Where the Light Touches Your Eyes｜Phototransduction and Rhodopsin
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- Опубліковано 9 жов 2024
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👀 Your visual system is astounding down at the molecular level-because the photoreceptor cells in your retina maintain an incredible balance of proteins that allows for an incredible visual range. Let’s meet rhodopsin, the molecular worker at the core of your visual system. We’ll discover how light physically touches and changes you every time you perceive just about anything.
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🦠 Pigment Epithelium layer made using procedural assets by Viczie: vizcie.gumroad...
If you want to better understand these systems, the videos made by @KerryKim are an incredible resource: • Phototransduction: Ho...
🧬 Primary Structures Cited:
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I just found this channel, but I’ve fallen down the rabbit hole of binging every video. The narratives are so compelling, and the biochemical insights are genuinely astounding. Plus the graphics are so charming, and the 3D style is incredible!
It really shows how much time and effort go into these videos, looking forward to whatever you have in store next!
this video is insane! I love the quality and clarity of this content. Never stop. You are doing humanity a favor.
This machine only moves faster
@@ClockworkbioWould u consider creating a video of how graphene would travel in the body when it is injected ... as well as inhaled, skin exposure, drink, and inhaled into the sinus. Please consider.
This one REALLY should have been split into two videos -- but how do y'all feel about 30-minute episodes on here?
Next video is short, punchy, and releasing in three weeks. NO MORE LONG UPLOAD GAPS.
channels like yours have great potential to cover things in a lot of detail. shorter videos is not good for detail. the amount of times I have been Blue balled by channels covering complex topics in a approachable way and then they go on to make 10-minute videos that only scratch the surface. please make 2 hour long videos.
@@Clockworkbio I didn’t even realize it was 30 minutes!
It was great! I have no issue with longer videos. But I have one little suggestion - during the video, there's a lot of "meta"-talk, including unnecessary preamps ("buckle up", "now we're going to analyze X and Y and Z"), a little bit of mild fearmongering (like in the GPCR bit - "ooh boy", or a sigh during the explanation of phosphodiesterase - literally all enzymes are named in this manner, so making it seem difficult to pronounce or remember is counterproductive). Maybe I'm extra sensitive to it, since coming from a chemistry background I've seen so many people scared of complexity, while in reality this anxiety only makes learning more difficult for some. Please don't take it as mindless criticism! I enjoy your videos a lot, sometimes I just wish there was more content going deeply into the biochemistry (for example - you could have explained how photons cause a cis-trans isomerization in retinal, which would also make remembering retinoid isomerase simpler).
Thank you for your work!
I have no problem with long episodes. No everything can be well explain in a few minutes. This is why we have Novels,Movies, Documentries,etc.
@@Valgween 2 hours is too much, but 30 minutes is better.
This explains why I see optical illusions when in a totally dark room, like my bathroom with the lights off. The chemistry with the calcium and the mechanism for turning that chemistry into nerve signals is what's making those patterns appear.
you mean you are seeing stuff (like dots maybe?) when there isn't any light in the room?
Noise signals, basically, I think.
Visual static. Sometimes in low light settings your eyes can trick your brain which is attempting to trying to determine objects. Depending on where you think you are and what you think you're seeing. Most of the time it's just blotchy static
The brain actually hallucinates stimuli in these cases, as no input of signals coming rom the eyes are non desirable and the brain will create a "screensaver" image in place of the lack of signal input. These can quite literally be shadowy figures or things moving outside your peripheral vision, so whenever you get startled by these sots of things its your brain that is to blame
This channel deserves so much more! It's beautiful to observe the complexity of evolution and life.
I genuinely love you man. I cant properly say how much these videos make me truly appreciate life and how amazing every little tiny biological function behaves.
I send your videos to every friend and family member I can that can truly appreciate this.
You speak with the same wonder I would if I specialized in your field. Your amazement it's matched by all of us. Please keep up the incredible work ❤
Isn’t it amazing how your rod cells mutated into cone type cells however many millions of years ago and your brain was able to exploit this an evolve to interpret this as color, and how it specifically centralizes these at the center of vision and uses them less frequently than rods? It’s the whole point of this channel but god biology is more sublime than anything I’ve seen in physics
Our Creator has made us a most magnificent creature!
@@beamshooterlol
@@beamshooter 😂
@@beamshooterI promise u don’t actually die and all ur family members still exist 😉
@@beamshooterWe can't even see infrared or ultra violet.. what's so magnificent exactly?
We've been told that in the future we'll have nanomachines repairing our bodies, but our bodies were nanomachines all along
any sufficiently advanced nanomachine is indistinguishable from biology
30+ minute videos are AWESOME! Plus all the information you have in them make them worth it. I'd say longer tbh
This channel deserves more views. This stuff is so great - entertaining enough for people like me who aren't particularly interested in biology but informative enough to be worth watching
This could have been a 6 week long video and I would watch every single second.
Thanks so much for "shedding some light" on the biochemistry of eyesight! Really enjoyed the animations, as always!
Awesome as always, the 30 minute videos are thought provoking and insightful
My brain is fried. I literally habe no background required to understand this but still watch anyways.
KEEP THE PUMPS RUNNING!
speedrunning the anatomy - spoken like a true cell & molecular biologist
ITS SO BORING THO. ANATOMISTS GO HOME.
The quality of this video is almost as mind-boggling as the biology it talks about. Thank you!!
My primary hobby is robotics and using the Robot Operating System. Seeing bio engines, actuators, pumps, event systems is wild. I really appreciate your teaching skills. Not long after I finished reading Nick Lane's The Vital Question and Ed Yong's The Multitudes Within, I discovered your channel. Like robotics, I'm learning these new things in layers of time. So fascinating!
Today is a good day. I get 30 minutes' worth of new Clockwork content.
If only my physiology lectureur explained stuff like you do... you make everything so clear and understandable, AND WITH THE IMMACULATE VISUALS everything just clicks
Thank you for the work effort and love you put into your vids
MAN I wish this kind of visualization was available when I was studying this stuff in college. This was some sci-fi stuff back then!
1. I love the longer format.
2. KEEP THE PUMPS RUNNING!
I might have to watch this a dozen times before half of it sticks, it's so dense!
Love the style of explanation and visuals. Makes things very clear
CGump is going into textbooks. You are ahead of your time.
Fantastic video, explanations and animations! The depth and width of coverage is great and packs an amazing amount into a half hour. And thank you for the mention!
I knew I had to bring in the maximum effort possible if I was going to keep producing videos in the same place as one of the greats! Your comment means the world to me. Thank you so much for taking the time to watch! Can't wait for more videos from you.
Makes me wonder how, or where in the sequences, visual hallucinations work, and how they can be superimposed over actual visual information.
26:50 fav tree: binary tree. very useful. definitely the kind of tree he was talking about
Can’t thank you enough for this, this is exactly what I needed and wanted to binge on and watch. Please keep up the fantastic work
On it! Thanks so much for spending your time here!
Not many creators I sub to without watching at least a first video to the end. I just know I needed to with this one bro. A1
I have no problems with longer episodes, you do you.
"All of our senses are really touch." Such a fascinating idea!
Loving the videos and the wonderful commentary!
Oh, and I love coastal redwood trees. :)
The signal reduction prior to transmission to the brain is not a problem to get around; it is the initial image processing itself! Things like edge detection happen long before the brain gets it.
monkey see snake
Absolutely every single particle of the universe is absolutely stunning and amazing. Which includes us of course.
The complex beauty of it all is staggering
this channel is so underrated. i binged all the videos as soon as i found the channel. ill definitely get the curiosity box if they aren't sold out in 2 days, i want that deck of cards and i dont care about any of the other things in the box- yet.
Dude... This is the first time I have come across your channel and all I can say is holy shit! The quality of this video is nuts! 36k subscribers is a tragedy. You're going to take off. I already know it. You even have great personality in narration.
My favorite trees are the ones I can see! Right now they’re turning yellow and red around here, which is molecularly neat!
I learned about these concepts in biology class, but to see the proteins and molecules and kinetics responsible for vision allows for a transcendent physical chemical understanding of our awareness. I deeply appreciate the work that goes into these videos.
I can't describe how much I love your content, I recently discovered your channel and the fact that you started working on it again is absolutely amazing. Keep that up🎉
Not only keeping it up, but pushing the pace now as well! Glad you're here. Even gladder that I didn't make you wait 3 years like so many other folks.
This channel is absolutely amazing. I am so fascinated with cellular biology, and when you said biochemistry probably isn’t why you’re here, I laughed because it so was. Keep up this amazing content, I love the intricacies you explain.
Your work moves me to tears every time
Love that this video came onto my feed randomly! Love that you made this video 58 minutes ago! Thank You! I miss in depth, so detailed, and easy to consume content like this! Great work!
I was just thinking I wanted to look into exactly this!! And then one of my favorite channels, definitely favorite nano scale channel, uploads this
amazing video. hopefully the algorithm picks these up and they get the viewership they deserve. thirty minute videos are just fine!
The quality of the animations in this video is insane!
Absolutely one of the best videos i have seen om This topic - you should be very proud of yourself❤️
Owls rhodopsin must be goin on whole another level!! Giving more scotopic vision....🦉
it's all the same rhodopsin actually! Certain owl species simply have way more rod cells (and in the Great Horned Owl they are thinner and packed more together) and a reflective membrane at the very back of the retina that helps them pick up on a LOT more detail in the dark!
This is one of the most fascinating graphical visualizations of the processes happening inside your body. i never knew biochemistry was this complicated (but Awesome!) to look at, but you made it much much easier to understand.
new clockwork video! just in time to learn something not covered by the syllabus in detail to force it into my answer to a slightly related HSC question(the photosynthesis videos wouldve come in clutch if i did the 2018 hsc)
Couldn't stop watching. Shared. Thanks.
Amazing explanation 👌
I always thought there's just a protein that deforms when stimulated with light, which then gets picked up as a signal... But the actual process is (from a design standpoint) waaaay to freaking unnecessarily complicated.
But life just ran with whatever works
It is indeed a protein that deforms when stimulated, plus some extra stuff to make electrical signals using chemical soup
in the opening it's mentioned that we can see better than a regular camera in the dark
I was considering going blind before watching this. But now i realize i have been taking my sight for granted
Just a tiny part in this video but the fact the membrane bound proteins can move freely in the cell membrane is what amazed me most. Didn’t learn that anywhere before..
It really is!
Some are not free to move. An obvious example is membrane proteins like spectrin that get linked to the cytoskeleton. they are responsible for the erythrocyte shapes in animals.
This is the most interesting channel i've seen on the whole youtube for a fair amount of years. The beauty of these molecular, well, literally mechanisms is astounding.
Your channel honestly deserves more attention. I hope you get to 1M subscribers soon.
Thanks for the hard work😊
Another incredible video. Good job, man. The detail you include in your videos is very much appreciated, thank you.
my favourite tree is elder (it mostly grows as shrubs but can be a tree so it counts)
This channel is just amazing. The content is high quality and the delivery is espetacular.
The really wild thing is that, where human engineering would tend to use fixed wiring, this process basically has everything free-floating and the signal is transmitted by chance collisions.
Thanks for the video! Been tired from the long hard day, and just in 30 minutes of the most satisfying video and now I feel ready to climb mountains🤩
And thank you for making my day with this beautiful and profound glimpse to the inner workings of life.
Excitement for the coolness of the whole process and tears for an overwhelming feeling of connection to the universe, moved by your starting and ending poetry verses.
3:28 the foreshadowing for guanosine is complete!
SOMEONE NOTICED
Oh my God I'm crying this is so beautiful 😭 Sight is a sense of touch... oh god all senses are touch?! 😳 All of my molecules are being touched 😱 ...... Can I feel all of my molecules? Surely every process is connected... But they can't be aware of each other... molecules aren't conscious... But molecules performing human processes create consciousness... Fuck. It's all random... Like, fire is a chemical process. Fire isn't aware of its own combustion.. each molecule of fuel being drained of its energy and converting it to carbon... The fire does not know it processes molecules or that it transforms them... In the same way, human processes don't know they are transforming molecules... They just do, because the processes which are in motion demand it be so.... and somehow, underlying all of this, DNA creates a language that transfers real survival knowledge from generation to generation. Babies born knowing how to eat, how to drink, preprogrammed from conception to partake in these self sustaining processes... Fuck. Fuck you've broken my brain...... Fuck man.. wtf even are we??? 😳
I think i would have mentioned that heat also causes rods to misfire, which is the cause of some visual hallucinations you see in the dark!
This video was great, I didn't even notice it was 30 minutes until i saw your comment, and answered many questions I've always had and many i didn't know i had. If i can make just one note, the beginning of the video had lots of interjections, "oh isnt this name wacky" and "y'alls" that didn't really add much but interrupted the flow (brain is too tiny to parse protein chemistry and jokes at the same time)
Mentioning something and specifying that you're gonna cover it later instead is very useful. Doesn't distract me from the current explanation by wondering about the missing step
The production value is fantastic.
Color vision is the most wild thing i've ever come across... Like its a complete mental fabrication yet every human can *see* it
Incredible work! I wonder, what's the mechanism that occurs in retinal overexposure? Does it have to do with cGMP depletion or some related effect of PDE overactivation?
All hands to the pumps!
Insane in the membrane 🎶
Amazing video!
I have a question that bothers me for about 3 years now:
Regarding color vision, have you noticed that when looking at UV light, it appears to be purple-ish (for UV A) and it can make sense from one perspective, as the wavelength of red light is roughly twice. Is it the second harmonic?
Same thing with UV C, it appears as a beautiful pale blue with a hint of green. That can be also explained with the second harmonic.
Another theory could be that the UV light is absorbed by some fluorescent stuff on its way to the retina and gets re emitted as visible light.
So what is the molecular difference between opsins in cone cells? And how is the light interacting with that little twisted vitamin a molecule?
Or am I just stupid and it's all about activation energy?
Thank you for this brilliant video
Sandalwood tree! Also I love the long format episodes, because I can grab a meal while I watch.
Woohoo! New Clockwork video!!!
Hey ! This was a great video ! Really enjoyed the animation and the detail, also very philosophical topic. As a chemist I think it would be cool to also include the molecular structure of the molecules (like for cGMP). Also as the molecular structures are just sticks and static 2D , it could be an opportunity to animate them into something more visually pleasing ? And a question: What song do you think would best fit the folding of a protein into its final structure ? Thanks !
Fav tree: silver birch :) Thank you so much for this video and for sharing your passion in biochemistry. Love the longer videos
my favorite tree is the manchineel tree, i love your videos and im all for super long videos, the way you animate all the physical processes and explain all the electromagnetic processes is just wonderful for actually understanding how a biological reaction occurs and not just why. the only thing i found myself wishing for a deeper explaination to is the protien movements, i would love a more focused depiction of the actual change in shape of a protien when its activated and how that allows the subsequent step to occur. but honestly dude all your videos are so mind blowingly amazing that i cant wait to see how the rest of my senses work on such a fundamental level. thank you for the obvious hard work.
I was looking for something like this and a channel like this. I’m adding you to my biology channel list
Please consider supporting the channel by checking out our partners at The Curiosity Box: bit.ly/CBClockwork
please consider topping me off
6:10 It's got electrolytes!
I like extra long clockwork videos but more uploads makes more sense
22:14 Long story short, you can't see a single photon because, being warm blooded, you need to filter out thermal noise (every once in a while, rhodopsin gets activated by bumping into another molecule in the wrong way instead of by light, which happens more at high temperatures), and so the neurons connected to the rods only pass the signal on if they receive a strong signal from one rod or a weak signal from multiple rods.
Frogs, being cold blooded, don't have this circuitry and can see a single photon, but the price they pay is that their vision gets staticky on a hot, dark night.
wow cant believe he is back!
Hang on hang on. So the ladder where the little balls containing neuro-transmiters keeps pumping them out at a constant rate if nothing is happening, but the speed is adjusted depending on light. Does that mean that brain is interpreting strength of light hitting this cone by the amount of transmitters per second? Actually kind of clever. Can we have fun and deduce the refresh rate of our eye? As the maximum speed of release of the balls per second would be the highest rate of change detected right? (ignoring the fact all cones are not synchronised so this thought exercise probably don't make much sense)
So the neuroscience here is WAY above my paygrade -- and there's a whole extra video's worth of detail needed to answer this question. Your optic nerve can only pass along so much information -- and each of your retinas have ~120 million rods and cones. That's WAY too much information to parse, especially when certain photoreceptors take priority (in particular, the cones concentrated around the middle of your vision).
So each photoreceptor is connected to a handful of different nerve cells that interpret and translate that glutamate flow from your rods and cones. That interpretation has been described to me as an analog to digital conversion.
Like we didn't even cover the cool part about how the visual signal is processed. The top layer of your retina is this incredible computer that pulls off an analog to digital conversion and sends a significantly refined signal for your brain to interpret.
Expect a second video if I ever get a strong enough handle of the neuroscience involved there -- or if I manage to pull off a collaboration with someone with better neuro experience. Consciousness is WILD.
@@Clockworkbiowow now I am even more intrigued. Awesome video and I can't wait for the followup whenever that might be! Glad I subscribed as I might have missed this one.
loving the new visuals
Bro, how am I just now finding this channel??????
I love this, It makes me want to study biochemestry instead of biomedicine. It honestly astonishme how you made it so digestible. O and my favorite tres is the pirul.
So inspiring thank you
wow this is fantastic this is just like i imagined one way how alphafold will help!!!
I enjoyed this a lot! It's such a crazy convoluted process, I was expecting it to be more like wiring. It seems like this would be way too slow/indirect/blurry for our amazing vision.
Magnificent production. 👏🏻👏🏻👏🏻⚡🥃
2:22 My gf says those cones look like knotted toys... I just googled it and yeah 😂 pretty much bang on
Shagbark hickory for sure
I like how in this animation the membrane layers in the rod cell look a lot like grana in the thylakoid of chloroplasts. I guess membrane stacks are just good at catching lots of light!
How about making a video on central dogma of molecular biology?
1:08 I would prefer not to break down my photoreceptors actually, that sounds like permanent damage!
Your videos are amazing and I will watch every video you make no matter the subject, but I would love a video about celular respiration. You are greate, and I would love to see your chanel grow, and with this much quality I am sure it will
Well, you've got a new subscriber. Good stuff.
Cool. Thanks for sharing.