(H9) Day2 Hardware Basics part1 CPU, RAM, ROM, BIOS Settings, CMOS Battery

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PC Components
CPU, RAM, ROM(BIOS), MB, SMPS
CPU - Central Processing Unit - Processor
Autherthimatic and logical operations
Brain of the computer
Single Chip
Manufactures
Intel - pentium , dual core, i3 i5 i7., xeon
AMD - ryzen, athlon
Via
Motorola
Mediatek - Dimensity 8200, Helio
Qualcomm - SnapDragon
Samsung - Exynos
Processor Specifications
Speed (Measured in Hz {Hertz})
Width (Measured in Bits: 16bits,32bits or 64bits)
FSB Speed(Front Side Bus)(Measured in Hz) - RAM model, clock speed
Cache Memory (measured in Kbytes/Mbytes) -- L3 cache memory
No of Cores per Processor
No of Threads(Logical processors) per Processor
Virtualization Technology - Enabled - Intel - VT-x, AMD - AMD-V
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Primary Memory - RAM and ROM
RAM and ROM
Random Access Memory Read Only Memory
Stores data temporarily Stores data permanently
RAM is example of Volatile Memory ROM is Example of Non-Volatile Memory
Volatile Memory - The data in the Non-Volatile Memory - Data in the device is
device is lost when power is off remains in the device even the power is off
Ex. HDD,SSD, Pen Drives, SD Cards
RAM - size, speed ROM - size and speed does not matter
RAM can be changeable ROM is a fixed chip on Motherboard
- Add/Replace/Remove - we can’t add/remove/replace in generally
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RAM
-RAM is also called Main Memory, Physical Memory..
-2 Types of RAMs - SRAM, DRAM
SRAM - use as cache memory in inside of CPU
DRAM - SDRAM, EDO, VRAM…,
SDRAM - DDR,DDR2,DDR3,DDR4,DDR5
DRAM Packages
DIP - Dual In-line Package
SIMM - Single Inline Memory Module
DIMM - Dual Inline Memory Module - for Desktop PC
RIMM - Rambus Inline Memory Module - for Desktops and Servers
SODIMM - Small Outline DIMM - for Laptop
RAM Specifics
Size : MG, GB, TB , ex. 4GB, 8GB, 16GB
Speed - MHz ex. 1333MHz, 1600MHz,
Model: DDR3, DDR4.,
Voltage Level
To upgrade/ replace RAM
Check CPU Model Specification - Support - Size, Speed, Memory Types
Check Motherboard Specification - No of RAM Slots, Memory Type
Voltage levels - L /H- 1.5v, 3v
Matches to old RAM
Frequency Matches
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ROM (Read Only Memory)
Integrated Circuits that are Used to Permanently Store Start-Up (Boot) Instructions and Other Critical Information
Types of ROM
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
EEPROM - Rewritable
ROM chip fixed, ROM has a program called BIOS (firmware)
ROM chip also called as BIOS Chip
BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
During the Boot up it Performs POST (Power On Self Test)
Recognizes the Hardware Devices
Locates and Loads the Operating System
It Helps the Operating System to Access
the Hardware Devices
BIOS - Firmware
UEFI -Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
(New version of BIOS)
BIOS - Legacy
Support MBR -limited HDD partitions- 4 Primary or 3P+1Extend(Logical)
The partition size is up to 2TB
UEFI - features
Secure Boot
Support GPT(GUID Partition Table) - More HDD partitions(128) and more than 2TB of disk partition size(up to 18EB)
BIOS Chip Manufacturers
AMIBIOS
AWARD
PHOENIX
Firmware is software that provides basic machine instructions that allow the hardware to function and communicate with other software running on a device. Firmware provides low-level control for a device's hardware.
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BIOS contains Hardware Information, we can check or change some Hardware setting through BIOS Setting
How to go BIOS setting :
Press Power Button press BIOS Key to goto BIOS Setup
BIOS Keys - DELETE,F2,F10,F12,F11,F9
Fn + BIOS key
Ex. Fn + F2
Date and Time
Set Password*
Enable/Disable Hardware feature - Virtualization technology
Check System Configuration - CPU, RAM, HDD/SSD…
Change Boot Priority
Save and Exit - F10
* bios password is different from OS password
CMOS Battery
Battery which Powers BIOS Memory is called as CMOS Battery
CMOS Battery made by Li , 3V
If you remove the battery BIOS setting goes to Factory defaults
BIOS stores a temporary data
Date and Time
BIOS Passwords
BIOS settings / Configuration
Boot Priority
When System Turn off data lost, to keep data we use CMOS battery
CMOS:
A complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) is the semiconductor technology used in most of today's integrated circuits (ICs), also known as chips or microchips. CMOS transistors are based on metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) technology.
CMOS Checksum Error/Bad
When system is Power ON on the screen
It showing CMOS Checksum Error
BIOS firmware issue.
CMOS Battery(Li 3v) - low/no power
CMOS Battery removed and reinserted
Every time system starts if you got this
Error - means Battery low/no power
So then change Battery