If you want to pull your data out of a black hole of data brokers, then head to incogni.com/veritasium and use code veritasium to get 60% off an annual plan.
What you're seeing in your thumbnail is a cross-section of a torrid on one side of the singularity of the toroid time Flows In Reverse and on the other side it flows regular this is the shape of the universe and we observe a flat universe because we are not the fundamental dimension of space and we have proof of Singularity inside of a convex or concave mirror and also inside of magnetism which is also a toroid with opposite spinning toroidal flows
Must have felt good though. A lot of times I know the inner workings of things without opening them up. But when the day comes that the object is broken and I get to open it; I enjoy seeing I was right. I imagine it was a similar feeling.
@@PowerateKinda, it's my understanding that there was objects that were assumed to be black holes with the observation methods available (without being able to detect gravitational waves) and they were then used to form the basis of Penrose and Hawkings' work on thermodynamics and radiation, but in 2016 they were able to detect gravitational waves, probing their existence and in 2017 they were able to capture an image which 2 years later was proved to be the first confirmed and sighted black hole. Though earlier observations were assumed and formed a basis, it is impossible to know that they weren't something else that acted in the same way, and in this field you kinda don't count anything out until you've got all the proof, you just keep working at it.
@@ProjectMATHEW This is very interesting because media culture has been portraying black holes for decades, I wonder if the perception or how they are portrayed will change by taking inspiration from the photo
This is probably the best video you've done yet. You consider all known factors for why these structures might exist but also don't jump to Michio Kaku-like insane conclusions by showing how the universe we see don't seem to allow that. All the while you never crush our sense of longing for something wondrous. Amazing job, Derek. You're a science communicator par excellence.
I'm just a regular guy who wasn't exceptionally bright at maths or physics in school, my field of work is nowhere near astrophysics or something like that. I just like Veritasium, PBS Spacetime and Isaac Arthur's channels, and this was the first time I actually got to kinda make sense of all this stuff.
It's an amazing coincidence that the event horizon acts as a kind of "black shield", shielding the events inside from the outside world, and "black shield" is literally what "Schwarzschild" means in german.
As a german, I'm still stunned how a person with the name "Schwarzschild" could predict the radius of a black hole. It's such an unbelievable semantic coincident, as it basically is translated to "Blackshield"... Feels very weird hearing this, as I couldn't imagine a better word describing this phenomenon.
Yeah, and the poynting vector is the vector, pointing to the energy flux. When you experiment with cold nitrogen, the Leidenfrost Effect will prevent you from Frostleiden (german for: frost damage / frost suffer). The Rayleigh scatter scribes the scatter of a light ray. Nomen est omen! P.S.: It's a pitty Amalie Noether didn't proved that there is no ether in spacetime.
i thought the same thing! very certain Schwarzschild already visited it and came back and changed his name, or, he actually came from another universe. ooooooooooooh
After discovering Hidden Astral Projection Techniques on Shirlest, I can't believe I waited so long to explore astral projection. The little details made all the difference for me!
Insane that you’ve kept 6.3 million people watching so far (after 5 days) and gotten to #1 on trending with a math heavy video with the word math in the title. It’s an educational UA-camr master class
Many things help: Eistein still have a stardom fame in popular imagination, and then the title also lures with Strange - and something... something what? A weird/exotic/strange mistery around einsteins greatest work. Then that vagueness of the title +mistery +strange can also allude to way more things- like what if its alluding to something wrong or something shattering... Sadly the kind of public interest (even more so for education) we ideally need would be one where this kind of view count would be in a video called 'the fascinating math of eistein' wich just doesnt happen
This is probably the hardest thing about math. When you get this deep into math in college, it all becomes just numbers, variables, expressions, and equations. Things start to remove themselves from a tangible way of understanding. Breaking it down like this so all of it can be consumed and comprehended in such a simple fashion while still being awe-inspiring is the most astounding things that people can do in STEM fields. People explaining an entire field like this in such a tangible fashion is so important and hard to come by.
The human effort to try to understand infinity while simultaneously trying to ignore that it exsts is amusing but also very fitting considering the nature of infinity.
I see a lot of smart physicists and astrophysicists in the comments being blown away by explaining and visualizing the diagrams, but I am just a regular guy who works in marketing and is simply fascinated by this stuff. I don't understand nearly as much as was intended for me in these videos, but I am infinitely grateful that I can still get something as complicated as this thanks to your impeccable delivery of information. Thanks Veritasium!
@@goodshiro10 You can still choose to follow physics in college if you want. That was the career I wanted to follow when I was young, and ended up in law haha
The graphics in your latest videos top most any scientific graphics that exist on the internet. It is very hard to make graphics that are both accurate and understandable. Very well done
What do you think about this graphics? 😂 And most important about an idea that black/white holes are just viewer position perspective? Viewer outside: black hole (material flow in) . -- ~~~ -- . .-~ ~-. / Viewer \ / inside: \ material flow | white < < < |< < < < < | hole < < < |< < < < < | < < < |< < < < < \ material flows / \ from / `-. everywhere .-' ~- . _ . -~ White hole by definition is a "surface" where anything can only fly out of it and nothing can fall in/reach it. So when someone outside of black hole he just see like everything fall in and disappears. But when he fall in he see material can only fly out of that same "surface" he just pass through. And nothing can reach it back. Then that is a "white hole" now. How do find this idea? :)
@@hector4913Well you can't really label his hypothesis true/false either seeing as *_all_* theories on black/white hole physics are simply unproven hypothesis based on hypothetical possibilities and thus are *equally* possible of being "true" _regardless_ of how "supported/unsupported" they are due to the amount of *_direct_*_ observation/ _*_objective_*_ data_ which we base these hypothesis on being *none* precisely lmao 💯👍
It's awesome to see another of my *favorite channels* for demonstrations of science concepts here‼️ The viewers *_want & need_* an ActionLab/Veritasium collaboration 💯
This video is just ART. Didnt understand anything but realised human ingenuity is what that needs utmost appreciation. How did we end up with these solutions with just pen and paper ? Great visuals and Narration. Veritasium never disappoints
Pen + paper are used to work these solutions through, to do the math, but in the first place the ideas come from the human mind. Einstein didn't start with math to get Special Relativity, but with a thought-experiment: "what would I see if I could ride on a light wave?"; similarly, with General Relativity, the starting point was "what would we experience in a falling elevator?". This is not unique to Einstein: Newton asked "if an apple falls, does the moon also fall?". In all cases, the genius lies in asking a simple question then pursuing the logic + math of it, no matter how counterintuitive that may appear.
4:19 I am currently studying philosophy of physics in my third year of university. I'm a philosopher and haven't done much physics so this idea was entirely mind-boggling to me. you just simplified what we've been study for 5 weeks into a couple of minutes. thank you so much this will definitely help me in my module
That's such an amazing combination of fields! You're basically learning plasticity of thinking in two different fields that most people think of as completely removed.
@@Levittchen4G Thanks so much for your kind words! This really made my day :) i've often felt a bit insecure about my degree because people question its usefulness a lot but this really made me feel more confident about it
Do you mind if I ask where you’re studying? I’ve actually considered philosophy of physics as a major but couldn’t find any universities that offered it. Also, what do you hope to do once you graduate?
@@tristantreart1019 I go to university in the UK and quite a few universities here do the combined. I go to University of York and have had a great time - I think the teaching there is fantastic. I'm not reaaaaalllyyy sure what I want to do afterwards, if i'm honest i haven't looked into that much stuff so i'll have to get back to you haha. hope this helped!
Fun fact as fellow artilleryman, when calculating ballistic trajectories you start by pretending there is nothing in a flat 2-d universe except the howitzer, the round, and a constant 'down'-word acceleration. From that start point of the "standard" world, you then add corrections for every error, wind speed/direction/density, humidity, your distance from the equator, the rotation of the earth, wether [sic] you're firing with or against that rotation, the weight of the round, air temperature, and most anything else that could effect any part of the round traveling. It makes logical sense to me that Schwartzchild would take a similarly empty starting approach to solve Einstein's equations.
@@trrrmac I've never missed? Missing is pretty uncommon in the US. The math is surprisingly detailed, facilitated by hundreds of reference pages of raw reference data and simple/repeatable step-by-step reference sheets you use everytime all to make sure the round goes where you were asked to put it. 🤣 Not the most fun thing thing to do manually, but it works! Plus, we have a few computer systems we use as the primary means to do the math once we're out of training which helps dramatically!
@@trrrmac A conventional unguided M549A1 155 mm artillery projectile has a circular error probable (CEP) of 267 m (876 ft) at its maximum range, meaning that half of the rounds can be expected to land within 267 m (876 ft) of their intended target. The lethal radius of a typical 155mm round is about 50m, but fragments can extend well beyond that for "soft" targets (i.e. humans, light vehicles like unarmored trucks, etc.). So a "hit" depends on a lot of factors, not the least of which is what you're trying to hit. Troops in the open? 50m away is likely lethal to them. A tank? Unless you hit it directly, you're probably not even damaging it. A bunker? Not only must you hit it, but you must penetrate it.
this is the kind of veritasium videos i live for. complex enough to make me feel a lost, but with a clear thread of intuition running through it that makes me feel like I understand what's going on. def watching this a 100 more times
Lol, it's very complex indeed. Complexity that requires a lot of studying. Then again there's a point where even the experts can't have a consensus anymore.
No bc when I was thinking of what would happen if you went inside a black hole that's spinning, before he showed us the answer, I was like "crosses into another universe through a white hole right?" But I realised it wasn't possible. Til that reveal at the end, to be fair I think anyone would've guessed that but still 😭
I got mind blown when Prof. Geraint F. Lewis said at 26:58 "This is the simplest solution to the Einstein field equations and it already contains a black hole, white hole and two universes".
This progression of complexity is pretty common in physics. We use differential equations to describe how the Universe works. Thos differential equations can go from trivially easy to solve to a five minute exercise to a real headache to literally impossible to solve by just adding one term for each step. Einstein's equations are a set of 11 differential equations all coupled together, its a miracle we have any solutions at all
@@galactoman5503 brute force get´s kind of hard considering you basically have an infinite amount of functions (let alone the curvature) most of which when applied will just return something you have to spent time on trying to understand and interpret. It´s way more than just pluging in random numbers and seeing what fits (the tough but interesting part)
@@BroadHobbyProjects And you probably drool and clap at everything you see without forming an opinion. Not everyone agrees with some theories and not everyone needs to.
🎯 Key points for quick navigation: 00:00 *🚀 Time Dilation Near the Event Horizon* - As objects approach a black hole’s event horizon, they appear to slow down and even seem frozen in time due to extreme gravitational time dilation, - Light from the object gets redshifted, eventually fading away entirely as it nears the horizon. 01:26 *🌌 Implications of Einstein’s Relativity on Black and White Holes* - Einstein’s equations hinted not only at black holes but also white holes and potential bridges, or wormholes, connecting parallel universes. - Black holes absorb all nearby matter and energy, while white holes theoretically do the opposite, ejecting matter. 02:26 *🌀 Einstein’s Field Equations: A Gravitational Shift from Newton* - Newton’s gravity faced a conceptual gap that Einstein resolved by showing gravity as the result of spacetime curvature, with masses shaping their surroundings. - These equations link mass-energy distribution with spacetime curvature, effectively describing gravitational interactions without “action at a distance.” 04:22 *⏳ Spacetime Light Cones and Event Horizons* - Light cones determine which regions of spacetime can affect or be affected by a point in space-time, defining reachable and observable areas. - Close to massive bodies, light cones narrow, signifying that objects cannot escape certain regions, hinting at black holes' event horizons. 06:22 *🌍 Karl Schwarzschild’s Solution and the Singularity Paradox* - Schwarzschild solved Einstein’s equations in 1915, discovering that near a black hole, spacetime curves steeply, leading to a “singularity” at r=0. - A second apparent singularity arises at the Schwarzschild radius, the event horizon, where escape velocity equals the speed of light. 08:22 *💥 Black Holes and Star Collapse Theories* - Early theorists doubted black holes’ existence, suggesting degeneracy pressures (electron and neutron) might prevent collapse, forming white dwarfs or neutron stars. - Chandrasekhar discovered a mass limit where even these pressures fail, suggesting massive stars could collapse into black holes. 11:55 *🌠 Event Horizons and the Spacetime Experience* - Oppenheimer’s insight showed that while external observers never see objects cross the event horizon, a person crossing it wouldn’t notice anything unusual. - Spacetime diagrams demonstrate how light cones change near a black hole, tipping inward so that anything within the horizon must continue towards the singularity. 15:25 *🌍 Distortions of Spacetime Projections* - Just as map projections distort Earth’s geography, different spacetime maps alter how we view black hole dynamics. - Reframing the coordinates at the event horizon removes the apparent singularity, allowing objects to cross it smoothly. 16:56 *🕳️ The “Waterfall” Model of Black Holes* - Space near a black hole behaves like a waterfall, where space flows inward; photons near the event horizon struggle against this flow but eventually fall in. - At the horizon, space itself falls faster than light speed, trapping everything inside. 20:19 *⌛ The Kruskal-Szekeres and Penrose Diagrams* - The Kruskal-Szekeres diagram reinterprets the black hole singularity as a final moment in time rather than a spatial point, revealing spacetime’s temporal boundary. - Penrose diagrams compress spacetime, illustrating the inevitable progression toward the singularity and showing reachable and unreachable zones in spacetime. 22:15 *🌌 White Holes: Black Hole Counterparts* - White holes, theorized counterparts of black holes, eject material instead of absorbing it, remaining inaccessible as nothing can enter them. - Unlike black holes, white holes exist in theory as time-reversed black holes, theoretically expelling matter and light. 23:46 *🌌 White Holes as Time-Reversed Black Holes* - White holes, the theoretical inverse of black holes, expel matter instead of trapping it, as relativity allows time-reversed solutions to the equations, - If real, white holes would prevent entry but eject everything inside back into space. 24:44 *🌍 Parallel Universes and Coordinate Systems* - Relativity equations allow alternate universes; parallel worlds might theoretically exist beyond the black hole's horizon, - Schwarzschild’s model shows that another universe could be mapped mathematically, similar to discovering a “southern hemisphere” on a previously unknown Earth. 27:09 *🌀 Einstein-Rosen Bridges and Wormholes* - Extending solutions to Einstein’s equations reveals theoretical wormholes, or Einstein-Rosen bridges, that link separate universes, - This model, while hypothetical, suggests that black holes might connect different regions or universes in spacetime. 28:11 *🕳️ Challenges of Traversing Wormholes* - Wormholes, if real, are thought to be unstable, with the connection “pinching off” before anything can cross, - Light cannot bridge these gaps, making travel between universes through a wormhole impossible with current understanding. 29:40 *🔄 Rotating Black Holes and Ergosphere Dynamics* - Kerr’s solution for rotating black holes includes layers such as the ergosphere, where space is dragged by rotation, making escape challenging but possible, - A second inner horizon allows limited movement but would still lead toward a ring singularity, theoretically providing a way through. 31:45 *🌠 Entering New Realms in Rotating Black Holes* - Within a rotating black hole, explorers might navigate freely around the ring singularity and enter other universes or an “anti-verse” with reversed gravity, - This remains theoretical; even if spacetime curves allow such transitions, verifying them remains beyond current science. 33:43 *⚠️ Limitations of Eternal Solutions for Black Holes* - Extended models of black holes and parallel universes assume static, eternal conditions not found in our universe, - Real black holes are formed through star collapse, making white holes improbable, as they would lack the necessary formation mechanism. 34:43 *💥 Instability of Inner Horizons in Real Black Holes* - Real black holes’ inner horizons may concentrate energy infinitely, creating singularities that block passage to any parallel universe, - This would limit any wormhole-like structures to theoretical speculation rather than practical reality. 35:13 *🚀 Theoretical Wormholes and Exotic Matter* - Wormholes suitable for stable travel require “exotic matter” with negative energy, an idea not supported by current physics, - Without exotic matter, wormholes collapse, preventing them from connecting distant parts of the universe or separate universes. 36:17 *🌌 Possibility of Surprises in Cosmology* - While white holes, wormholes, and parallel universes seem improbable by today’s physics, black holes were once deemed impossible too, - Continuing advancements in cosmology may reveal unexpected realities in our understanding of the universe. Made with HARPA AI
Man, the animation is totally world class. Nothing unnecessarily elaborate, but just enough to tell the story. Derek is not a youtuber, he’s an educator who uses youtube as his platform.
True, videos like these have such value for visualization even for people already deep their STEM fields. This is why it's sad there was that whole movement done by internet elitists to try and make Veritasium out to be a fraud because of that one electricity video that caused confusion. Mob mentality really sucks.
But if you want real deep astrophysics explanations with calculus equations and theoretical physics, go see Matt @ PBS Spacetime! I could barely keep up!
Im late to the party in commenting but I need to say that this is one of the best if not the best explainer videos i have ever seen. It makes those difficult math problems so gobsmackingly accessible and clear it deserves whatever is the scientific explainer video counterpart to a Pulitzer Prize.
A mathematician friend of mine pointed to 16:39 and reminded me not to put infinity directly in the integral limits. I told him that if I ever dealt with a black hole as an engineer, I'll remember not to
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@@cslack813 Hell, I didn't even know that character EXISTED. :-) Can I assume it is just a double comma? It makes me wonder if that is the way quotes work in some language other than English. Also, just because one question mark is good doesn't mean two are better (just kidding).
As someone with a bachelors of science and physics who has studied general relativity, this is an absolutely phenomenal video; it is arguably one of the most amazing videos on this channel. Derek, you have absolutely outdone yourself! This video finds a way to communicate some of the most complex topics in all of Physics in a way that anyone can understand, many hats off to you!
@@TamWam_ You'll learn much more about your reality with chemistry, than you ever will from these Jesuit spawned mathematical models masquerading as science.
I've watched many such videos and there many amazing ones. I think the one by Alex of Astrum is even better than this one (then again Alex is a real physicist, not just a communicator).
We are like house cats discussing calculus. We can't even imagine. We throw words around that we can understand, but we don't have brains that can comprehend.
it will never stop driving me crazy that much of the time scientists, when trying to argue for or against something, dont automatically try to prove its true AND prove its false. its usually one or the other, so someone makes an argument for 1 side, and until someone notices something to make an argument against it, possibly making process, time just goes on without accurate advancement. in the field im familiar with decades have gone by without things being revisited in the past that caused big waves and changes after being challenged, and only now are people speaking out about making assumptions and not exploring other possibilities that go against 'tradition'
Derek has a background in physics education. Normally, that means more education and less physics. He turned that paradigm on its head. It's refreshing to listem to an educator who actually knows what he is talking about. Prospective teachers at my university get simplified courses whose textbooks look like coloring books. But they sure study a lot about how to deliver the knowledge that they don't have.
🤣🤣🤣It's funny that you all think this ridiculousness is educational. Shows why this world is in the situation it's in. People really believe pseudo science is real science. Following the herd generally indicates that you're following stupidity. And that's exactly what this nonsense is. A bunch of theoretical nonsense.
What textbook are they referring to here at 33:31? I see that they have mentioned the Book by Brian Cox, But I do see a textbook of some sort whereby explaining the pennrose diagram. Anyone who can tell me this ?
I never expected to learn how Einstein Rosen bridges actually work more than just watching it being referenced in pop culture media as a cheap way to get characters to another space
One thing I’m confused about is, he speaks about anti-universes where gravity pushes rather than pulls. But, in that case, wouldn’t it be impossible for black holes to form? Aren’t black holes essentially wells of inwardly pulling gravity?
@@DarthHoosier3038 Yes, which is why in an anti-verse white holes would dominate instead of black holes. The mode of travel to a new universe would be the same. Not sure how a ship would react being in such a universe, however. Interesting thought experiment.
@@woodthomas14 yeah it takes looking at the anti universe with the same lense as our regular one, the white holes take place of the black holes and black holes take place of the white ones. white ones in the antiverse are not just possible but provable just as our regular black holes there. on the other hand the black holes are "unlikely to exist"
@@BrianWelch-vc7xy You know what would be awesome? 1. Travelling into the Antiverse, 2. get some good ol steel bars with negative density, 3. go back into a normal universe, 4. build custom wormhole back to home. 5. Bring freedom to new planets 6. Profit 😊
Got to hand it to you: this is probably the best layman-focused explanation of black holes that I've seen anywhere on the internet (not including formal lecture series like Lenny Susskind's Theoretical Minimum). -- I'm a theoretical physicist at a national lab in the US.
@@thefreemonk6938 Major in physics (and/or math) at your local state school, do well in your classes and if possible join one of your professor's research group and get some experience tackling 'real' problems. Apply to grad school (helps to have an interested advisor, so make connections!), write papers and present at conferences. Get your PhD and apply for research positions that are interesting to you. Most faculty and national lab staff positions typically require you to do a postdoc to build up your publication record. It's a long road, and academic positions come with their own annoyances and downsides. You'll make a lot more money in industry (especially given the extent of your education) and not have to work as hard. But if you really want the pure 'discovering the unknown' vocation that the Einsteins and Kelvins of the past had, a national lab staff position is about as close as you can get (excluding becoming a billionaire and funding your own lab).
Opened this thinking "ok black holes are well-trodden youtube material and PBS Spacetime has been crushing it on the science explainers," and what could this possibly add? Then there's this coherent, beautifully structured and produced, 37-minute-video-that-feels-18-minutes long that is a masterwork of both passion and competence for teaching. It makes NdGT seem unapproachable in comparison. Awesome
PBS Spacetime did a good job explaining it as well. They split it up across a few videos to get more into the weeds, though. This was a good high level overview.
Another issue that isn't covered here is that if you passed through into that antiverse you mentioned, you could continue tiling the universes, black holes and white holes laterally into infinity - and if you did that then you could enter the same universes from both sides of singularities. From one side you'd enter via a white hole from a universe, the other via a different white hole from an antiverse, where gravity would work backwards. Somewhere in that process there would have to be a reversal of gravity for one of the travelers, suggesting that the equivalent to a singularity must exist on some edge of a white hole. There's nothing in the models shown that accounts for that (it would be interesting to see one that did).
"the war treated me kindly enough, in spite of the heavy gunfire, to allow me to get away from it all and take this walk into the land of your ideas" ..... BARS and eloquence.
The war has treated me kindly enough In spite of the, like, gunfire and stuff To allow me to get away from all this malice To allow me a walk inside of your mind palace
@@maxbildungsaccount6915 nah he makes content, he obviously cares more about his viewers than ads. But yeah there’s def still a balance between the 2 he gotta maintain
This video deserves a better title. If it had been, "An exploration of black holes, white holes, and wormholes", as he sums it up early on, it's likely it wouldnt have sat on my feed unseen for 5 months before viewing. Excellent topic, by a proven excellent explorer. :D
absolutely true, but ta title like that wouldn't do well under the yoututbe algorithm. Unfortunately, he has to play towards that to get any sort of traction
This video was a fun journey from explaining things I thought I already understood, to things I knew I didn't understand, to things I didn't think I could understand, to explaining things I didn't realize anyone could understand, to explaining things that can't be understood. It's like I've entered this video's event horizon and ended up at the end of its universe.
34:18 Wouldn’t our ‘white hole’ be the Big Bang? Or rather, whatever caused it? If I’m understanding that diagram right, wouldn’t the only way to enter one be through a black hole or by moving backwards in time? If there’s anything I’m missing please let me know…
Yep. Came here to say this. This would also entail the formation of a black hole is a big bang in a new universe, but that doesn’t feel right. Perhaps the totality of black holes in the entire universe could though.
I love all the anecdotes from history of famous scientists basically saying "Yeah theoretically maybe but there's no way that actually exists, no sane man would believe it, it's absurd. And the video is about worm holes and parallel universes.
"When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong." - Arthur C Clarke.
The moment the diagram was laid out as a square with a triangle on top I thought "well that kinda seems incomplete" and with every expansion my mind was further blown. So satisfying to watch that diagram slowly grow until it reaches theoretical infinity.
people continue to underestimate the term "a life's work" dude literally spent his entire existence on it and also had the enough intelligence to keep going. yes.
So basically black holes prove white holes exist which proves worm holes exist bc the math shows an event horizon where time is warped and contorted also bends and pushes out after inhaling matter which in theory creates a tunnel which may not necessarily lead to anywhere, but it might, but it might also lead to itself because of the way it bends.
I rarely leave comments, but I have to say, the incredible effort you've poured into this video is absolutely astonishing. Your ability to explain Einstein's complex equations with such clarity and engagement is a testament to your years of dedication and the deep insights you gained during your PhD research on effective science education. The stunning graphics and your compelling presentation style kept me captivated throughout the entire video. This work brilliantly showcases your passion and the extensive journey you've undertaken to make challenging topics accessible and enthralling for everyone. Amazing job, Derek!!! 👍🏽
Excellent review for this video. So well stated, that I couldn't help but think that you would be great at writing reviews for companies. You could sell just about any company, with your eloquent way of speaking on a subject. Outstanding!!
@@MichaelEilers just as @Kavaitsu said, it is because it's a rotating blackhole, so the centripetal force resulting from it pushes its boundaries outwards from its original spherical shape.
Go check out ScienceClic youtube channel (the one who made the animation). The is one of the best channel here on UA-cam. State of the art videos for understanding advanced astronomical concepts. Maybe the best educational channel. He does videos in french, but I know that he now uploads the same videos on a new English equivalent clone channel with English voice explanation.
Math: You can't divide by zero Physics: Dividing by zero produces an einstein rosen bridge in the space time manifold to another universe traversable only if the singularity is spinning
From what I understand I think it's not dividing by absolute zero but something that approaches zero so that's a different thing. You do this all the time in Calculus.
The most important comment I would make is a general criticism of nearly every approach to this topic. The most important principle Einstien established was that space and time are essentially a single combined thing. He not only said this explicitly, his equations assume it. Thus, any attempt at creating a theory uses some pixelation or makes some tiny unit of area or volume. People usually pick something like a minimum volume = A, which is calculated using Planck's length. But GR means that different observers would have different values of A because of the length contraction in GR for different relative speeds. The only way GR can make that work is by treating space-time as a single entity, because the product of the time and area doesn't change. Every change in A is matched by a change in the time. Any discretization scheme has to do that from the get-go just as a basic requirement.
00:02 Objects crossing the Event Horizon of a black hole appear frozen in time. 02:31 Einstein's field equations describe how gravity is mediated by SpaceTime curvature. 07:08 Schwarzschild metric describes spacetime curvature around a massive object. 09:33 Electron degeneracy pressure explains white dwarf formation 14:29 Different projections of 4D SpaceTime can help study different properties. 16:51 Understanding how space flows into a black hole 20:58 Universe can be contracted into a single map using Penrose diagram. 23:09 White holes expel matter, opposite of black holes 27:14 Black holes can potentially be used to travel from one universe to another. 29:12 Kerr found solutions for spinning black holes 33:39 Challenges with Schwarzschild and Kerr solutions 35:43 Wormholes require exotic matter with negative energy density.
You've just got me puzzled. Again. Literally every Veritasium video makes want to leave university and go study physics, maths or anything the video talks about. I barely understand anything in your videos, but that's what I love about them, and what makes me watch every single episode. Thank you for educating people. Keep up the good work.
I mean, if you’re in uni you’re already in one of the best possible positions to study physics, so if it really captivates you that much give it a shot, like a minor or a double major if you’re not ready to change yet
You could "take a few courses" via MIT's Open Courseware. They don't count for credits or anything (hence the quotes) but they include all the course materials including tests so you can see if it's actually something you'd want to study. It's a free test drive you can take infinitely.
becarefull is not that visually easy on math or physics universities course, to taggle that down you need skill and they need time and effort to be develop
Mind-bending in the very best way. Stellar job breaking down these concepts into understandable pieces. Veritasiam is a gift to this world. Thank you, Derek and team!
37 | 73 12 | 21 (prime ranks) 144 | 441 (prime ranks squared) 37 | 27 | 73 12 | - | 21 37+27+73 = 137 12+21 = 33 (prime rank of 137) Behold the mathematical Trinity ;) 37 -> Your inner world (Red, Thor, Animus, Conscious, Horus) 73 -> Your outer world (Blue, Hel, Anima, Unconscious, Set) 27 -> the observer (Green, Loki, No One, Subconscious, Anubis) 137 -> everything and nothing (White/Black, Odin/Freyja, Self/No Self, No Self/Self, Isis/Osiris) (Check them out geometrically as well, centered hexagonal numbers, star numbers, triangular numbers (makes the "triforce" together), etc) Note, 37 and 73 are hyperbolically mirrored, such that one appears larger from the vantage point of the other, one appears to wrap around the other, until you cross the "event horizon" between them, just like crossing a black hole event horizon, the horizon would wrap around you completely, appearing at first convex, then a perfectly flat infinite plane, and finally concave until the last bit of light directly behind you was gone, and at that point you have "crossed". You would never see yourself pass through, but the inside would become the outside, and the outside would become the inside, going from Spacetime to Timespace.
10:54 gave me a good chuckle :p "astronomers had found stars that fit this decription" --> *shows image of a badass star* --> "one of them is Sirius B" --> *zooms in on the little innocuous dot in the corner*
The thing I like about Veritasium is that the math and Physics parts are hard to watch, but I can endure that pain knowing there's something amazing coming. Delivers always!
as a child, one of the few times my dad managed to drag me to the library, i remember finding a book covering the basic principles of black holes, not unlike this video i don't remember how in-depth the book actually went, because i can obviously only remember whatever i was able to comprehend back then, but i remember that it absolutely captivated me, the strange odities and limits of physics that where proven by raw math long before they were actually observed and i gotta say that this video was just as captivating, if not more, now that i am able to understand the things at least the littlest bit better makes me relieved to not have lost that curiosity about the topic, as daunting and overwhelming as it may seem to most
Approaching the problem by using different projections really helped me to understand, for example, why images of everything that fell in do not remain at the event horizon. In fact, the map projection analogy itself made Penrose diagrams suddenly feel much less alien, more intuitive. Also, pleased to see the cooperation with Science Clic, a channel that excels at intuitive explanations. All good!
16:42 I didn't go to college, but intuitively came up with the waterfall model after smoking a few bowls back in my 20's. Like the scene from "Lady & the Tramp" if two objects consume from the same source, they'll eventually collide. Where does this model break down? I'm in my 50's now, and still haven't seen anything (that I understand, as I suck at math) that disproves space could be actually be flowing rather than curved.
It's weird i've had several chills through out the video. This video is something i've always imagined what it'd look like if someone try to explain what happens around event horizon but didn't think no one is articulate enough to come up with it. Except this amazing dude ofc. My god this was amazing.
Derek, I think this is your best video yet (and that's saying something, because every video you make is worth watching), but this is on another level. As a non professional physisist/mathematician, I finally understand what scientists mean when they say "math predicts that there may be other universes" or "math predicts that white holes are possible", which was almost like a taboo to go into details by anyone! Thank you!
If you change a different perspective from the speed of light to the speed of change, the infrared distortion of objects falling into a black hole becomes easier to understand. You explained this concept at time index 17:00. Photons must jump from graviton to graviton, but if space is moving faster than the photon, then the photon can look like it is stationary or moving backwards, like a bass swimming up stream. This concept is used when describing messenger particles that elementary particles exchange to exchange messages about their change.
A big issue with sending someone through a singularity to see if it leads to another universe, besides all the ones related to the whole “we’re made of meat” thing, is that if we managed to get someone through a singularity, unless time worked different in that universe somehow, they wouldn’t be able to “turn around” and come back to tell us
the problem with the einstein rosen bridge is that it is physical garbage and only used to catch peoples attention for propagating physics. parrelel universes or wormholes do not exist. they are just a mathematical hallucination of general relativity and have no physical reasoning
Wouldn’t we be able to assuming it’s all spinning? Using the energy to pull something faster than light seems like it could also be the solution to turning around and relaying that info
If you could enter their universe then it stands to reason that the other universe could enter here. By that logic there's no reason they couldn't "turn around" to come tell us, just as long as they've already entered the other universe. Might be billions of years later from our perspective, but we would find out eventually.
This topic, especially for many in your regular audience, has been attempted by many from PBS to Sabine to even lectures by Leonard and podcasts in which Penrose himself is explaining. From someone who is not on the level to truly understand despite a lot of attempts and re-watching, as well as an educator, thank you for trying again because I really learned and connected a lot that I had not fully understood before. One of your best videos, and that is saying something.
@@mishmash86Fr, I haven't even reached the point in math where you learn calculus and I still felt like I understood this (the concept and not the details tho) 😭
I love math. The fact that people were able to mathematically see that black holes could exist, even as most physicists thought they were preposterous, is just so awesome.
@@MarkAhlquistI'm sure there's many worlds. But there's no way they connect neatly like is proposed here, and you're not going to see "parallel" worlds where things look nearly identical and there's extra versions of yourself or others. And there's certainly not infinite worlds.
While I very much the theoretical approach, Tesla had something to say about this. Like the Manhattan project theoretical work will get you (sometimes) close, however there needs to be the 'hands on' approach to compliment it as well. The theoretic approach has always intuitively left me feeling that something is missing. DEREK I *LOVE* the channel !!!
The geometric pattern of the black whole, the universe, white whole, parallel universe, and antiverse all together is perfection. So satisfying to look at.
That has to be THE best explanation of some of the higher concepts that get touched on but never really explained in other YT videos. While still incredibly complex, I could follow this enough to feel better about some of the concepts that drive theoretical physics. Thank you!!!!
So if we want to talk to someone from a parralel universe , we not only can't send info back to report our interraction , we will also be both crushed at the singularity 😢😢😢
Derek I don't know how you managed to create a video going over such massive and complex concepts and still making it all make sense. The building blocks, the reveal of blackhole, the transition into Penrose diagram, the theories leading to the white hole, parallel universes and even the antiverse together making this the most epic and informative educational content I've ever seen. It shows how good you truly are at what you do. Thank you for being you.
@@Phoenix80675 No it isn't. Language is a human creation that is entirely spawned from humans, mathematics and sciences are the fundamental ways in which the universe works. They exist as they are regardless of whether humans have found out about them or not. Our language however was created by humans and would not exist without them.
@@deserteagle78966 and math is a language. Creating something to describe something is not discovering it. Per the example I already made, an orange is in existence like natural phenomena, and the word orange is used to describe it akin to the way mathematics is used to describe natural phenomena. I can replace every math symbol with whatever I want and it stays the same because the symbols are a human invention and describe them to a human. The numbers don't dictate reality.
I like to think those that watch and briefly understand the concept of videos like this are the privileged ones. Those who can appreciate the complexity of what's out there. There are millions, if not billions of people out there that have no idea what a black hole is and don't care.
Its like origami. We fold the physics as much as we can (without tearing it up) to make it understandable which eventually turns into a beautiful object.
@@badboi4lyff And the majority have good reasons not to care. If you need every hour to work-eat-sleep (+ household & care) and survive, you better don't care about this, even if you would have access to youtube. So, you need double privilige for it: education/intelligence and a certain level of wealth. It should be our mission to make more people have this double privilige.
Probably the best video I have seen to explain the mathematical consequences of Einstein’s field equations. Well done to the Veritasium team. You keep on producing my favourite science videos.
i mean it makes sense. there never was and never will be any single person who could even try to understand everything. our smol brains are not made to make sense of it all
@@colbyboucher6391 were far past that point. The best we can do now is just math; we are nowhere near testing the very theoretical theories (i.e. string theory which is basically irrelevant nowadays because of how untestable it is)
If you want to pull your data out of a black hole of data brokers, then head to incogni.com/veritasium and use code veritasium to get 60% off an annual plan.
Hello veritasium
What you're seeing in your thumbnail is a cross-section of a torrid on one side of the singularity of the toroid time Flows In Reverse and on the other side it flows regular this is the shape of the universe and we observe a flat universe because we are not the fundamental dimension of space and we have proof of Singularity inside of a convex or concave mirror and also inside of magnetism which is also a toroid with opposite spinning toroidal flows
this comment is strangely old
make a video about strange ocean stuff like the bloop. (The bloop is debunked but there's possibly even stranger unsolved mysteries)
If black hole is there , there must be somewhere like an exit so is that exit Past or some parallel universe?
Finding out about a black hole on paper and then finding it in real life must’ve been an eerie and horrific endeavor.
I can only imagine the existential crisis some of these theorists and scientists felt when they discovered one
Must have felt good though.
A lot of times I know the inner workings of things without opening them up. But when the day comes that the object is broken and I get to open it; I enjoy seeing I was right.
I imagine it was a similar feeling.
@@TheTechAdmindude yess loll
Actual bot.
@@wordt123 big word scare TikTok baby🍼
And now I can begin to understand why photographing a black hole was such a big deal. Incredible.
1930s: black holes are crazy, how can they exist!
2019: here's a photo
@@windws7137 Leave black hole we didn't even knew if Pluto was real.
It seems that the first black hole discovery was in 1971 tho
@@PowerateKinda, it's my understanding that there was objects that were assumed to be black holes with the observation methods available (without being able to detect gravitational waves) and they were then used to form the basis of Penrose and Hawkings' work on thermodynamics and radiation, but in 2016 they were able to detect gravitational waves, probing their existence and in 2017 they were able to capture an image which 2 years later was proved to be the first confirmed and sighted black hole.
Though earlier observations were assumed and formed a basis, it is impossible to know that they weren't something else that acted in the same way, and in this field you kinda don't count anything out until you've got all the proof, you just keep working at it.
@@ProjectMATHEW This is very interesting because media culture has been portraying black holes for decades, I wonder if the perception or how they are portrayed will change by taking inspiration from the photo
"We have one universe, why can't we have two?"
Youre not getting another universe until you finish your first one, young man!
Underrated 😂
Lmfao
We’ve had one universe, yes, but what about second universe?
@@Perseverence111 I don't think Aragorn knows about second universe, Pip!
@@Perseverence111 *Newton throws an apple at you*
This is hands-down one of the coolest videos on UA-cam. So many concepts I just could not wrap my head around summed up so succinctly.
"he looks back at you, shaking his fist at a constant rate" something only a physicist would say
lol I was thinking the same thing
I was thinking about something else:)
@@blaeksI was thinking about u😈😈🔥🗣🐐🧑🏿🦲
@@averageracist_219Yikes
Picture a spherical fist....
Redbull will be the first to cover someone going through a singularity
🤣🤣🤣🤣
On the worlds most advanced GoPro, no less
@@Merlin_UA-cam Galaxy most advance GoPro*
and the footage will be relayed back by Starlink
max Verstappen attempts to traverse the singularity in red bulls 2038 season entry car
Once you get so far into math, the math doesn’t even look like math anymore
then you need meth to understand math
You don’t even need to go far tbh lol
omg, this stuff is so practical compared to, say, category theory.
@@danyaproudstudent lol me asf
Math ain't Mathing
This is probably the best video you've done yet. You consider all known factors for why these structures might exist but also don't jump to Michio Kaku-like insane conclusions by showing how the universe we see don't seem to allow that. All the while you never crush our sense of longing for something wondrous.
Amazing job, Derek. You're a science communicator par excellence.
The transition to Penrose diagram was one of the smoothest I’ve ever seen. Never understood it until now
Clearly 👍
Goosebumps
Penrose Diagram jumpscare
I'm just a regular guy who wasn't exceptionally bright at maths or physics in school, my field of work is nowhere near astrophysics or something like that. I just like Veritasium, PBS Spacetime and Isaac Arthur's channels, and this was the first time I actually got to kinda make sense of all this stuff.
314 likes but I destroyed it.
It's an amazing coincidence that the event horizon acts as a kind of "black shield", shielding the events inside from the outside world, and "black shield" is literally what "Schwarzschild" means in german.
Ayo...
Extremely big language coincidence. Like how could this happen. He didn't choose his last name or anything.
E
Dude is that actually true? That's WILD
@@austinhixson625 Yeah like this a thing I would tell my future grandchildren.
As a german, I'm still stunned how a person with the name "Schwarzschild" could predict the radius of a black hole. It's such an unbelievable semantic coincident, as it basically is translated to "Blackshield"... Feels very weird hearing this, as I couldn't imagine a better word describing this phenomenon.
Simulation confirmed - lore designers got lazy with the naming conventions
superior beings were like "this humans are dumb, lets create somebody who can actually solve it, I've got a perfect name"
😳😱🤯
Yeah, and the poynting vector is the vector, pointing to the energy flux. When you experiment with cold nitrogen, the Leidenfrost Effect will prevent you from Frostleiden (german for: frost damage / frost suffer). The Rayleigh scatter scribes the scatter of a light ray. Nomen est omen!
P.S.: It's a pitty Amalie Noether didn't proved that there is no ether in spacetime.
i thought the same thing! very certain Schwarzschild already visited it and came back and changed his name, or, he actually came from another universe. ooooooooooooh
After discovering Hidden Astral Projection Techniques on Shirlest, I can't believe I waited so long to explore astral projection. The little details made all the difference for me!
thank you
I read it few days ago and its really great
Is this a botted comment? This is so strange. No relevance to the video whatsoever, but an absurd number of likes with little to no replies.
@@jumpvelocity3953 That's what I was wondering. If you search up 'shirlest' it brings up tons of ads for "astral projection" BS. How sad.
@@jumpvelocity3953this comment is super weird to have like 6k likes in 2 days
Insane that you’ve kept 6.3 million people watching so far (after 5 days) and gotten to #1 on trending with a math heavy video with the word math in the title. It’s an educational UA-camr master class
Yeah math and topics like this are dope, shouldn’t be a surprise
Also a visualization master class. Visualizing this in this way made it understandable for people with no math affinity.
Many things help: Eistein still have a stardom fame in popular imagination, and then the title also lures with Strange - and something... something what? A weird/exotic/strange mistery around einsteins greatest work. Then that vagueness of the title +mistery +strange can also allude to way more things- like what if its alluding to something wrong or something shattering...
Sadly the kind of public interest (even more so for education) we ideally need would be one where this kind of view count would be in a video called 'the fascinating math of eistein' wich just doesnt happen
I have a severe math disability, and I'm still invested despite not knowing a single thing going on 😭🙏
@@BigDamCentral It's a surprise because of the algorithm, not because of the content
This is probably the hardest thing about math. When you get this deep into math in college, it all becomes just numbers, variables, expressions, and equations. Things start to remove themselves from a tangible way of understanding.
Breaking it down like this so all of it can be consumed and comprehended in such a simple fashion while still being awe-inspiring is the most astounding things that people can do in STEM fields. People explaining an entire field like this in such a tangible fashion is so important and hard to come by.
math become deep, it remove the number with symbol and words
math hard, remove number, make easy
@@NinetyUnderScore 😂😂😂
This is why we need Human artists.
The human effort to try to understand infinity while simultaneously trying to ignore that it exsts is amusing but also very fitting considering the nature of infinity.
I see a lot of smart physicists and astrophysicists in the comments being blown away by explaining and visualizing the diagrams, but I am just a regular guy who works in marketing and is simply fascinated by this stuff. I don't understand nearly as much as was intended for me in these videos, but I am infinitely grateful that I can still get something as complicated as this thanks to your impeccable delivery of information. Thanks Veritasium!
same sir, I'm just 16 and i too am fascinated by stuff like these
I like veritasium as he has videos that's understandable by someone like me too lol
@@goodshiro10 You can still choose to follow physics in college if you want. That was the career I wanted to follow when I was young, and ended up in law haha
How do I get into marketing I’ve been really interested
Starting astrophysics in college next year because of creators like this. Amazing what people can do.
@@enzobg2163 I would like to live happy and wealthy, which doesn't rhyme with physics
0:57 for the people from the shorts
Goat
ily man
Thanks bro
you are a hero
thanks
The graphics in your latest videos top most any scientific graphics that exist on the internet. It is very hard to make graphics that are both accurate and understandable. Very well done
Well I think you should see scienceclic english.
What do you think about this graphics? 😂 And most important about an idea that black/white holes are just viewer position perspective?
Viewer outside: black hole (material flow in)
. -- ~~~ -- .
.-~ ~-.
/ Viewer \
/ inside: \ material flow
| white < < < |< < < < <
| hole < < < |< < < < <
| < < < |< < < < <
\ material flows /
\ from /
`-. everywhere .-'
~- . _ . -~
White hole by definition is a "surface" where anything can only fly out of it and nothing can fall in/reach it. So when someone outside of black hole he just see like everything fall in and disappears. But when he fall in he see material can only fly out of that same "surface" he just pass through. And nothing can reach it back. Then that is a "white hole" now.
How do find this idea? :)
@@Isusia not completely true & not completely false cause you just might be right & wrong at the very same time...friend
@@hector4913Well you can't really label his hypothesis true/false either seeing as *_all_* theories on black/white hole physics are simply unproven hypothesis based on hypothetical possibilities and thus are *equally* possible of being "true" _regardless_ of how "supported/unsupported" they are due to the amount of *_direct_*_ observation/ _*_objective_*_ data_ which we base these hypothesis on being *none* precisely lmao 💯👍
It's awesome to see another of my *favorite channels* for demonstrations of science concepts here‼️
The viewers *_want & need_* an ActionLab/Veritasium collaboration 💯
This video is just ART. Didnt understand anything but realised human ingenuity is what that needs utmost appreciation. How did we end up with these solutions with just pen and paper ? Great visuals and Narration. Veritasium never disappoints
Some of us are really smart monkeys, which can raise the levels of awareness of the rest of the troop.
@@VNeto94 And then there are some who are not smart and believe the earth is flat... It is a disgrace to humanity.
Eh. It’s about as impressive as a priest standing below a goat, slitting its stomach and going “ZEUS PROTECTS”
Pen + paper are used to work these solutions through, to do the math, but in the first place the ideas come from the human mind. Einstein didn't start with math to get Special Relativity, but with a thought-experiment: "what would I see if I could ride on a light wave?"; similarly, with General Relativity, the starting point was "what would we experience in a falling elevator?". This is not unique to Einstein: Newton asked "if an apple falls, does the moon also fall?". In all cases, the genius lies in asking a simple question then pursuing the logic + math of it, no matter how counterintuitive that may appear.
@@harryshearer992 You deserve congratulations: this is one of the least apt, least intelligent metaphors I have ever seen!
Seriously, who needs Netflix when you have amazing content like this Veritasium channel on UA-cam?
I can watch videos like this all day, and not even want to pause. Utterly fascinating.
@@aldunlop4622unless they start to teach how to solve all those math equations 😂
They serve different purposes.
This comment made me look at his number of subscribers, and holy sh*t that's a big number, faith in humanity restored.
the glaze is crazy
4:19 I am currently studying philosophy of physics in my third year of university. I'm a philosopher and haven't done much physics so this idea was entirely mind-boggling to me. you just simplified what we've been study for 5 weeks into a couple of minutes. thank you so much this will definitely help me in my module
That's such an amazing combination of fields! You're basically learning plasticity of thinking in two different fields that most people think of as completely removed.
@@Levittchen4G Thanks so much for your kind words! This really made my day :) i've often felt a bit insecure about my degree because people question its usefulness a lot but this really made me feel more confident about it
Do you mind if I ask where you’re studying? I’ve actually considered philosophy of physics as a major but couldn’t find any universities that offered it. Also, what do you hope to do once you graduate?
@@tristantreart1019 I go to university in the UK and quite a few universities here do the combined. I go to University of York and have had a great time - I think the teaching there is fantastic. I'm not reaaaaalllyyy sure what I want to do afterwards, if i'm honest i haven't looked into that much stuff so i'll have to get back to you haha. hope this helped!
Fun fact as fellow artilleryman, when calculating ballistic trajectories you start by pretending there is nothing in a flat 2-d universe except the howitzer, the round, and a constant 'down'-word acceleration. From that start point of the "standard" world, you then add corrections for every error, wind speed/direction/density, humidity, your distance from the equator, the rotation of the earth, wether [sic] you're firing with or against that rotation, the weight of the round, air temperature, and most anything else that could effect any part of the round traveling. It makes logical sense to me that Schwartzchild would take a similarly empty starting approach to solve Einstein's equations.
how many did you hit.
@@trrrmac I've never missed? Missing is pretty uncommon in the US. The math is surprisingly detailed, facilitated by hundreds of reference pages of raw reference data and simple/repeatable step-by-step reference sheets you use everytime all to make sure the round goes where you were asked to put it. 🤣 Not the most fun thing thing to do manually, but it works! Plus, we have a few computer systems we use as the primary means to do the math once we're out of training which helps dramatically!
@@trrrmac A conventional unguided M549A1 155 mm artillery projectile has a circular error probable (CEP) of 267 m (876 ft) at its maximum range, meaning that half of the rounds can be expected to land within 267 m (876 ft) of their intended target. The lethal radius of a typical 155mm round is about 50m, but fragments can extend well beyond that for "soft" targets (i.e. humans, light vehicles like unarmored trucks, etc.).
So a "hit" depends on a lot of factors, not the least of which is what you're trying to hit. Troops in the open? 50m away is likely lethal to them. A tank? Unless you hit it directly, you're probably not even damaging it. A bunker? Not only must you hit it, but you must penetrate it.
This is the common approach to basically any problem that applies mathematical theory to the physical world.
Not just a run-of-the-mill grunt... They're grunts who are good at ballistics and calculus 😂🎉 thanks for your service!
"Hey there's the southern hemisphere"
"Also there're 2 earths" gets me 😂
It made me snort :(
My parents said if I reach 10k, they'd buy me a professional camera for recording... Pls guys Im
literally begging you!.
Just keep ignoring us, we'll be whats left after the nukes.
Timestamp?
@@kronasdese26:28
27:52 this is eerily similar to Dante's journey through the Earth from hell to heaven, only 800 years later.
I think the coordinates directly between a white hole, a black hole and the two universes would be a great place for a cafe.
The Restaurant at the End of the Universe: good book title there, don't you think?
@@ciaran5519 Damnn
@@ciaran5519the last coffee on earth
Or a Wallmart, highway and some parking 🇺🇲🇺🇲🇺🇲🇺🇲🦅🦅🦅
@@Just-screw-it take forever to get that cup of coffee. very slow waitresses
I love how the PhD’s say “the mathematic equation is quite simple really.” I needed every second of this video to just grasp the idea behind it.
Is this basic class of physics students?
Everything is simple once you know how. And Once people know how, they tend to forget how complicated it felt at first
Be proud of yourself. I rewatched every second of the video multiple times and i still dont think i even grasp the idea. @gunsandgranola7262
@@skydivenext Nope... you only begin to study general relativity during your master degree, at least here in Italy
@@matteobenvestito9537 then is veritasium genius?
this is the kind of veritasium videos i live for. complex enough to make me feel a lost, but with a clear thread of intuition running through it that makes me feel like I understand what's going on. def watching this a 100 more times
it's exactly what I felt...or this just might be one his best videos ever produced 🤩!!!
Frr, he explained it in such a way where I grasp the concept/bigger picture, just not the details, and I haven't even studied calculus yet 💀💀
White holes are better than black holes!
You’d love Floathead Physics.
Lol, it's very complex indeed. Complexity that requires a lot of studying. Then again there's a point where even the experts can't have a consensus anymore.
It's fascinating how the equations and graphs make so much sense, I am fascinated by the knowledge these scientists have given to humanity
this is why u shouldn't divide by 0
You know what? I'm going to start dividing by 0 even harder
@@tarferiDon’t be a Zero…
@@tarferiyou scare me
How many 0s does it take to get to center of a singularity?
@@christopherstage9814 All that you’ve got…then add at least one more zero…
36:38
Pippin - "We have one universe, yes, but what about second universe?"
Merry - "Don't think he knows about second universe, Pip."
Winnie: But I Want More! 😂
@@bozhidarmihaylovno this is a lord of the rings fellowship of the rings reference
best comment
Relativity as per J.R.R.Tolkein
No, no, the Big one. Big one!
22:38 . "Now your entire future is in blackhole." Most relatable line ever.
Underrated comment xD
I came looking for this comment. Wasn't disappointed. Haha
@judgeaileencannon9607 Space/physical exists because of time. Not the other way around.
He stole that line from my mom
I was expecting this comment from at least one person!
Absolutely LOVED this video - only destroyed by the ridiculous no. of advertisements:(
fr!! im listening to it while going to sleep and an loving the video but i didnt expect so many ads!
"This is the simplest solution to the Einstein field equations and it already contains a black hole, a white hole and two universes" Great line.
Glory to me, the 100th like.
No bc when I was thinking of what would happen if you went inside a black hole that's spinning, before he showed us the answer, I was like "crosses into another universe through a white hole right?" But I realised it wasn't possible.
Til that reveal at the end, to be fair I think anyone would've guessed that but still 😭
And spinning at that!
Glory hole
@@tabhorianAND A THEORY AT THAT.
I got mind blown when Prof. Geraint F. Lewis said at 26:58 "This is the simplest solution to the Einstein field equations and it already contains a black hole, white hole and two universes".
This may open the possibility of things which are beyond our comprehension.
@@vedantchourey7362
Or maybe... and this _maybe a _*_big_* if... *_just_* inside it!
I'm hoping it is, tbh.
This progression of complexity is pretty common in physics. We use differential equations to describe how the Universe works. Thos differential equations can go from trivially easy to solve to a five minute exercise to a real headache to literally impossible to solve by just adding one term for each step. Einstein's equations are a set of 11 differential equations all coupled together, its a miracle we have any solutions at all
@@ironhorse492 bruteforce ftw?
@@galactoman5503 brute force get´s kind of hard considering you basically have an infinite amount of functions (let alone the curvature) most of which when applied will just return something you have to spent time on trying to understand and interpret. It´s way more than just pluging in random numbers and seeing what fits (the tough but interesting part)
Every single minute of this documentary was surreal.
That's because it's false
@@Sir_Loin_ Explain?
Its fun that a UA-cam video can educate me and make me feel like a dumb monkey at the same time
@@raider_cz1946He probably thinks the earth is flat.
@@BroadHobbyProjects And you probably drool and clap at everything you see without forming an opinion. Not everyone agrees with some theories and not everyone needs to.
🎯 Key points for quick navigation:
00:00 *🚀 Time Dilation Near the Event Horizon*
- As objects approach a black hole’s event horizon, they appear to slow down and even seem frozen in time due to extreme gravitational time dilation,
- Light from the object gets redshifted, eventually fading away entirely as it nears the horizon.
01:26 *🌌 Implications of Einstein’s Relativity on Black and White Holes*
- Einstein’s equations hinted not only at black holes but also white holes and potential bridges, or wormholes, connecting parallel universes.
- Black holes absorb all nearby matter and energy, while white holes theoretically do the opposite, ejecting matter.
02:26 *🌀 Einstein’s Field Equations: A Gravitational Shift from Newton*
- Newton’s gravity faced a conceptual gap that Einstein resolved by showing gravity as the result of spacetime curvature, with masses shaping their surroundings.
- These equations link mass-energy distribution with spacetime curvature, effectively describing gravitational interactions without “action at a distance.”
04:22 *⏳ Spacetime Light Cones and Event Horizons*
- Light cones determine which regions of spacetime can affect or be affected by a point in space-time, defining reachable and observable areas.
- Close to massive bodies, light cones narrow, signifying that objects cannot escape certain regions, hinting at black holes' event horizons.
06:22 *🌍 Karl Schwarzschild’s Solution and the Singularity Paradox*
- Schwarzschild solved Einstein’s equations in 1915, discovering that near a black hole, spacetime curves steeply, leading to a “singularity” at r=0.
- A second apparent singularity arises at the Schwarzschild radius, the event horizon, where escape velocity equals the speed of light.
08:22 *💥 Black Holes and Star Collapse Theories*
- Early theorists doubted black holes’ existence, suggesting degeneracy pressures (electron and neutron) might prevent collapse, forming white dwarfs or neutron stars.
- Chandrasekhar discovered a mass limit where even these pressures fail, suggesting massive stars could collapse into black holes.
11:55 *🌠 Event Horizons and the Spacetime Experience*
- Oppenheimer’s insight showed that while external observers never see objects cross the event horizon, a person crossing it wouldn’t notice anything unusual.
- Spacetime diagrams demonstrate how light cones change near a black hole, tipping inward so that anything within the horizon must continue towards the singularity.
15:25 *🌍 Distortions of Spacetime Projections*
- Just as map projections distort Earth’s geography, different spacetime maps alter how we view black hole dynamics.
- Reframing the coordinates at the event horizon removes the apparent singularity, allowing objects to cross it smoothly.
16:56 *🕳️ The “Waterfall” Model of Black Holes*
- Space near a black hole behaves like a waterfall, where space flows inward; photons near the event horizon struggle against this flow but eventually fall in.
- At the horizon, space itself falls faster than light speed, trapping everything inside.
20:19 *⌛ The Kruskal-Szekeres and Penrose Diagrams*
- The Kruskal-Szekeres diagram reinterprets the black hole singularity as a final moment in time rather than a spatial point, revealing spacetime’s temporal boundary.
- Penrose diagrams compress spacetime, illustrating the inevitable progression toward the singularity and showing reachable and unreachable zones in spacetime.
22:15 *🌌 White Holes: Black Hole Counterparts*
- White holes, theorized counterparts of black holes, eject material instead of absorbing it, remaining inaccessible as nothing can enter them.
- Unlike black holes, white holes exist in theory as time-reversed black holes, theoretically expelling matter and light.
23:46 *🌌 White Holes as Time-Reversed Black Holes*
- White holes, the theoretical inverse of black holes, expel matter instead of trapping it, as relativity allows time-reversed solutions to the equations,
- If real, white holes would prevent entry but eject everything inside back into space.
24:44 *🌍 Parallel Universes and Coordinate Systems*
- Relativity equations allow alternate universes; parallel worlds might theoretically exist beyond the black hole's horizon,
- Schwarzschild’s model shows that another universe could be mapped mathematically, similar to discovering a “southern hemisphere” on a previously unknown Earth.
27:09 *🌀 Einstein-Rosen Bridges and Wormholes*
- Extending solutions to Einstein’s equations reveals theoretical wormholes, or Einstein-Rosen bridges, that link separate universes,
- This model, while hypothetical, suggests that black holes might connect different regions or universes in spacetime.
28:11 *🕳️ Challenges of Traversing Wormholes*
- Wormholes, if real, are thought to be unstable, with the connection “pinching off” before anything can cross,
- Light cannot bridge these gaps, making travel between universes through a wormhole impossible with current understanding.
29:40 *🔄 Rotating Black Holes and Ergosphere Dynamics*
- Kerr’s solution for rotating black holes includes layers such as the ergosphere, where space is dragged by rotation, making escape challenging but possible,
- A second inner horizon allows limited movement but would still lead toward a ring singularity, theoretically providing a way through.
31:45 *🌠 Entering New Realms in Rotating Black Holes*
- Within a rotating black hole, explorers might navigate freely around the ring singularity and enter other universes or an “anti-verse” with reversed gravity,
- This remains theoretical; even if spacetime curves allow such transitions, verifying them remains beyond current science.
33:43 *⚠️ Limitations of Eternal Solutions for Black Holes*
- Extended models of black holes and parallel universes assume static, eternal conditions not found in our universe,
- Real black holes are formed through star collapse, making white holes improbable, as they would lack the necessary formation mechanism.
34:43 *💥 Instability of Inner Horizons in Real Black Holes*
- Real black holes’ inner horizons may concentrate energy infinitely, creating singularities that block passage to any parallel universe,
- This would limit any wormhole-like structures to theoretical speculation rather than practical reality.
35:13 *🚀 Theoretical Wormholes and Exotic Matter*
- Wormholes suitable for stable travel require “exotic matter” with negative energy, an idea not supported by current physics,
- Without exotic matter, wormholes collapse, preventing them from connecting distant parts of the universe or separate universes.
36:17 *🌌 Possibility of Surprises in Cosmology*
- While white holes, wormholes, and parallel universes seem improbable by today’s physics, black holes were once deemed impossible too,
- Continuing advancements in cosmology may reveal unexpected realities in our understanding of the universe.
Made with HARPA AI
well this is a really cool way of using AI!
I fully expect a “37” Easter egg in every video from now on
I NOTICED THAT
And notice the episode is 37 minutes long too
yeah, me too!
like at 1:14
@@nightelfmohawk9821 👀
Man, the animation is totally world class. Nothing unnecessarily elaborate, but just enough to tell the story.
Derek is not a youtuber, he’s an educator who uses youtube as his platform.
Only this dude can keep me watching a video for 40 minutes that I understand 0% of. Great stuff
@@adammiller161 😂😂😂
@@adammiller161 Um actually it's 37 minutes (easter egg?)
Agreed.
True, videos like these have such value for visualization even for people already deep their STEM fields. This is why it's sad there was that whole movement done by internet elitists to try and make Veritasium out to be a fraud because of that one electricity video that caused confusion. Mob mentality really sucks.
Veritasium has a knack for explaining intense astrophysics in a somewhat understandable manner to us laymen.
he has a PhD in Physics Education so theres that.
wait.... you could understand the video?
@@AriefAsakura not really but definitely moreso that some random lecture or textbook. It was still entertaining though
But if you want real deep astrophysics explanations with calculus equations and theoretical physics, go see Matt @ PBS Spacetime! I could barely keep up!
@@AriefAsakura it was pretty simple
Im late to the party in commenting but I need to say that this is one of the best if not the best explainer videos i have ever seen. It makes those difficult math problems so gobsmackingly accessible and clear it deserves whatever is the scientific explainer video counterpart to a Pulitzer Prize.
A mathematician friend of mine pointed to 16:39 and reminded me not to put infinity directly in the integral limits. I told him that if I ever dealt with a black hole as an engineer, I'll remember not to
need more likes!!!
Spot on!
Who needs infinity when you have a reasonable approximation? 😂
OuiI’m t😂o otired ooui😂🎉😂😂ooooouo😢😢o🎉🎉🎉🎉😢😢io😢p🎉pi😢 o 🎉🎉🎉🎉😢😢😂😢p😢😢u😢p😢up😢o😢ooyy🎉🎉ii😂😢😢😢😢o😂😢😢😢😢p😢uoooiioo😢o😂😢😂😢😂😢😂😂😂🎉😢😢u😢u🎉y🎉😂😂oooiooiiiiiiiiooo I😢it p🎉ypuoyoypypppypypypyp😂 I😂😂😂oiiiioops o u i uiiii o ou ou iuu😂😂😂 😂uooi 🎉iii😂ioo 🎉oooi😂😂😂of 🎉😂🎉o🎉🎉🎉o🎉🎉i😂oi😂😂😂😂😂o😂my😂😂😂😢😂😂or else 😂oooops 😂Lord is you is oo🎉uoou😢ii😂😢or 😂😂😂😂o😂😂o😂😂😢😂😢😢😂😂😢😂😢😂😢😢😂😢😂😢😂😂😢o😢😢😢😂😢😂😢😂😂😢🎉😂😂😢😂😂😂o😂😂ome😂😂😂😂😂😂😢😂😢😢😂😢😂o😢😂😢😂😢😢😂😢o😢😂😢😂😂😢😂😢😂😢😂😢😢😢😢😂😢😂😂😢
@@emilyrlnexactly!
Full respect for dancing on the line between „ohhhh that is how that works“ and „I have no idea what they are talking about…“
Never mind… it has been 5 more minutes and I am firmly in „I have no idea what they are talking about…“
Still very entertaining
LMAOOOOOOO, I'm still just sure about few things said here, yet unsure about all the maths and the diagram which was shown at last about wormholes
Did you know that you can use the same character for opening and closing quotes “”??
@@cslack813 Hell, I didn't even know that character EXISTED. :-) Can I assume it is just a double comma? It makes me wonder if that is the way quotes work in some language other than English. Also, just because one question mark is good doesn't mean two are better (just kidding).
You are just on the event horizon of not/understanding it 😀
As someone with a bachelors of science and physics who has studied general relativity, this is an absolutely phenomenal video; it is arguably one of the most amazing videos on this channel. Derek, you have absolutely outdone yourself! This video finds a way to communicate some of the most complex topics in all of Physics in a way that anyone can understand, many hats off to you!
Physics scares me 😨 this is why I take chemistry
@@TamWam_ You'll learn much more about your reality with chemistry, than you ever will from these Jesuit spawned mathematical models masquerading as science.
I've watched many such videos and there many amazing ones. I think the one by Alex of Astrum is even better than this one (then again Alex is a real physicist, not just a communicator).
All his videos are great. Love this guy
We are like house cats discussing calculus. We can't even imagine. We throw words around that we can understand, but we don't have brains that can comprehend.
it will never stop driving me crazy that much of the time scientists, when trying to argue for or against something, dont automatically try to prove its true AND prove its false. its usually one or the other, so someone makes an argument for 1 side, and until someone notices something to make an argument against it, possibly making process, time just goes on without accurate advancement. in the field im familiar with decades have gone by without things being revisited in the past that caused big waves and changes after being challenged, and only now are people speaking out about making assumptions and not exploring other possibilities that go against 'tradition'
Fantastic video as always! Very glad I could participate 🙏
hard to understand the scienceclic videos but this makes more sense
Ive seen a few of your videos,they are absolutely good and your editing levels are top notch too!
I've been subbed for a while, as soon as I saw the Astronaut POV clip I knew it was you, congrats on the collab!
Sa m'a étonné quand j'ai entendu ton nom dans la vidéo XD
@@yoloboogie3674I disagree. I think ScienceClic has some of the best explanations in science
The guy talking just like that with physics world gurus and showing it all to us here in yt in such a quality and elegant way simply blows my mind.
Derek has a background in physics education. Normally, that means more education and less physics. He turned that paradigm on its head. It's refreshing to listem to an educator who actually knows what he is talking about. Prospective teachers at my university get simplified courses whose textbooks look like coloring books. But they sure study a lot about how to deliver the knowledge that they don't have.
@@mikemondano3624 I follow Derek's channel for years and yet still cannot believe there is still room for the quality to be getting better and better.
@@bartk07better believe it
Watching some Ty tube UA-cam
Insane that an educational video got to #2 on the overall trending page, goes to show how amazing this channel is
🤣🤣🤣It's funny that you all think this ridiculousness is educational. Shows why this world is in the situation it's in. People really believe pseudo science is real science. Following the herd generally indicates that you're following stupidity. And that's exactly what this nonsense is. A bunch of theoretical nonsense.
Actually it was #1 for some time
okay
I think its great that people still want to learn
It shows that not everyone on UA-cam is an idiot just most people
What textbook are they referring to here at 33:31? I see that they have mentioned the Book by Brian Cox, But I do see a textbook of some sort whereby explaining the pennrose diagram. Anyone who can tell me this ?
I never expected to learn how Einstein Rosen bridges actually work more than just watching it being referenced in pop culture media as a cheap way to get characters to another space
One thing I’m confused about is, he speaks about anti-universes where gravity pushes rather than pulls. But, in that case, wouldn’t it be impossible for black holes to form? Aren’t black holes essentially wells of inwardly pulling gravity?
@@DarthHoosier3038 I think it would be similar to how white holes are most likely impossible in regular universes
@@DarthHoosier3038 Yes, which is why in an anti-verse white holes would dominate instead of black holes. The mode of travel to a new universe would be the same. Not sure how a ship would react being in such a universe, however. Interesting thought experiment.
@@woodthomas14 yeah it takes looking at the anti universe with the same lense as our regular one, the white holes take place of the black holes and black holes take place of the white ones. white ones in the antiverse are not just possible but provable just as our regular black holes there.
on the other hand the black holes are "unlikely to exist"
@@BrianWelch-vc7xy
You know what would be awesome?
1. Travelling into the Antiverse,
2. get some good ol steel bars with negative density,
3. go back into a normal universe, 4. build custom wormhole back to home.
5. Bring freedom to new planets
6. Profit 😊
Got to hand it to you: this is probably the best layman-focused explanation of black holes that I've seen anywhere on the internet (not including formal lecture series like Lenny Susskind's Theoretical Minimum).
-- I'm a theoretical physicist at a national lab in the US.
How do I become like you?
Thats the neat part, you dont @@thefreemonk6938
@@thefreemonk6938Lots and lots of learning
@@thefreemonk6938depends how old you are
@@thefreemonk6938 Major in physics (and/or math) at your local state school, do well in your classes and if possible join one of your professor's research group and get some experience tackling 'real' problems. Apply to grad school (helps to have an interested advisor, so make connections!), write papers and present at conferences. Get your PhD and apply for research positions that are interesting to you. Most faculty and national lab staff positions typically require you to do a postdoc to build up your publication record.
It's a long road, and academic positions come with their own annoyances and downsides. You'll make a lot more money in industry (especially given the extent of your education) and not have to work as hard. But if you really want the pure 'discovering the unknown' vocation that the Einsteins and Kelvins of the past had, a national lab staff position is about as close as you can get (excluding becoming a billionaire and funding your own lab).
Opened this thinking "ok black holes are well-trodden youtube material and PBS Spacetime has been crushing it on the science explainers," and what could this possibly add?
Then there's this coherent, beautifully structured and produced, 37-minute-video-that-feels-18-minutes long that is a masterwork of both passion and competence for teaching. It makes NdGT seem unapproachable in comparison. Awesome
Woah, I honestly wouldn't have realized this was 37 minutes long if it wasn't for your comment.
NdGT catching strays
PBS Spacetime did a good job explaining it as well. They split it up across a few videos to get more into the weeds, though. This was a good high level overview.
Well spoken, comrad
My hope is that this video leads curious people and bridges them over to channels like PBS spacetime that dive deeper into these subjects.
Another issue that isn't covered here is that if you passed through into that antiverse you mentioned, you could continue tiling the universes, black holes and white holes laterally into infinity - and if you did that then you could enter the same universes from both sides of singularities. From one side you'd enter via a white hole from a universe, the other via a different white hole from an antiverse, where gravity would work backwards. Somewhere in that process there would have to be a reversal of gravity for one of the travelers, suggesting that the equivalent to a singularity must exist on some edge of a white hole. There's nothing in the models shown that accounts for that (it would be interesting to see one that did).
"the war treated me kindly enough, in spite of the heavy gunfire, to allow me to get away from it all and take this walk into the land of your ideas" ..... BARS and eloquence.
I'm glad he didn't get killed by a stay explosion
@@solidoxygen7873 agreed, that would have really sucked
@@richtigmann1like a black hole
The war has treated me kindly enough
In spite of the, like, gunfire and stuff
To allow me to get away from all this malice
To allow me a walk inside of your mind palace
@@NickGreyden
*+*
the ad countdown timer in the upper right corner is genius i love it
Yes, makes it easy to skip
I mean yes for me too bc it‘s easier to skip but isn‘t this kinda his job to make ppl watch ads?
Get UA-cam premium
Best ever
I honestly forget ppl even watch ads on UA-cam
@@supaplayer123 I’m momentarily poor lol
@@maxbildungsaccount6915 nah he makes content, he obviously cares more about his viewers than ads. But yeah there’s def still a balance between the 2 he gotta maintain
I've taken just enough math that I BARELY understand what they're saying and my mind is absolutely blown. This. Is. INCREDIBLE.
There was math in this video?
@@michaelcherokee8906 Everything shown in this video was math
@@sorteskyer Shown? You mean you actually WATCH videos still?
Great Video! Thanks
This video deserves a better title. If it had been, "An exploration of black holes, white holes, and wormholes", as he sums it up early on, it's likely it wouldnt have sat on my feed unseen for 5 months before viewing. Excellent topic, by a proven excellent explorer. :D
There is a video on this channel about why they have to clickbait - I am still against it though
@@lorkano Silliness ends up with people missing the true topic.
absolutely true, but ta title like that wouldn't do well under the yoututbe algorithm. Unfortunately, he has to play towards that to get any sort of traction
"Based on Einsteins math
Unfortunately youtube algorithm proves that titles like these gain higher engagement for a general audience.
This video was a fun journey from explaining things I thought I already understood, to things I knew I didn't understand, to things I didn't think I could understand, to explaining things I didn't realize anyone could understand, to explaining things that can't be understood. It's like I've entered this video's event horizon and ended up at the end of its universe.
Well Said Sir 👏👏👏
Substitute "video" with "physical life."
Love this. Also, nothing says, "this is a math video" as much as, "your nemesis looks back at you, shaking his fist AT A CONSTANT RATE" 😅😅😅
LMAOOOO sooo true
more physics but yes
It's very considerate of them!
34:18 Wouldn’t our ‘white hole’ be the Big Bang? Or rather, whatever caused it? If I’m understanding that diagram right, wouldn’t the only way to enter one be through a black hole or by moving backwards in time? If there’s anything I’m missing please let me know…
Yep. Came here to say this. This would also entail the formation of a black hole is a big bang in a new universe, but that doesn’t feel right. Perhaps the totality of black holes in the entire universe could though.
I love all the anecdotes from history of famous scientists basically saying "Yeah theoretically maybe but there's no way that actually exists, no sane man would believe it, it's absurd.
And the video is about worm holes and parallel universes.
The only possible journey one can have at the moment 😊
"When a distinguished but elderly scientist states that something is possible, he is almost certainly right. When he states that something is impossible, he is very probably wrong." - Arthur C Clarke.
@@undine120 This single quote is one of the best I have seen about science.
@@atomgutan8064It's about the guy who won two Nobel prizes. Linus Pauling.
We are the music makers and the dreamer of dreams
The moment the diagram was laid out as a square with a triangle on top I thought "well that kinda seems incomplete" and with every expansion my mind was further blown. So satisfying to watch that diagram slowly grow until it reaches theoretical infinity.
So you think you are better than Einstein
@@Jarvodavisbruh what
@@Jarvodavis whaat hes just exclaiming in awe why are you making this an ego thing
Is it reaching infinity, or is it looping? I mean, the guy gave the example of a globe...
It's a pyramid scheme
The brilliance of the people who figured this stuff out is staggering. That Einstein guy truly was pretty smart.
It's also a lot of bloody hard work.
i like newton...you like fruit (ice cube 22 jump street line)
people continue to underestimate the term "a life's work"
dude literally spent his entire existence on it and also had the enough intelligence to keep going. yes.
@@MysticalRefpanel Einstein came up with General and Special Relativity while he was young.
What's really fascinating here is that we can predict the universe with math. Like did we invent math or discover it?
So basically black holes prove white holes exist which proves worm holes exist bc the math shows an event horizon where time is warped and contorted also bends and pushes out after inhaling matter which in theory creates a tunnel which may not necessarily lead to anywhere, but it might, but it might also lead to itself because of the way it bends.
I rarely leave comments, but I have to say, the incredible effort you've poured into this video is absolutely astonishing. Your ability to explain Einstein's complex equations with such clarity and engagement is a testament to your years of dedication and the deep insights you gained during your PhD research on effective science education. The stunning graphics and your compelling presentation style kept me captivated throughout the entire video. This work brilliantly showcases your passion and the extensive journey you've undertaken to make challenging topics accessible and enthralling for everyone. Amazing job, Derek!!! 👍🏽
Excellent review for this video. So well stated, that I couldn't help but think that you would be great at writing reviews for companies. You could sell just about any company, with your eloquent way of speaking on a subject. Outstanding!!
@@GG-vv1zq Thank you for your kind words. I am unsure who would pay for my reviews lol but I am glad my approach resonated with you :)
what about melody ship
This comment right here golden
YES! us plebians really appreciate your time and effort to edumacate us!
30:14 This whole motion sequence just blew my mind. I felt like I was the one travelling through it. Phenomenal
Why is it a cardioid shape, not a sphere?
@@MichaelEilers because this black hole is rotating, Veritasium said it right before the time stamp
I hope someone makes a movie with these accurate dimensions (I guess Interstellar is the closest yet)
@@MichaelEilers just as @Kavaitsu said, it is because it's a rotating blackhole, so the centripetal force resulting from it pushes its boundaries outwards from its original spherical shape.
Go check out ScienceClic youtube channel (the one who made the animation). The is one of the best channel here on UA-cam. State of the art videos for understanding advanced astronomical concepts. Maybe the best educational channel. He does videos in french, but I know that he now uploads the same videos on a new English equivalent clone channel with English voice explanation.
Math: You can't divide by zero
Physics: Dividing by zero produces an einstein rosen bridge in the space time manifold to another universe traversable only if the singularity is spinning
average math nerd vs average physics enjoyer
@@liam78587In this context its actually really funny and makes sense lol
From what I understand I think it's not dividing by absolute zero but something that approaches zero so that's a different thing. You do this all the time in Calculus.
Dammit math nerd😂 I like the Einstein rosen bridge into another universe through the spinning singularity
Me when I compare highschool maths with research level physics
The most important comment I would make is a general criticism of nearly every approach to this topic. The most important principle Einstien established was that space and time are essentially a single combined thing. He not only said this explicitly, his equations assume it. Thus, any attempt at creating a theory uses some pixelation or makes some tiny unit of area or volume. People usually pick something like a minimum volume = A, which is calculated using Planck's length. But GR means that different observers would have different values of A because of the length contraction in GR for different relative speeds. The only way GR can make that work is by treating space-time as a single entity, because the product of the time and area doesn't change. Every change in A is matched by a change in the time. Any discretization scheme has to do that from the get-go just as a basic requirement.
00:02 Objects crossing the Event Horizon of a black hole appear frozen in time.
02:31 Einstein's field equations describe how gravity is mediated by SpaceTime curvature.
07:08 Schwarzschild metric describes spacetime curvature around a massive object.
09:33 Electron degeneracy pressure explains white dwarf formation
14:29 Different projections of 4D SpaceTime can help study different properties.
16:51 Understanding how space flows into a black hole
20:58 Universe can be contracted into a single map using Penrose diagram.
23:09 White holes expel matter, opposite of black holes
27:14 Black holes can potentially be used to travel from one universe to another.
29:12 Kerr found solutions for spinning black holes
33:39 Challenges with Schwarzschild and Kerr solutions
35:43 Wormholes require exotic matter with negative energy density.
Doing God's work
Thank you for your service
Champion comment :)
Thank you! 😂
Bro saw this video and went "these small details are killing me... Must... Correct"
You've just got me puzzled. Again. Literally every Veritasium video makes want to leave university and go study physics, maths or anything the video talks about. I barely understand anything in your videos, but that's what I love about them, and what makes me watch every single episode. Thank you for educating people. Keep up the good work.
I guess i am not the only one thay feels this way
I mean, if you’re in uni you’re already in one of the best possible positions to study physics, so if it really captivates you that much give it a shot, like a minor or a double major if you’re not ready to change yet
U gonna hate it, dont 😂😂
You could "take a few courses" via MIT's Open Courseware. They don't count for credits or anything (hence the quotes) but they include all the course materials including tests so you can see if it's actually something you'd want to study. It's a free test drive you can take infinitely.
becarefull is not that visually easy on math or physics universities course, to taggle that down you need skill and they need time and effort to be develop
Bro solved a complex problem in advanced physics in a war zone while i am barely able to do my homework in my comfortable home.
Mind-bending in the very best way. Stellar job breaking down these concepts into understandable pieces. Veritasiam is a gift to this world. Thank you, Derek and team!
My immediate thought upon seeing this is "But all quantum physics is strange".
Except for quarks. Only a sixth of those are strange.
Nice. 👏
I thought only 1/6 are strange.
One sixth. There are six types of quarks. Only one sixth of them are strange.
@@Kazedor Ah my bad, I didn't count them xD
nice joke
This "37" minute video on black holes might be one of the best educational video to ever exist.
36, the ad
37 | 73
12 | 21 (prime ranks)
144 | 441 (prime ranks squared)
37 | 27 | 73
12 | - | 21
37+27+73 = 137
12+21 = 33 (prime rank of 137)
Behold the mathematical Trinity ;)
37 -> Your inner world (Red, Thor, Animus, Conscious, Horus)
73 -> Your outer world (Blue, Hel, Anima, Unconscious, Set)
27 -> the observer (Green, Loki, No One, Subconscious, Anubis)
137 -> everything and nothing (White/Black, Odin/Freyja, Self/No Self, No Self/Self, Isis/Osiris)
(Check them out geometrically as well, centered hexagonal numbers, star numbers, triangular numbers (makes the "triforce" together), etc)
Note, 37 and 73 are hyperbolically mirrored, such that one appears larger from the vantage point of the other, one appears to wrap around the other, until you cross the "event horizon" between them, just like crossing a black hole event horizon, the horizon would wrap around you completely, appearing at first convex, then a perfectly flat infinite plane, and finally concave until the last bit of light directly behind you was gone, and at that point you have "crossed". You would never see yourself pass through, but the inside would become the outside, and the outside would become the inside, going from Spacetime to Timespace.
10:54 gave me a good chuckle :p "astronomers had found stars that fit this decription" --> *shows image of a badass star* --> "one of them is Sirius B" --> *zooms in on the little innocuous dot in the corner*
oh c'mon, b sirius here
@@tomaszp2027 🤣🤣😂
@@tomaszp2027ahah!
The thing I like about Veritasium is that the math and Physics parts are hard to watch, but I can endure that pain knowing there's something amazing coming. Delivers always!
It's amazing how you can see the passion and bliss in the faces of these mathematicians when they're talking about something they truly love.
as a child, one of the few times my dad managed to drag me to the library, i remember finding a book covering the basic principles of black holes, not unlike this video
i don't remember how in-depth the book actually went, because i can obviously only remember whatever i was able to comprehend back then, but i remember that it absolutely captivated me, the strange odities and limits of physics that where proven by raw math long before they were actually observed
and i gotta say that this video was just as captivating, if not more, now that i am able to understand the things at least the littlest bit better
makes me relieved to not have lost that curiosity about the topic, as daunting and overwhelming as it may seem to most
Approaching the problem by using different projections really helped me to understand, for example, why images of everything that fell in do not remain at the event horizon. In fact, the map projection analogy itself made Penrose diagrams suddenly feel much less alien, more intuitive. Also, pleased to see the cooperation with Science Clic, a channel that excels at intuitive explanations. All good!
16:42 I didn't go to college, but intuitively came up with the waterfall model after smoking a few bowls back in my 20's. Like the scene from "Lady & the Tramp" if two objects consume from the same source, they'll eventually collide. Where does this model break down? I'm in my 50's now, and still haven't seen anything (that I understand, as I suck at math) that disproves space could be actually be flowing rather than curved.
2015: The earth is actually flat.
2025: Okay, the earth is round, but the southern hemisphere doesn't exist.
The earth is partially flat now, and Australia and Brazil disappear. Everyone's happy.
2035: so we have all the hemisphere's, but Antarctica is a ring around the planet
Flat Earthers believe Australia doesn't exist. Maybe they were right all along 😱😱
The Earth is flat, but the spacetime is curved around it to make it round :D
I mean in the west people do act like the global south doesn’t exist lol
That big reveal with the penrose diagram implying the existence of a white hole was absolutely incredible! Gave me chills! Bravo!
It's weird i've had several chills through out the video. This video is something i've always imagined what it'd look like if someone try to explain what happens around event horizon but didn't think no one is articulate enough to come up with it. Except this amazing dude ofc. My god this was amazing.
Derek, I think this is your best video yet (and that's saying something, because every video you make is worth watching), but this is on another level. As a non professional physisist/mathematician, I finally understand what scientists mean when they say "math predicts that there may be other universes" or "math predicts that white holes are possible", which was almost like a taboo to go into details by anyone! Thank you!
If you change a different perspective from the speed of light to the speed of change, the infrared distortion of objects falling into a black hole becomes easier to understand. You explained this concept at time index 17:00. Photons must jump from graviton to graviton, but if space is moving faster than the photon, then the photon can look like it is stationary or moving backwards, like a bass swimming up stream. This concept is used when describing messenger particles that elementary particles exchange to exchange messages about their change.
A big issue with sending someone through a singularity to see if it leads to another universe, besides all the ones related to the whole “we’re made of meat” thing, is that if we managed to get someone through a singularity, unless time worked different in that universe somehow, they wouldn’t be able to “turn around” and come back to tell us
Its me, my people sent me here to tell you that our souls are black and that we should turn to the lord
the problem with the einstein rosen bridge is that it is physical garbage and only used to catch peoples attention for propagating physics. parrelel universes or wormholes do not exist. they are just a mathematical hallucination of general relativity and have no physical reasoning
Wouldn’t we be able to assuming it’s all spinning? Using the energy to pull something faster than light seems like it could also be the solution to turning around and relaying that info
If you could enter their universe then it stands to reason that the other universe could enter here. By that logic there's no reason they couldn't "turn around" to come tell us, just as long as they've already entered the other universe. Might be billions of years later from our perspective, but we would find out eventually.
@@OverDunkNessSEVENif it’s billions years later we will definitely not be there to see that haha
This topic, especially for many in your regular audience, has been attempted by many from PBS to Sabine to even lectures by Leonard and podcasts in which Penrose himself is explaining. From someone who is not on the level to truly understand despite a lot of attempts and re-watching, as well as an educator, thank you for trying again because I really learned and connected a lot that I had not fully understood before. One of your best videos, and that is saying something.
My thoughts exactly. This is the clearest explanation I've seen thus far for a layperson with keen interest in understanding astrophysics. Superb!
@@mishmash86Fr, I haven't even reached the point in math where you learn calculus and I still felt like I understood this (the concept and not the details tho) 😭
Check out the book in the video by Brian Cox and Jeff Forshaw called Black holes. If you want to dive deeper, it's an excellent read
I love math. The fact that people were able to mathematically see that black holes could exist, even as most physicists thought they were preposterous, is just so awesome.
It was the physicists who saw them as mathematically possible.
It's happening again with the Many Worlds interpretation, isn't it?
facts
@@MarkAhlquist No
@@MarkAhlquistI'm sure there's many worlds. But there's no way they connect neatly like is proposed here, and you're not going to see "parallel" worlds where things look nearly identical and there's extra versions of yourself or others. And there's certainly not infinite worlds.
While I very much the theoretical approach, Tesla had something to say about this. Like the Manhattan project theoretical work will get you (sometimes) close, however there needs to be the 'hands on' approach to compliment it as well. The theoretic approach has always intuitively left me feeling that something is missing.
DEREK I *LOVE* the channel !!!
The geometric pattern of the black whole, the universe, white whole, parallel universe, and antiverse all together is perfection. So satisfying to look at.
I agree. It looks just like an origami crease pattern.
@@johnnysilverhand1733 you cant call anything cringe with a profilepic like that bro
That has to be THE best explanation of some of the higher concepts that get touched on but never really explained in other YT videos. While still incredibly complex, I could follow this enough to feel better about some of the concepts that drive theoretical physics. Thank you!!!!
So if we want to talk to someone from a parralel universe , we not only can't send info back to report our interraction , we will also be both crushed at the singularity 😢😢😢
Derek I don't know how you managed to create a video going over such massive and complex concepts and still making it all make sense. The building blocks, the reveal of blackhole, the transition into Penrose diagram, the theories leading to the white hole, parallel universes and even the antiverse together making this the most epic and informative educational content I've ever seen. It shows how good you truly are at what you do. Thank you for being you.
And in less time than an average university lecture too!
Humblebraggggg
I agree, this 100% is the best veritasium ever
the more I learn about time and spacetime and relativity the more I am amazed by Einsteins intelligence, he was out of this planet
The theory itself is bonkers, but imagine not only thinking about that in maths, but coming up with it in the first place. Einstein was a freak man.
He didn't come up with it he discovered it
@@Manhunternew he did infact invent it. Its like saying people discovered languages and saying i discovered the word for orange.
Einstein built his work on the backs of previous physicists, it wasn't like he pulled everything out of thin air pal
@@Phoenix80675 No it isn't. Language is a human creation that is entirely spawned from humans, mathematics and sciences are the fundamental ways in which the universe works. They exist as they are regardless of whether humans have found out about them or not. Our language however was created by humans and would not exist without them.
@@deserteagle78966 and math is a language. Creating something to describe something is not discovering it. Per the example I already made, an orange is in existence like natural phenomena, and the word orange is used to describe it akin to the way mathematics is used to describe natural phenomena. I can replace every math symbol with whatever I want and it stays the same because the symbols are a human invention and describe them to a human. The numbers don't dictate reality.
my man was at the frontlines of war and thought..."after all why not...why not publish physics papers right here and now?"
damn...
I know it's a joke but his miracle year was 1905. Germany wasn't at war then(WW1 started in 1914)
@@HistoryNerd808
He is talking about the schwartzchild dude.
@@mtrest4 Oh. Whoops.
"man you know what this war really need? That's right a physics paper that contain a black hole + white hole and a paraller universe"
It's really amazing how a human mind sitting on earth could literally think of this visualize this and bring out all this stuff.
I like to think those that watch and briefly understand the concept of videos like this are the privileged ones. Those who can appreciate the complexity of what's out there.
There are millions, if not billions of people out there that have no idea what a black hole is and don't care.
Omg
Its like origami. We fold the physics as much as we can (without tearing it up) to make it understandable which eventually turns into a beautiful object.
@@badboi4lyff And the majority have good reasons not to care. If you need every hour to work-eat-sleep (+ household & care) and survive, you better don't care about this, even if you would have access to youtube. So, you need double privilige for it: education/intelligence and a certain level of wealth. It should be our mission to make more people have this double privilige.
And then potentially share it with every other living human
The only UA-cam video I wished would never end. Best and fastest 37 minutes of my life
If someone is wondering which book is it at 25:03 its,
Black Holes: The Key to Understanding the Universe
By Brian Cox, Jeff Forshaw
Thanks, may the universe endow you with great fortunes!
heheheh cox
Is fantastic book
Probably the best video I have seen to explain the mathematical consequences of Einstein’s field equations. Well done to the Veritasium team. You keep on producing my favourite science videos.
Einstein theory of relativity is just geometry no science is involved. 🤦♂️
"Since the mathematicians have invaded the theory of relativity....
..... I do not understand it myself anymore"
-Albert Einstein
There should be a space between understand and it, Mr. Einstein. Thought you were smart
i mean it makes sense. there never was and never will be any single person who could even try to understand everything. our smol brains are not made to make sense of it all
There's a point at which observation is the best we can do, and intuitive understanding just isn't possible any more.
Because Einstein stole the idea from someone prolly and published as its own.
@@colbyboucher6391 were far past that point. The best we can do now is just math; we are nowhere near testing the very theoretical theories (i.e. string theory which is basically irrelevant nowadays because of how untestable it is)
37 mins is perfect. Thank you for not over doing it or cutting it short and losing important facts. Great video sir! Again thank you!