Coronavirus Vaccines - An Introduction
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- Опубліковано 9 чер 2024
- Leading COVID-19 vaccine candidates rely on new technologies that have fast-tracked development and testing. Vaccines from Pfizer and Moderna have completed early phase 3 clinical trials and are reportedly under review at the US FDA for emergency use authorization (EUA) although safety surveillance continues. This video explains the principles underlying the leading DNA, messenger RNA (mRNA), and viral vector vaccine candidates, and how they might induce immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
0:00 Introduction
1:21 Traditional vaccines
2:00 COVID-19 vaccine types in development
2:18 Making vaccines from a genetic sequence
2:45 Target antigen: the S protein
3:32 Genetic vaccines (DNA and mRNA)
4:18 Moderna/NIH and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines
4:52 Viral vector vaccines
5:42 Adenovirus vectors (University of Oxford/AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen Pharmaceuticals)
6:32 rVSV vector vaccine (Merck/IAVI)
7:15 Previous experience with next generation vaccines
7:50 Importance of Phase 3 Trials
For full livestreams featured in this video:
Anthony S. Fauci, MD, January 27, 2020: • The 2019 Coronavirus O...
Paul A. Offit, MD, June 1, 2020: • Coronavirus Vaccine De...
Robert Redfield, MD, July 14, 2020: • Coronavirus Update Wit...
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0:00 Introduction
1:21 Traditional vaccines
2:00 COVID-19 vaccine types in development
2:18 Making vaccines from a genetic sequence
2:45 Target antigen: the S protein
3:32 Genetic vaccines (DNA and mRNA)
4:18 Moderna/NIH and Pfizer/BioNTech vaccines
4:52 Viral vector vaccines
5:42 Adenovirus vectors (University of Oxford/AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen Pharmaceuticals)
6:32 rVSV vector vaccine (Merck/IAVI)
7:15 Previous experience with next generation vaccines
7:50 Importance of Phase 3 Trials
To sum up this video- Basically, there is no vaccine, there has never been one for any versions of corona viruses, thinking they can make one now is a joke. Instead, you have the opportunity, and probably soon the obligation, to have DNA modifying experimental drugs injected in to you.
@@patjustpat5014 I think you watched the wrong video, because in it they explained how the vaccine works.
@@patjustpat5014 don't forget now they pushing flu shots ...😒
I like the genetic sequence, Little dab of this, and a little dab of that, and a little dab of doctor dick's root oil ,,,, let joe biden be first,
No Vaccines for me or my family, even if they are reliable. It is only about control. Don't buy into this BS.
who else is tired of politicizing vaccines
More than I can even express!!
Well, who politicizes them? Politicians!!
Yeah, they're just as harmful for both left and right wingers, lmao.
@@ClassyWolf and just as beneficial
@@Lordvictorinox Only idiots buying into all the mass hysteria will get this covid vaccine. I don't trust it. Whole thing sounds like some sort of government plan
I am working on my own vaccine which includes mayonnaise, onions and gypsum weed, to name just a few substances. I will publish my results at the appropriate time.
That sounds like something id test on my little brother Haha
@Mr Sir Lol I think your right
you have more long term efficacy and safety data than they do on mrna vaccines
how much for an ounce of that gypsum weed?
Tell me why when I stopped smoking weed last week... I got sick... and lost my taste and smell 😐
Lets pray for 2021
yes
Amen
if there is one .....
@@sidewaysj2406 o_o
@SpokenTurtleBack im just saying maybe it can be better, just gotta pray
Politicians and the scientists should be the 1st test group. Then after proper amount of time, the 2nd group should be the investors and developers.
amen
Agreed....
Yeahh nah. I'll let the first few folks take it and watch their bodies react to it first.
Wait about as long as possible
That's what the trials are for! Some people are already getting it to see if it's safe for the rest of the public
@@mayaithegg You actually believe everything they tell you in the media right?
@@contendingforthefaith9897 The trials are there, buddy. It’s standard procedure for any drug or vaccine. Doesn’t matter what the media says, it’s just how it’s done.
Its gonna be a WAIT & SEE WHAT JUMPS OFF for me
When I think of the things that make me trust scientific work, speed isn't on the list.
It's like plague inc.
Except without a plague.
Naw, Plague Inc. is fun. I don't have fun getting vaccines, they're more like cleaning the bathroom, or taking my dog to the vet for her annual exam. No fun, but I prefer doing it to not doing it.😄
shure its wike plage inc. just wifout da reset button 🤣
Except Greenland thats the only true thing
U mean viruses are related to a game about viruses? Who would've thought?
I wish 2021 will be different than 2020
we can only hope
Hopefully for better not worse
@Mr Sir They are not spelled at all. They are numbered differently.
oh yea it will be different. there will be millions more dead of this plague
Don't worry, by 2021 2020 will be normal.
What happen to the chinese scientist in us who made a discovery in curing the virus and was killed before speaking on it???
I get that these vaccines are going to be approved for EUA....I want to hear about side effects and negative consequences
Billions will have to be vaccinated to end the pandemic. Over a population that large, there’s going to be a ton of problems.
Faaacts
Well I read an article that said pregnant women shouldn’t take it
you can always read the FDAs briefing document. Just search it up and all the side effects are shown.
The side effects from what we read is a headace,pain at injection ache feeling. Nothing bad and in a couple of days you are better
In summary all the vaccines for covid were developed super fast and use novel never-approved before methods. Can’t blame some people if they refuse.
They all contain tissue from human fetuses.
They contain agent orange in them guys dont use these vaccines!!!!
Which is why she's taking a neutral stance. Explaining the science behind them, why they were quickly developed and the process to determine their safety. I'm no anti-vaxxer but this was a very interesting read.
@Rogue Mentality it exists, probably just a very similar flu
Rogue Mentality are you broken? Do you have a brain up there or is it just rotten flesh?
I dont like how she keeps emphasizing the word “hopefully”
There are a lot of “we hope, “it should” “never been tested” “this new”. But yet they want to rush it out to everyone.
It is concerning that we are relying on vaccine technologies which have never been used before.
not concerning, exciting! We’re pioneers in new territory that has the ability to save millions!! Although empirical research is not a guarantee, it is our best and safest indicator of how well this vaccine will work. We have to trust the empirical research results which have shown extremely promising results.
Those sequences look like when my cat jumps on my keyboard.
Explains everything. This virus is the cat's plan to take over the world.. They created it
Does your cat only hit the A, T, C, and G keys? He must be very gifted.
well chu know wat they say....behind every gentalman theres an army of kittys just waiting ta beat the piss outa wtf stands in there way 😏
@@shadowdragonx07 why are you so cringey. Why do you type like that? Why is your avatar so embarrassing? Why why why
Yea
We’re in the endgame now
can we get cheese allergic vaccine 😔
This comment section is a mess.
Yes. Yes it is.
What, were you expecting it to be filled with people with PhD’s? Welcome to the internet
@@davem5308 No. Just saying it's a mess. Say what the hell you'd like. Don't let my judgement stop you.
@@b__w_4565 I respect you for respecting, respect!
Where the anti-vaxxer crazies outnumber the more rational beings. 😖
My question is why haven’t we come up with an effective flu or common cold vaccine??? With COVID being so new and not much is known about it how are researchers able to come up with a vaccine so quick. I used to get the flu vaccine but would end up getting the flu anyways and doctors would always say you have a different strain of flu than what you were vaccinated for. What is strange to me is we’ve had a spike in cases recently but we literally have to wear a mask and social distance everywhere we go. Makes the mind wonder...
Q: if someone is vaccinated why do they have to worry about someone who isn’t?
Vaccination prevents severe disease but still unclear if it prevents asymptomatic infection and transmission to others.
I hope my grandchildren, don't talk to me about this. Cuz all I did was stay in bed ✌
elizabeth diaz nutz
once they inject these mrna vaccines, how does the body know when to turn them off? how does the body turn them off?
Funny how we can fight off viruses by telling our body "Hey look out for this" and it works.
It is funny but hey, it's logical and it works. Kind of like how we prepare for oncoming invasions from a threatening country with military and weponry, you know?
We train our bodies with a non dangerous version. yep. It makes sense
@@apothecurio I like my explainion better
Im constantly shooting myself with bbs and 22s, that way when I get shot with a 45 to the noggin, my body can fight it off with no damage.
Fabian lol
Two things not discussed... Do these new vaccines prevent the spread of virus? How long does the immunity last?
Long term effects???
Do the cells ever stop producing the spike protein after vaccination?
Get private For Profit companies OUT of government
Coming from a family that had a vaccine accident (and yes they exist, literally on the govt website that fatal accidents are possible, I wish people would stop shaming people for asking questions when something happens to the family and they question the vaccine. People also need to realize, not everyone's bodies are the same. People will react different to vaccines, and some can be extreme. I honestly just wish it wasn't looked down upon to question something as big as a vaccine.
"we're on an accelerating course that I've never seen before" "based on next-generation technologies"
I question how well this will turn out. I would imagine you'd want to take even longer with technology that has limited research and actual use.
That’s why there are trial phases. It’s not like they’re developing the vaccine and just giving it out to the masses. They’re being as safe and efficient as possible given the circumstances.
“an introduction” bit late for that. weve been well introduced
Glitch in the matrix
😳
Dont get the vaccine
@@trulyzay120 y
@@ithaca2076 because its gonna make you sicker
@@trulyzay120 And the evidence is?
Is it me, or is the entire 1:21 section sounds like a rhyme to me
No it is a rhyme
Yeah, it Rhymes.
you are totally right
Does anyone else think it’s weird why they are showing the narrator
Kinda worried abt long term problems
just imagine this video playing in a history class in 30 years
She said it was too early without phase three data two months ago, today the approved Pfizer vaccine is being administered in the U.K. and Canada. Personally, I’ll wait it out and see.
Why it seems rushed is because usually a vaccine is created by a single private entity, but for the coronavirus vaccine, it was a global effort. Hundreds of thousands of scientists and doctors worked on this rather than a few thousand
(Edit) you can still wait it out tho, I respect your opinion
Pray guys pray
Just don't chastise those of us who choose to abstain.
@@IsaacSpurlock thatl spark a war. Theyre not injecting me alive
I remember when I was like 5 and I was thinking 2020 would be so cool because there are two 20s but I was so wrong
A vaccine in 9 months long term effects please
Who else doesnt know what theyre saying but is interested
Hopefully This Ends🙏🏽❤️🕊🙏🏽❤️🕊
So, any word on those people in the trials that had their immune systems begin attacking their neural system because the protein caps started their immune system thinking their nerves were a pathogen?
Cite where you read that
Yea please cite this. I want to see the info
Wow that’s not how anything works
Why is the storage temperature different for Moderna’s vaccine compared to Pfizer? Both are mRNA vaccines, so why can one be stored at -20C for 6 months, whereas the other one needs to be stored at -80C?
This lady speaks so clearly
It’s most likely scripted
She's extremely rigid and over-pronounced. It's hard to listen to.
@@anyathewildchild4400 you don't say.
I commend these scientists working on the vaccine, they wait their whole lives for a chance like this. To put everything they learned in school and apply it to the real world, and help save alot of people.
Yep! Except humans are stupid as shit, and will say that the vaccine is fake or something. It’s sad.
Do the cells implanted with the RNA create these proteins indefinitely? Or does the Immune system kill the cell?
It will probably duplicate through the cell cycle so I’d say indefinitely; ofc thats only in ideal circumstances; the human body might consider it mutated and get rid of it as a response as well but I think there are low chances of that.
@@ninarenee560 I'm sorry, yes I was wrong the mRNA will circularize and be transcribed multiple times unless degraded by an internal cellular factor
This gonna be playing at schools in like 20-30 years
What happens if someone already had COVID and gets vaccinated? Is there a possibility for the immune system to overreact? Isn’t COVID death caused by an over reaction of the immune system to COVID?
Everything has been happening in 2020. We’ve lost so many people. Celebrities. Parents. Babies. Grandmas. And dads. Rappers. Actors. And this is the worst year.
Pretty sure the years in which WW1 and WW2 and The Depression were worse. But sure
@@Erika11Garcia pretty sure i didnt ask but okau
So now they relie on the correct sequence why would china tell us the correct sequence????
Also important to note that the images from the 1950s were around 20 years after we were first able to view influenza particles using an electron microscope (1931). From that point a vaccine wasn't approved for another 14 years (1945). To have a compound to market in a year is a remarkable achievement.
🤔
So does that mean The Influenza vaccine is trusting because it has been developed for years
How is giving the body the ability to make the spike protein offer immunity? Wouldn't that make the body fight itself as in autoimmunity.
I'm just never going to leave my house or go outside
Wait a second, if there's a chance that the vector itself becomes immune doesn't that sort of defeat the purpose?
@JAMA Network Why did asymptomatic cases only become an issue in 2020? Wouldn't asymptomatic also be an issue for influenza or any other infectious disease?
I just do not understand if it's not the actual virus being injected what is causing the fever and chills and flu-like symptoms
C Powers your immune response to the vaccine contents causes the fever and chills. This is normal and a positive sign to see with vaccines as it shows that your body is properly defending itself against antigens.
The difference between exhibiting this response with a vaccine vs the actual virus is that you are avoiding any potential damage that the actual virus could cause (lungs, heart, and brain damage are emerging long term effects of covid-19) while still receiving the same protection against future infection as if you were to let the virus run its course.
Your immune system activates these responses to fight a virus or foreign entity in your body.
LOL...that's what this is supposed to do You body THINKS it's the virus and goes in to "kill virus mode". That gives you the fever, chills and other symptoms". Now your body is ready for the real thing to invade so it can kill it before it makes you sick.
The body's immune reaction to the "S" (spike) protein that is produced by the body in response to the vaccine.
@@JAMANetwork oh I see . If my body is producing it. Why is my immune system reacting like it's a foreign virus?
My question is, how do they know how one's system will react to this vaccine if they already have health issues such as, weakened immune systems, cancer, diabetes, severe asthma, allergies and so on.....?
Hopefully this pandemic comes to an end soon ^_^
I don’t like watching the genetic part of this video, it reminds me of my bio hw that’s due at 11:59
Four vaccined people developed Bells paulsy 😐 nobody gonna talk about that?
soon after they developed it, it went away.
www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-pfizer-health-concerns/fact-check-clarifying-claims-around-pfizer-vaccine-deaths-and-side-effects-idUSKBN28K2R6
Was never concluded to be caused by the vaccine. Also, Bell's palsy almost always self resolves and is not a very serious condition.
And it was determined to be unrelated to the vaccine ?
@@snakebros2474 🧢
Four people out of the 21,720 who received the vaccine? Yeah I'm down to take that bet.
5:00 literally the setup for I AM LEGEND....
I want to see what happens to the 91 yr old lady who was the 1st to get it in England
but why anyone can not come up with a cancer care. How can they come up a vaccine so quickly for covid 19.??????
Cancer is a category of different things. Covid 19 of a specific vital object.
Covid 19 and cancer are 2 different things
I miss school. 😔
You don't get to go to school? 🥺
So do I.......Miss staying not 6 ft apart with my Bros at schools
Same
i still do in person scjool
how school used to be 😞
Just don't make this world turn into (I am legend)😅
Mad max
Call of Duty Zombies.
evrn better metron exodus
😂😂😂😂 right
Bro I thought I was the only one that was thinking like dat 😂😂😂😂
You did an excellent job explaining how the vaccines work. Best video I've found so far on this topic. That being said, I'm going to trust my body's own immune system to fight any virus out there 💪
That's pretty stupid
@@cauliflasnumber1supportert956 why you gotta be negitive
Aight I won't be at your funeral then.
The point of vaccines in general is you're being given dead strains for your body to already be immune to said vaccine. This way when your body comes in co tact with said virus strain your body will fight off the the strain much faster with far less of an incubation period.
By not taking said vaccine with a new strain in it your body has never come in contact with, all you're doing is being a walking petri dish and unnecessarily making other people sick.
Taking vaccines isn't about you, it's about other people.
@@olynerikson3723 he's not negative he's a realistic person you can't randomly just go out expecting your body's "immune system" to fight a worldwide virus that has killed lots of people he'll just die so that's just being stupid
I just joined a Jansen Johnson and Johnson vaccine study. I received the Covid-19 vaccine. Got $753 for it!!
It's day 3 and I have a slight headache.
Ever since online classes started i was like hell yeah this is gonna be great. I wanna go to school now. What about you guys
When the cell expresses the spike does the immune response kill the cell expressing the spike? Also when the DNA from the virus reaches the nucleus, is it permanently incorporated or is it removed over time from that cell?
Why do you need a second dose? And are the more conventional vaccines being produced also? Do conventional vaccines take more time to produce, and are they as effective?
Can someone please answer my question! So let’s say you get corona and then have fine symptoms and survive it. So then you are immune to it for a few months. Then you get it again after your immunity is over, would your symptoms be the same and would you react the same, or is it different every time?
As a disclaimer: I’m a medical student not a licensed medical professional. This is what I believe but is certainly not fact.
As viruses spread throughout a population, they will mutate. It’s why a different version of the flu spreads each season. It’s also why a new flu vaccine is available every season with the “most popular” strain of the virus that specific flu season. Each time that you get the flu, do you get it with the same severity? I think it depends. With each mutation and each slightly different version of COVID, there is certainly the possibility of causing a different response.
Most cases of COVID-19 are mild, but mild does not mean symptom-free. Most people with COVID-19 develop a fever and a cough, but the other symptoms vary depending on the severity of the illness. While COVID-19 may only cause a mild cough in some people, it can lead to life threatening complications in others. There is no way to know the severity of your case of COVID-19 until you actually have it, so yes it is different each time. As long as you don’t have any health conditions or aren’t healthy than for the most part it shoulder be serious. Make sure to take the mandatory precautions regardless of the severity.
Replying for an answer as well
You can still get Covid but it will not be as harsh as the first time you got it. Your immune system will know how to fight it the second time and will essentially kill the virus before it gets serious, sometimes even before you get symptoms. Unless the virus mutates and your immune system doesn’t recognize it the second time.
I have this question too
Because rushing a vaccine sounds like an awesome idea 😳 I’m not antivaxx but come on. No one can know the long term effects for any vaccine until a ton of people have gotten it and studied over years. Someone needs to go first.
Bill Gate Needs To Go First
@@spinelesscoward3591 omg i would rather die
Most vaccines have chronic side effects and people keep on getting them and giving them to their kids. Autoimmune conditions, chronic inflammation, chronic infections, heavy metal toxicity, neurological issues, the list goes on and on. No one ever researches these, though. Just because everyone is doing it, does not mean it is safe.
They are also all full of carcinogens, which is contributing to the astronomical and rising cancer rates.
Yea You
To all the seniors and including me who will graduate in 2021 I really wish we have a graduation ceremony. I wish we can enjoy our year😞❤️
99.96% survival rate for my age group according to the CDC. I will take my chances...I’m not a lab rat.
Seems 2021 will be a better year after all. Thank goodness.
Please don’t jinx us...
I wonder which human somatic cells express the spike protein. Any odd cells in the human body? Sounds a bit scary if that's the case. Isn't there a danger that human cells start flooding the body with spike proteins? How will the production of spike proteins stop?
I am not getting it because I don't want to die
Okay 10 year old that listens only to his q anon mom
@@gugalaxy7772 well at least I am not a stupid brainwashed Democrat
@@redmin5531 1st of all I'm independent and second of all you admit that lmao ok kid
@@gugalaxy7772 independent by following CNN and Biden and I voted Trump
@@gugalaxy7772 and I will be the last one standing after you take the Vaccine
this is a video that will be in future history class notes
lmao yeah
So the researchers need to take it first
What about the Lipid nanoparticles? They never explained what those are, or what they do.
There are a just way to deliver the mRNA to the cell. If they were not protected by the lipid layer the mRNA would be destroyed near-instantly in the bloodstream.
@@JAMANetwork Thank you for providing information for those of us who are still skeptical about a potential COVID-19 vaccine.
Ok but how much cooler would it be if instead of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222), each vaccine was named something cool, like Mustang or Jaguar
1:21 section: “growing the virus is necessary” This reminds me of a very particular scene from the South Park Pandemic Special, and it made me giggle.
Same lol
Oh you hip hip...
Who else is tired of vaccinating politics
2 months later.. where they at?
👏I pray that 2021 will be an amazing year for every human and I wish everyone the best.
God bless those workers working 24/7 to find a cure and vaccine
Will these vaccines have a list included to let us know whats exactly in them?
I just wanna go to school again and do my sat in person cuz online jus ain't it 😩
Why is online bad?
I’m so lonely at home and I want to see my friends. 2021 will be better my friend. We just gotta hope
I’m just getting over covid19. (11 days into it). I am a very healthy 40+ year old. I had no complications. My symptoms were extreme fatigue and fever. After going through the last 11 days I would hands down take the vaccine immediately to prevent what I just went through. It hasn’t been fun at all
Any Guineapigs alive, out here?
Probably
Man this exactly how I am legend started
And guess what songbird is
what are you even talking about and why does most of this comment section have comments like these
@@GSB. because why are most not realizing it yet
God take care of all does people working outside 🙏this almost over guys
my mom works in a hospital and is getting her vaccine next Friday! 🤞 🙏
thankful for her service!! i wish ur family well :)
Awesome!! Thank you both so much for your strength!
Failed to mention what the protein subunit vaccines are...
You don't include any vaccines from non western countries which are using better methods
Come on people I’m looking at all these comments talking about all the bad things
Cheer up a bit and look at the bright side. We are on the verge of a cure and I think that’s something to be happy about plus in the future we will better know how to take care of ourselves which could help prevents things like this. You can make a difference by being positive
I know this has nothing to do with anything but rip Nipsey Hustle
Read that in Peter's voice.
Fr
Dr.Sebi
RIP
As of December 2020 where they are officially delivering vaccines, I wonder what kind they are using and how it’s supposed to be helpful
The mRNA vaccines are the ones being used currently.
It depends on where you live. In the UK, I think they're using the Oxford/AstraZeneca. In the States, Pfizer has started shipping and I think Moderna will very soon. So other countries probably have been developing their own vaccines, too. I think China and Russia have both stated that they already have their own vaccines. So you will need to know what company's or country's vaccine you have available where you live in order to know what technology was used in making it.