about half out of 76,000 Jews could have been saved. For example none were sent to the "safe haven" of Algeria. Sadly France is no fine example by comparison to the Dutch except in numbers
Sorry, your point didn't convince me.
I still believe it was the non-Jewish Dutch in general who, with their ridiculous racial awareness, betrayed the Dutch Jews.
Ok.
The Jewish people were blended in with Dutch society. Yes we Dutch did some awful things during colonialism to other people (I guess that's what you are referring to), but you know what, the Jewish people participated in that alongside other Dutch people. Now that's blending in.