What happens when you remove the hippocampus? - Sam Kean
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- Опубліковано 25 сер 2014
- View full lesson: ed.ted.com/lessons/what-happen...
When Henry Molaison (now widely known as H.M.) cracked his skull in an accident, he began blacking out and having seizures. In an attempt to cure him, daredevil surgeon Dr. William Skoville removed H.M.'s hippocampus. Luckily, the seizures did go away - but so did his long-term memory! Sam Kean walks us through this astonishing medical case, detailing everything H.M. taught us about the brain and memory.
Lesson by Sam Kean, animation by Anton Bogaty.
I once saw a documentary about this man. The saddest thing that sometimes happened to him was that he saw himself in a mirror and that he wouldn't see himself, a young man, but an old man. When he realised he was the old man infront of the mirror he started crying. Fortunately he forgot about that after 15 minutes.
Name of the documentary plz
@@rupalkale6528 i saw that Documentary in discovery science channel
Awwwwww
Ohnoooo
@XYXYZ at least he would forget it, as if it never happend.
He died not knowing what he did for humanity. That's pretty sad :(
He is and will always be a hero :) that is nice
That's sad
Hans Bauer But he soon forgot.
:-(
@Hans Bauer i like how you fight for positivity😻
His memory died while memory of him lived on
Bonkers lol
susan jarman That’s... very ironic.
Deep...
That's poetic.
Uhhhhhhhhhhhhh I dont get it.......
My Dad had Alzheimer's. I took him for rides at least twice a week. We would drive over the same beautiful bridge in one direction, turn around and drive over it from the opposite directions. Both times he would say, "Wow, this is the most beautiful bridge I've ever seen!" Rather than be depressed about his inability to remember he had just seen the bridge, I decided to call it, "The beauty of the first impression!" He was never bored seeing the same thing over-and-over again. It was always fresh and new to him.
Really love that story. Love that outlook
@@abca8035 assuming that he said that his father “had Alzheimer’s” he probably passed away
❤
@@sergiuss312 f
Wow HM lived such a long life without the ability to form memories, I couldn't even imagine how his life would be.
I imagine it'd be quite dreadful to look into a mirror. Shaving must have been the single scariest event in his day to day life.
TrindyForce Why would shaving be a scary event for him??
Pirosbor the mirror obviously.
pokee9 um....sorry.....what's scary about a mirror??
Seriously now?
Try to comprehend you; your self at 20 has the memory of your 20 year old face. now I want you to get up and walk to the bath room look in the mirror and what you see is a 80 year old man staring back at you in abject horror when your genuinely expected to see yourself as a 20 year old. Now think about it this, H.M died thinking he was young.
thats why a mirror is terrifying.
Thank you H.M you are truly and literally a forgotten hero.
We neuropsychologists know him very well
*a forgetting hero
XD Lol
He's not forgotten?! Quite the contrary; everybody studying psychology or neurology knows his name.
A forgotten forgetting hero
3:57 *"EVEN THOUGH HE HAD NO MEMORY OF PREVIOUS ATTEMPTS, HIS UNCONCIOUS MOTORS CENTERS REMEMBERED WHAT THE CONCIOUS MIND HAD FORGOTTEN"* that was like a passage from a romantic novel.
from a romantic novel? you must read strange romance books LOLL
You should totally write a romance novel about HM. :)
Yeah.....it's like a fantasy romance novel. It's like when when the two lovers are connected from their past life. This is just my assumptions tho....it can be different from whatever you thought.
A romantic novel?? Didn't know the history of neuroscience is now considered romantic
@@hiiloveu1521 they said the passage, idk what you get from the comment
"They said dont think about past or future, live in the present"- H.M, 1969.
aww I feel bad for him. it's like the meaning of his life was only there to be used
+Prin Nana But his case has helped further neuroscience more than most, if not all, other cases. In a way, it's an honor.
+Prin Nana he also won't remember it... at all.
+Jennifer Tung You wouldn't remember anything either if you were dead. ;)
+Prin Nana Well at least he was useful, unlike everyone else.
+Prin Nana
like all of us, tools of others for ourlves
This actually makes me feel sad. What if he had loved someone before the surgery? :(
haileyxin he would remember that person. He just can’t form new memories
Ziran yeah but he means forget not form
there was a movie based on this idea in india where he forgets his girlfriend too...... the movie name is ghajini
Unlucky
There is another peculiar case which might interest you ua-cam.com/video/Vwigmktix2Y/v-deo.html
This is incredibly interesting, but I feel so heartbroken for HM. His memory of himself and his life was essentially removed, and he never got to remember most milestones in life, if he made any at all (other than age). I appreciate that there is sometimes seemingly only feasible one way to study something, but the studies of HM feel equally as a scientific breakthrough and a robbery of life. Then again, they did not know most of the crucial role the hippocampus played.
Exactly
There was unparalleled research and development in Neuroscience thanks to him, but no matter how much people thank him, from his perspective he was alive but no memories, memory itself make us who we are as they propel our decisions
He shall be remembered but only as a Test Subject ={
He taught us how memories are made by not being able to make his own.
This is really interesting, but geez, poor guy:/
first comment inspite having 1k likes
@@sathvikv.r5974 lol haven't been around here for 6 years, hadn't noticed
@@AlyssaTaylor9 Big up for replying after 6 years 🤯😁
@@AlyssaTaylor9 six long years! how's life to you now?
@@blupatches3030 Pretty good thanks! I'm working on my master's degree and am engaged. Life's okay!
So, he could watch his favourite movie all over again, play his favourite game all over again (without "forgetting" how to play it).
+Álvaro Lopes but if he couldn't form long term memories there would be no favorite movie or game.
+Deathcap Rabadon (Deathcap9087) Well, he only forgot a certain amount of information. If he had a favorite movie say 10 years ago, he'd still remember.
Tobias Weckop Then he would already remember what happened in the movie, so its always like seeing it a second time( or third depends on how many times he's watched it before the surgery), so not as exciting as seeing a movie the first time.
Did they have the facility to replay movies? Just just turned on the tele to old movies because he seemed to enjoy them, but how could he remember the beginning of the movie by the time it got to the end? Always little mysteries inside bigger ones.
+Álvaro Lopes Dude they didn't have video games that long ago..Maybe while he was older...
Rest in peace H.M. you did more for mankind than I could ever give.
“But this wasn’t a seen from a horror film, or a gruesome police report,” idk man, those doctors look pretty sinister to me
That's sad. I really feel bad for the people that lose their memories :|
Yes, but he helped thousands more people NOT lose their memories. .
Yes i didnt "forget" that fact :D
~respect
I have alzheimer's but i forget to give a f*ck about it ! xD
ShaolinMonkster liar u dont have anything if u did u wouldn't be able to do all ur dance moves! lol
do you remember writing this comment ;-;
omg, this is amazing. I had 3 brain surgeries & my hippocampus was removed. I do live w/ memory problems daily as well as cognitive. However, I have to keep in mind that I have been SEIZURE FREE since 2011. Thank you for making this video. It's very hard to explain to people. This video makes it a little easier to help people understand. Thnx :)
+Mara LG
Do you remember writing this comment?
Mara LynneG.
Sarcastic/Joking around.
was your hippocampus only partially removed?
My amygdala & hippocampus on the right side, yes. There is a tinyyyy bit of the hippocampus left
Mara since you've had your amygdala removed do you still experience fear? do you worry a lot? because the amygdala is meant to be the part of the brain that is associated with fear and anxiety disorders like GAD, OCD and PTSD.
As a traumatic brain injury surviver with frontal lobe damage, among other types of damage to my brain, I relate to this topic.
The accident I had, wiped away an enormous portion of my education, memories of long term friends, and make it increasingly difficult to form new memories.
Muscle memory remain intact, whilst my life memories, are simply wiped away from life’s chalkboard, with a large eraser leaving nothing, but a blank space.
So that’s fun.
Luckily my ability to draw, paint and create were left unscathed.
At the very least you can write and y'know put notes to help remember
I feel so sorry for you I hope your better now 😔💗
i feel sad for this man, but i'm glad he seemed to have a peaceful life despite the severe memory impairment. we learned so much from him, and we never have to let someone lead a life like that again (at least, not without the patient knowing what the surgery entails).
That's one way to forget about your ex
+Jew Macintosh error 404 ex not found
Oops, the previous memories including your exs will stay there, you just cannot make the new ones
there better way. there tv show Blindspot. There drugs that can remove your memories selectively. For example propranolol it removes memories of fear. It works as you remember something scary memory extracted, but drug blocks putting it back. But it only works for removing fear/anxiety component of memory. But there other drugs that may remove everything in similar way.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_erasure
Selective memory suppression is the idea that someone can consciously block an unwanted memory.
There are many different therapeutic techniques or training that has been done to test this idea with some success. Many of these techniques focus on blocking the retrieval of a memory using different suppression techniques to slowly teach the brain to suppress the memory. Although some of these techniques have been useful for some people it has not been shown to be a clear cut solution to forgetting memories. Because these memories are not truly erased but merely suppressed the question of how permanent the solution is and what actually happens to the memories can be troubling for some.
Selective memory suppression is also something that can occur without a person being consciously aware of suppressing the creation and retrieval of unwanted memories. When this occurs without the person knowing it is usually referred to as memory inhibition; the memory itself is called a repressed memory.
Interruption of memory reconsolidation
One of the ways scientists have attempted to erase these memories through suppression is by interrupting the reconsolidation of a memory. Memory consolidation of a memory is when a person recalls a memory, usually a fearful one, it becomes susceptible to alteration, and then gets stored again. This has led many researchers to believe that this time period is the best time for memories to be altered or erased. Studies have shown that through behavioral training results showed that they were able to erase memories by tampering with memories during the reconsolidation phase.
But your ex would still be in your long term memory.......
Sometimes I forget my password and let my fingers do the work. I just re-type my username and my fingers seem to recall the whole process of typing my login info. I do this fully conscious that if I stopped for a brief moment, I could remember the right password for that username, simply by trial and error.
That's good but, honestly, that also happens because I'm losing my memory because of lack of sleep. And here I am, at 2am, typing this comment, instead of sleeping.
I do the same with my school locker
I recomend you change your password every 14 days, atkeast the most importants. Good excercise of mind and people in my field of work dont get to your personal data as easy.
sleep sleeo ^_^
So you rely on muscle memory?
Smart, I do that too.
*EVEN I DON'T REMEMBER MY PASSWORD*
I do this when I cant remember a pe I'd on the piano.
RIP H.M.
You may not have memories of your own but I and many others do and you will always occupy a spot in ours.
Thank You for your continued approval to further scientific research, True Hero.
So... did Dory lost her hippocampus?
THIS
Most likely not, she probably just damaged it in some way. (Or was born with a birth defect that made it not function)
i-
🤯
I began having epileptic episodes in my hippocampus at age 41. The first signs were that I forgot where walmart was. I would forget I had encounters with people at work or dinner with friends; like they never happened. I lost all memories of dating my wife, my son's first birthday, etc. It didn't bother me at all. I didn't know what I forgot to remember :). It's been hard on my wife explaining things over and over. I've had to become a world class organizer to survive. Meds help but not completely. My seizures are simple partial meaning I can have one while continuing to do whatever I was doing. They feel like dejavu. I still have no ability to put names and faces together. People at work smile and ask detailed questions about my life, kids, wife, etc. and I have no idea who they are. Procedural things I can do just fine. Like the video shows, the best part is I get to watch Silence of the Lambs, Star Wars, and Breaking Bad over and over and not know the ending. Music is different. I remember most all the music I've heard. Just the band names are iffy. It's a very interesting predicament.
I know this is kinda late but how did you manage to access your UA-cam account? Or perhaps you had your password written down somewhere...?
Hazel Chief-rabbit Pen and paper...symptoms are better now with better control of seizures. But running out of meds feels like falling down a rabbit hole, forgetting simple things that I know should be easy to remember. Very unpleasant.
+Kenneth Place Yeah, I could imagine. I mean, my mum has trouble remembering so she too has to put all her accounts and passwords on pen and paper, and she doesn't even suffer from epilepsy or anything of the sort. Well, I hope things get better for you though. :)
Kenneth Pace do you remember writing this comment?!
Kenneth Pace Well at least for you each game in the new super Mario bros series ACTUALLY FEELS NEW
Wow, I'm so sorry that had to go through that, but I wish I could tell him thanks for helping the world learn so much. He deserves a lot of gratitude, as do the researchers.
He probably wouldn't remember it.
Thank you Henry Molaison, you may not realized but you really have a big impact for medical world
What a tragic life. Imagine waking up tomorrow morning being 80 when just yesterday you were a young man. For him, it went on for years
I feel sad for that guy
Your picture fucks with my hippocampus...
Why thank you,
But that doesn't make me feel less sad for that guy
Jyothir Adithya Same here. I was kidding. I can't imagine living life like that. I'm not a completely heartless bastard.
replace it with a hippouniversity
lmao
lolll stop ittt,, 😂
Tomake credit card xvideos link or is plotting
XD
Damn! I can never unsee this comment!
I don't know why but this story is so inspiring and made me cry. God bless H.M. and all the scientists that made a huge contribution.
Thank you, Henry. Your contributions are timeless.
ahhh that must be why people should study daily to remember something
Yep. It's just transferring your short-term memory of the thing you're studying into long-term memory.
How can he follow a 90 minute movie then?
good question. maybe he only partially followed. I don't know.
Not sure but while watching a movie we have to constantly remember previous scenes in order to make connections. Maybe that's how he managed to sit through an entire movie and understand it. (I could be extremely wrong though)
Not sure but while watching a movie we have to constantly remember previous scenes in order to make connections. Maybe that's how he managed to sit through an entire movie and understand it. (I could be extremely wrong though)
+Tayloraurrekoetxea I have a friend who has severe trouble moving memories from short term to long term memory. A film is easy - as long as it holds your attention you can work with it all in your short term memory. For my friend, however, if he has to stop the movie to run an errand, he'll really need to restart it when he gets back home.
+ady gombos You forgot you posted it the first time? ;)
That gave me goosebumps. He's helped us a lot. Thank you HM. We will ALWAYS REMBER YOU
I have hypoxia brain injury died 26minutes spent weeks months in coma rehab hospital learning talk walk again been a recovery massive discovery never ever give up on yourself keep going doing amazing things stay strong stay safe sending love from UK takecare xxx
seriously, we need more organizations like ted.....keep up the good work..
I wish I learned about him in my introductory psychology class.
You almost certainly did, you just forgot! lol
april487 lol
some of us we are learning about him in psychology
ARE U A PSYCHOO LOGIST?
It is covered in memory topic in psychology 101 and the role of hippocampus is a common exam question. Severe chronic stress also affects this crucial area and thus has an impact on long term memory.
Imagine finding an amazing TV show that you love and getting to see it over and over with the same excitement because you never remembered watching it before. It would be like an endless supply of amazing episodes to a show you love.
It isn't all bad -- there's a silver living here and there.
I feel sorry for him. He meet ‘stranger’ everyday and not able to remember anyone after his childhood memory. So devastating...
additionally, Scoville was sued for malpractice in 1965
Was he ?
Really?
No wonder
The story kinda made my head hurt.
Not a kind of pain that you get when you're absorbing a lot of data...More so that sensation you get when you're watching a movie where someone get's their neck slit and you feel a strange sensation in your neck. Kind of like pain empathy.
But in any case, it's a fascinating story about the human mind and how at one point the same ingredients that would one day become our skin decided "you know what? We're going to band together and remember stuff instead."
This is heartbreaking and fascinating at the same time.
Lovely lesson. Thank you Sam Kean and team!
Great job Ted Ed. Amazing info and animations. Keep up the good work
4:45 'Upon his death his brain was preserved and scanned before being cut into over 2000 individual slices" - but yet we saw chunks. Way to go Ted-Ed.
The procedures that the researchers conducted were amazing. Of course with amazing relevant results.
Memory is essentially what makes us humans and how we function. Poor guy. Respect to the life and contribution of Henry Molaison.
This is a perfect course on neurology, memory and irony.
I've watched enough Ted-ed videos now to recognize the animation style of Anton Bogaty. Not that this is that impressive to anyone, it's just impressive to me because it shows that he has surely developed his own unique animation style. :)
Excellent video! Very well explained with the example. Thank you for this!
Poor HM , he had it tough, yet he contributed to save infinite people's to come after him
And props to his parents who had to watch all of this happen to their son.
H.M wasn’t a hero, but a sacrifice. It was a brave accident, nothing more. The only good thing that actually occured was the knowledge we gained off of his loss. He gave his live to science, and he is to pity for it, not to romanticize.
I wonder how he felt, just being used for research and could hardly remember anything... If I were him, I would almost constantly be writing my thoughts down on paper so I can still be happy
Thank you h.m. For all you’ve given us
A hero for mankind who contributed more than any of us could ever fathom. Thank you Mr. Molaison. You are a true hero. We will never forget you.
Too sad, i dont even know this until youtube recommended me this. youtube algorithm wants me to remember him.
This is up there for one of the saddest videos I've watched on ted-ed.
Thank you for telling us about H.M. I feel enlightened, and honored at his contribution to science.
This is a fantastic video, I learned a lot. Though it is quite ironic how he will not be forgotten, while he couldn't hold onto memories.
Read more about him in The Power of Habit. A fantastic book!
Poor champ. I wonder if he would rather have his memories and deal with his seizures if he had the choice.
TriiiKill probably not, since seizures cause memory problems anyway.
@@adeline4610 depends of seizures. I live a normal life with epilepsy , a disease known for many seizures in a life time ( Lucky me , Since 14 to 20 years I had only 4 seizures ).A seizure can cause memory problems only if the seizure is linked with high fever or from head injury during the seizure. In rare cases you will met a person with memory problem happened from his seizure.
I have had epilepsy for 40 years and have struggled with a bad memory for much of my life. I had surgery a few years ago and have been seizure free since then but my short term memory is considerably worse since then. I would still say that the surgery is worthwhile as there are other risks to your health with uncontrolled seizures.
Understanding the function of different parts of the body comes mostly through experimentation. It's fascinating when trying to understand the connection between things like the brain, memory, muscle movement, and more.
I came here because I was frustrated studying our physics lesson even though those are the basic ones, I didn't expect my head will ache more bacause of this. Nice video!
Where can I have this surgery?
I would need more information on this. My memory is so weak as I have been abused since early childhood. I feel this need to do better in life and in professional career but fail mostly because I can not recall things easily and I feel my brain function is disturbed
the last line made me cry
Thanks Addison. Your voice was awesome.
he sure had to cut through a lot of brain to even get to the hippocampus! . How do they know it wasn't a damaged portion of brain that caused some of these phenomenas?! But great video btw
that's why it's there
Exactly, my girlfriend had both the left and right hippocampus removed and she has no memory loss. well at least no more than normal.
lol
nah boi
+Michael You don't lose memories you already have by removing/destroying the Hippocampus. It's the formation of new memories that gets impaired.
May the Science be with You but Henry has retrograde as well as anterograde amnesia and his hippocampus was removed.
Why did Dr. Scoville choose to remove the hippocampus out of the many parts of the brain? The video explained he was doing a partial lobotomy, but it was usually done on the pre-frontal cortex to damage the connections of it. Can anyone explain it do me?
the patient had an epilepsy due to an accident which caused damage to the hippocampus. It's called "temporal lope epilepsy".
He had to remove the hippocampus in order to " heal" the epilepsy.
X Greetings from Germany
Thank you Henry and family!
One of the best Ted-Educational videos Ive ever watched
I don't see the point of people calling him a hero, as if he had a choise, if he would be able to remeber, the odds of him doing all this for science would be minimum. He was forced because he had no way of deciding. I say forced but don't look at it like that. Yes, his brain did a lot for us to get to know how it functions but no, he had no way of chosing to do all this so he cannot be called a hero.
3:57 reminds me of super soldiers and such from fiction who have skills and abilities but don't ever recall learning them. Hmm... train someone to be an assassin, teach them a suboncious trigger mechanism to make them kill and then damage or alter the hippocampus to erase conscious memory of the training.
I have an unsettling feeling that this has been done...
Thank you H. M. You might forget whatever you did in your life but we won't forget what you did for us and we respect that.
It's 2021 and I decided I will remember H.M as a hero always
"50 First Dates" anyone?? :D
Yea, remember Tom?
I feel bad Henry Molaison... As if it did more bad than good what the surgery did to him... Though if it wasn't for that result, we would still have no idea about memories and etc... 😔
Ted ed knows how to say what to say and just the perfect way to entertain and educate.
His memory will be remembered forever👈😇🙏 R.I.P.🎁🤲
I'm curious about the effects of psychedelic drugs on a mind without a hippocampus. I probably shouldn't be, but I am.
Interesting thought you have there buddy
I have consumed a lot of psychedelics and now I know at the age of 65 that my hippocampus was damaged prior to the consumption of the psychedelic compounds. This is just what I have surmised in retrospect as my memory continues to image prior events.
If you liked this style of learning about parts of the brain, check out the story on Phineas Gage. Phineas Gage was of a railroad worker that accidentally sent a pole flying through his frontal lobe. Essentially, this permanently changed his personality. He became irritable and unfriendly after the accident.
You are thinking about phineas gage the rail worker. Also it wasn't his hippocampus that was damaged it was his frontal lobe and it caused personality changes not memory issues.
@@TheKempdog This is almost ironic. I don't remember HM at all. I remember Phineas Gage though. And, you're right! That was definitely Phineas Gage. I think I over-studied and wanted to regurgitate some information at a forum. My mistake! I'm going to edit that post. Whoops!
I have slight damage to my temporal lobe (which contains the hippocampus) and one of the things this caused was memory loss. How I would describe it is like the memory isn’t there when I try to remember it. It only really happens when it’s something like going inside to get something or remembering what someone asked me to do. I know that I need to remember it and it’s like searching for it but it’s just out of reach until it’s gone. Usually, if I’m reminded again I’ll remember it.
He will never be forgotten...
Imagine playing a "new" game you never played before and you're op as f*.
Dr. Strange... you've met your match.
I bow down to you fir providing such amazing information
Even with hippocampus, I forgot where I put my socks next morning
Remember Sammy Jankis.
"Sammy had no drive, no reason to make it work."
I didn't realise this was an actual thing...
His RAM got degraded
No, his RAM worked fine. His HDD/SSD died.
No, both his HDD/SSD and RAM worked fine. His cable(connection) between RAM and HDD/SSD died.
His HDD has bad sectors
On the bright side.... He can watch his favourite movie forever and enjoying it over and over.
I feel so grateful knowing this information.. Thank you very much..
And ofc, thank you HM.. ❤️
0:48
Porygon used Seizure!
It's super effective!
That was sad
The man that died forgetting everything but in turn left himself never forgotten by no one
I'm so glad I found these TED-Ed videos. They're so charming and delightfully informative about all sorts of complex topics
It’s tragic he wouldn’t probably even remember what he did for humanity !
*THANK YOU*
I thing he was a happy man.Especialy if have bad memories of previousle life...!!!
This video reminded me of a great film “Memento“. When the guys wife died, he lost the ability to create new memories and only remembered new things for a short period of time. He was on a quest to find his wife's killer with such a condition. I'd tell more about it, but don't want to spoil it.
Wow. What a great video!! I understood sooo much!