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Zulu War - Battle of Isandlwana - the Battle of Rorke's Drift
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- Опубліковано 15 сер 2024
- Zulu War 1879 - Battle of Isandlwana & the Battle of Rorke's Drift.
Join Chris Green (The History Chap) as he tells the story of two battles from the Anglo Zulu Wars that have fascinated him ever since he was a child.
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www.thehistory...
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐀𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐨 𝐙𝐮𝐥𝐮 𝐖𝐚𝐫
In todays' video let me entertain you with the incredible stories of British & Zulu bravery.
First, the Zulus deliver a crushing defeat on the British Army at Isandlwana and then a tiny British garrison hold 4,000 Zulus at bay for 10 hours.
Two stories that still catch the imagination of people who enjoy military history.
Chapters
0:00 Introduction
2:00 South Africa 1879
5:38 British invasion of Zululand
9:15 Lord Chelmsford leaves Isandlwana
11:25 Battle of Isandlwana
17:00 Isandlwana Falls
18:45 Melville and Coghill
23:00 The Battle of Rorke's Drift
28:30 Attack on the hospital
32:08 Rorke's Drift relieved
35:25 Men of Harlech and other myths
36:09 The Aftermath
39:00 Rorke's Drift Survivors
𝐌𝐲 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐈𝐧 𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞 𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞𝐬
I first got into the history of the Zulu Wars when I watched the epic film "Zulu" way back when I was about 5. Around the same time my father took me to the two battlefields at Isandlwana & Rorke's Drift.
Being very young I don't remember too much about the mission station at Rorke's Drift (apart from a red roof) but I do remember walking up onto the neck at Isandlwana.
𝐁𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐬𝐡 𝐄𝐦𝐩𝐢𝐫𝐞 𝐈𝐧 𝐒𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐧 𝐀𝐟𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚
The Zulu war was conducted as the British empire was exerting its influence in southern Africa. Rather like the first Anglo-Boer war two years later, the results weren't quite what the British commander, Lord Chelmsford, had envisaged.
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐈𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐧𝐚
When Lord Chelmsford divided his force in enemy territory, the Zulus launched a brave and disciplined attack on the camp at Isandlwana.
A combination of British errors and Zulu strategy resulted in the worst defeat the British ever suffered at the hands of a native African army.
No British soldier escape the ensuing massacre on foot.
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐑𝐨𝐫𝐤𝐞'𝐬 𝐃𝐫𝐢𝐟𝐭
High on the success at Isandlwana, a reserve unit of the Zulu army made their way to the mission station at Rorke's Drift which was acting as a supply depot and hospital for the British.
For over 12 hours the tiny British garrison held out against overwhelming odds and eventually the Zulus retired.
Learn more about British military history by signing up for exclusive talks and downloads at www.thehistorychap.com
FAQ
When was the Zulu War?
1879 in South Africa between the Zulu Kingdom and the British Empire.
When was the battle of Isandlwana?
21st January 1879.
Who won the battle of Isandlwana?
The Zulus fighting for their king Cetshwayo.
Why did the british lose the battle of Isandlwana?
A variety of reasons.
The British commander, Lord Chelmsford was convinced that the Zulu impi (army) was to the east and divided his force to go out to meet it, leaving the camp undermanned.
When was the battle of Rorke's Drift?
It was fought that night (21/22 January)
Who won the battle of Rorke's Drift?
The British.
How many Victoria Crosses were awarded at the battle of Rorke's Drift?
#zuluwar1879 #thebattleofrorkesdrift #battleofisandlwana
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My name is Chris Green ("The History Chap") and I am on a mission to share the amazing history of Britain so that we can appreciate where we have come from and why we are here.
History should not be stuffy or a long list of dates or kings & queens.
So rather than lectures or UA-cam animations, I tell stories that bring the past to life.
Just for the record, I do have a history degree and continue to have a passion for the subject I studied.
Disclaimer: All opinions and comments expressed in the 'Comments' section do not reflect the opinions of Chris Green Communication Ltd t/a The History Chap. All opinions and comments should contribute to the dialogue. Chris Green Communication Ltd does not condone written attacks, insults, racism, sexism, extremism, violence or otherwise questionable comments or material in the 'Comments' section, and reserves the right to delete any comment violating this rule or to block any poster from the channel.
Disclaimer: All opinions and comments expressed in the 'Comments' section do not reflect the opinions of Chris Green Communication Ltd t/a The History Chap. All opinions and comments should contribute to the dialogue. Chris Green Communication Ltd does not condone written attacks, insults, racism, sexism, extremism, violence or otherwise questionable comments or material in the 'Comments' section, and reserves the right to delete any comment violating this rule or to block any poster from the channel.
As a former soldier of B Coy 1st Battalion The Royal Regiment of Wales, 24 ft. I love the history of my regiment. This was very well told. Thank you for sharing.
To receive that praise from a former soldier of The Royal Regiment of Wales is very humbling. Thank you. What would you like to hear about in the future?
@@TheHistoryChap I like all military history. You deliver your commentary in a exemplary way, so thank you for sharing your knowlage.
@The Richest Man In Babylon I am well aware of the history of my Regiment.
Former rrw support coy left in 96
Left in 1993. B Coy 6 Plt.
Your passion and delivery of this historical event are complimented by exemplary story telling skills. Absolutely bringing history alive with the spoken word. I can say as a lover of history I can only wish I could bring to life the past in the same way that you do. Im your latest number one fan. Great job.
Thank you for your very kind feedback. Always glad to have a new number 1 fan.
Building up a series of talks on the Boer War and also Gordon of Khartoum.
Which aspects of history do you particularly enjoy?
Best wishes,
Chris
www.thehistorychap.com
Military history has always interested me although interested is to tame a word. I'm an American citizen facinated by British history both it's wins (many) and it's loses (many). Thanks for this wonderful (to tame a word) program. I am 70sh still learning. Ranger Palmer out.
@@TheHistoryChap Can I cut into your conversartion? You surely know that England and Portugal have the oldest Treaty in the world -Windsor to Methuen, I think-.
I am also sure you know the term "Amigo de Peniche"... 'Friend from Peniche'... Which, sadly, means... 'False friend'... Meaning.. Yes... The English.
As an anglophile, I regret this, this common relationship beeing so sad for centuries now... Could you do an episode about this matter, please, and put the matter closed?
American here. British History is fascinating. Outstanding content.
Many thanks for your kind words.
My Grandfather was born in South Africa and the movie ZULU was one of his favorite. I'm American, my Grandfather moved here in 1943. Subscribed.
Glad you enjoyed it. And thanks for the subscription too. What topics would you like me to cover in the future?
Very well done. There’s always a fascination with military disasters, primarily, what was going through these men’s minds in there last moments, such as the Little Bighorn and Isandlwana . My grandfather was badly wounded and left behind for a few days when his unit was overrun by Chinese in Korea in 1950. He passed away before I was born, but I always wondered about the fear he must’ve felt.
Thank you for sharing that very profound thought. I agree, that the moment of realisation that it was all over is very hard for us to gauge.
Best wishes,
Chris
www.thehistorychap.com
I've got an idea of what went through custers mind. I feel it would be something along the lines of "Where the fuck did all these Indians come from?????"
Sir, this is one of the most accurate and well told narration of these battles and your emotion at the end when describing how soldiers are treated after the fact was both poignant and brutally accurate. Huzzah to you!
Many thanks for your kind comments. Glad you enjoyed. Please consider subscribing to my channel. As we speak, I am working on a script for a talk on Gordon of Khartoum.
I know it didn't happen but when the British soldiers and Zulu warriors are singing a tribute to one another; it never fails to bring a lump to my throat.
One of THE BEST battle narratives I think I've ever heard. Right now, I can't ACTUALLY THINK OF A BETTER ONE.
Wow, Gregory, thank you for your kind comment.
If you enjoy my talks then please do subscribe or pop over to www.thehistorychap.com so that you don't miss any in the future.
Kindest Regards, Chris
Agreed.
Infectious and so glad I stumbled onto this.
I thought for a moment at the end tommy this and tommy that I detected a bit of emotion, your narration was beautiful and I too got emotional.
Thanks Ian. You detected right!
I so wish you had devoted more time to Isandlwana, especially as Rorke's Drift has its own dedicated podcast. There are so many more stories to tell, such as that of Durnford and his last stand. And how amazing that you have a piece of memorabilia from the site itself. I agree that it has an aura. I was there alone late one afternoon as the sun set and the moon rose, lighting the white cairns of the fallen. Not a sound aside from the evening breeze in the long grass. The atmosphere became distinctly eerie, if not spooky, making me feel I should clear out before it became fully dark.
David, fear not, a video dedicated solely to Isandlwana is on the way.
Love your description of the eerie feeling as dusk fell.
Like yourself I watched Zulu at the cinema with my father and was so enthralled by the film it started my lifelong fascination with British history. I grew up when countries on maps of the world were mainly pink due to the empire and I was proud that my country was so powerful. The older I got, and the more I read, the more horrified and embarrassed I became at how we achieved that empire. I still read books on history but mainly concentrate on WW1 & WW2, which is quite enough. Really enjoy your videos, very educational but also very easy on the ear and eye. Please can you do more on WW1 & WW2? Thanks for your time,
Stick with me as I will be moving onto more of WW1 and WW2.
I very much enjoyed this episode. You are an excellent narrator and storyteller, and you do your countrymen proud.
Very kind of you, thanks
What an amazing re- construction of one of the most famous battles the British Empire ever fought, Well done sir, from a man who since childhood has loved the zulu people and their culture, BAYETE BROTHER.
Thank you Ian.
uZulu uyakhuleka kuwe mfo kaAnderson (Greetings to you, son of Anderson, from amaZulu) 🙌
Ian, what topic or event would you like me to cover next?
Can somebody explain why British forces in Isandlwana did not utilize Isandlwana mountain , be it for scouting ( it would prevent being surprised by the "horn" of buffalo ) or deploying troops on mountain which would give them considerable advantage of shooting down also shooting at farther distance ,allowing better shooting at Zulus hiding in the grass or behind obstacles it would also force Zulus to run uphill which also would be greatly advantageous by slowing Zulu's advance . That mountain could have been used as almost a fortress . Probably moving guns there was very difficult if not impossible but rocket artillery could probably do it .Looks like there was enough warning time to move at list some sharp shooters there if not sizeable number of soldiers . Looks to me as climbing that mountain was not that difficult but maybe I am wrong .
@@TheHistoryChap Can somebody explain why British forces in Isandlwana did not utilize Isandlwana mountain , be it for scouting ( it would prevent being surprised by the "horn" of buffalo ) or deploying troops on mountain , which would give them considerable advantage of shooting down also shooting at farther distance ,allowing better shooting at Zulus hiding in the grass or behind obstacles it would also force Zulus to run uphill which also would be greatly advantageous by slowing Zulu's advance . That mountain could have been used as almost a fortress . Probably moving big guns there was very difficult if not impossible but rocket artillery could probably do it .Looks like there was enough warning time to move at list some sharp shooters there if not sizeable number of soldiers . Looks to me as climbing that mountain was not that difficult but maybe I am wrong .
I really appreciated the way you produced this, with so much respect for both sides. I’m an Australian, but the way you ended this was particularly respectful.
Many thanks Dan.
Please do subscribe so you don't miss new stories.
You might also be interested in my brand new video about how Napoleons great-nephew was killed in the Anglo-Zulu war of 1879
ua-cam.com/video/YNsToQsfXEo/v-deo.html
What a brilliant retelling of this amazing history. Makes you appreciate Zulu Dawn and Zulu keeping so close to facts.
Thank you for your kind comments. What would you love me to talk about in the future?
Neither of those films is anywhere near close to the facts I'm sorry to correct you.
@@timmo491 still a damned site closer than the dross put out by Hollywood and claiming to be historical epics.
@@DidMyGrandfatherMakeThis indeed
The Flashman novels got me interested in Victorian military history and I love your channel. You have a new avid fan in myself! Thank you for your wonderful presentations
Your videos, passionately relating the events, are a must see for all battlefield historians and those who love desolate, mystical sites. I must have passed you in the late 1960s at Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, with my parents leading my brother and me around the battlefields. The pikanins sold us cartridge shells and bullet heads (10 cents each) they had dug up, which my brother still cherishes to this day. My go-to place is Younghusband's last stand on the side of Isandlwana. Many years later I bumped into Ian Player (golfer Gary's brother) and we argued about what would have been the best British defence.
James, thank you so much for taking the time to share those memories.
@@TheHistoryChap0l
Brilliant and performed with so much knowledge and enthusiasm. It feels like you would be a redcoat at the ridge.
Thanks a lot, I won‘t miss one clip on your channel. As former major of the federal German forces I’m always surprised, how much things change in the armies- and how much didn’t.
Please excuse my English and please- continue!
Greetings from Germany
Thank you for your kind words.
Deeply appreciate it when former military comment.
Please make sure to subscribe to my channel so you don’t miss future videos.
Chris,
As someone who has also walked the ground at Isandlwana and Rorke's Drift, I thought your presentation an excellent summation. Thank you.
Forgive me if this has already been raised but there were two officers who 'lived through' the Battle of Isandlwana and who later achieved fame (or, in once case, notoriety) during the First World War. The first - and probably the better known - was Lieutenant Horace Smith-Dorrien, who was a Transport Officer in charge of an artillery logistics detachment and who escaped from the battle on his pony, despite being pursued by Zulus for what he estimated to be twenty miles. He would later fight at Omdurman, on the North-West Frontier in India and in the Second Boer War. As a Lieutenant General Smith Dorrien commanded II British Corps in 1914/1915, including at the Battles of Mons and Le Cateau. Indeed, at the latter, his decision to stand and fight probably saved the BEF but that did not prevent a vindictive (or perhaps jealous) Sir John French [C-in-C BEF] from sacking him in the autumn of 1915. The second 'survivor' was Lieutenant Archibald Berkley-Milne: "the Naval Officer whom Chelmsford ordered to climb a hill to use his telescope the see what was happening at Isandlwana". In August 1914, as Admiral Sir Archibald Berkley-Milne, he was C-in-C Mediterranean Fleet, despite having spent much of his service as a Captain and Junior Flag Officer in Royal Yachts (various) and as ADC to the King. Whatever, despite having a superior fleet, Berkley-Milne failed to prevent the German Battlecruiser SMS GOEBEN and her consort, the cruiser SMS BRESLAU, from escaping from Messina in Sicily and fleeing to Constantinople [now Istanbul], where the German warships' arrival (and subsequent incorporation into the Sultan's fleet), was a major contributory factor in Turkey's entry into WW1 on the side of the Central Powers. Despite being exonerated by a Court of Enquiry, Berkley-Milne spent the rest of the War on half pay before retiring (at his own request) in 1919.
Yours aye,
Adam Johnson
PTSD is devastating, I grew up in a house with WW2 vets, shared a bedroom with an uncle profoundly affected. It never occurred to me until adulthood that sharing a bedroom with someone who wakes up screaming 3-5 times a night is not necessarily a good thing. Take care of each other people!
Thank you for those thought provoking words.
This was one of the best lectures I think I have ever heard. I do not have a military history background, but you explained it in a way that I was easily able to understand everything. And your hand gestures: the one for the buffalo horn maneuver, I will never forget What that looks like because of your hand gesture. Simply phenomenal. I’m telling everyone I know about this channel. Again thank you
Laura, thank you so much for your kind words. What history do you most enjoy learning about?
True. I was actually helping my 2 kids with their assignments and after watching you could hear the fascination and understanding...I thought they will be bored but they listen to the end.
I also love the accuracy
@@TheHistoryChap Oh gosh! All history to be completely honest. Even the history of things as well as places and people.
@@laurajeannorris3549
????🤔
Great story here of very brave British soldiers fighting against overwhelming odds in a far away land under questionable leadership at the senior level who gave all they had. Being a multiple combat tour veteran I understand your line quoting Kipling, well said. Thank You
Hi Anthony,
I’m glad that you enjoyed my story.
Please make sure to subscribe for future videos.
ua-cam.com/users/TheHistoryChap
Chris
Best history lesson I've ever heard on Rorke's Drift. Masterfully presented. I'm an American and you're better than the History Guy in my opinion. I can practically recite the entire Zulu movie script by now. "I will be exalted in the earth. For the Lord of hosts is with us." "I hope so. As I live and die I hope so." My Dad took me to see the movie in 65 and I was on the edge of my seat. Funny thing is my Dad was a dentist and in the scene where Michael Cain opens his mouth wide to yell his first command to "fire!" my Dad said he could see all of his modern day dental work. When the VHS came out I could see he was right. Every crown and filling.
Thanks for your kind words.
Still one of my favourite films and your dad was right about the dental work.
Please make sure to subscribe for future videos.
ua-cam.com/users/TheHistoryChap
You are a great teacher, I've watched a few of your talks now, they are uniformly informative and masterfully presented.
Thant's very kind of you. Thank you for watching.
Bringing to light the heroic stand of the survivors of Roarke's drift that deserves to be remembered.
Thank you for taking the time to feedback.
If you haven't already, please consider subscribing to my UA-cam Channel.
The History Chap, Chris Green: well done and well said. Than you!
I served in the US Army Transportation Corp in Vietnam in 1968. We arrived in country just in time for the TET Offensive. I was a 1st hand witness as an ammo truck driver based next to Long Bihn ammo dump. We witnessed the ignorance of Army “intelligence”. In the 4 weeks we were getting settled in to the routes around Long Bihn and Saigon we kept hearing that the VC and NVA would be attacking us on their ancient traditional Chinese New Year TET. By the last few days before TET they even had us man the civilian supply trucks owned by a company called Philco Ford that the Vietnamese drivers normally drove around to the local Air Force and Army bases distributing supplies from Saigon Harbor and other depots.
So it became a joke that we were letting the Vietnamese drivers off for their holiday so they could attack us. Since we were new in country we had no idea how possibly true that joke could have been.
When we had first arrived in early January 1968 they stationed us on top of a hill overlooking the ammo dump. (supposedly the worlds largest) The top had been completely cleared off with no perimeter nor permanent guards like the ammo dump had. We had just enough time to pitch our large platoon sized tents before going to work driving the trucks in January,1968. So it was a real shock for us to be awakened late on TET eve by the VC attack on the ammo dump. We learned later it was a coordinated VC/NVA attack all across S. Vietnam.
Possibly what I think saved us was that the VC didn’t know we were there on top of the hill over looking the ammo dump, as their mission was to infiltrate the perimeter of the ammo dump and steal as much as possible then blow up the rest. So we became spectators to a full blown battle as the VC attack was fought off by the US Army MP guard force. Stray bullets rained down thru our tents as their tops were high enough on the leeward side of the hill top to catch them as they were raining down. The bullets were probably from the ammo dump guards and the artillery base perimeter across the small valley from our hill top. So we were ordered to man the perimeter that we had not fortified nor even established cover. We set out digging in with our small shovels filling sand bags for a line of bunkers. We were also ordered to hold our fire as they realized the VC were using a tactic when surrounded of drawing fire from both US sides to shoot at each other. Even though we were being fired on when the VC forces retreated through the jungle in the small valley below us.
So this reinforces the saying those who fail to study history are doomed to repeat it. Your research and talk could almost repeat what we experienced in Vietnam over a 9 year period, but over and over again. The need for accurate intelligence and an over whelming delivery system of ammo truck drivers, not being diverted to civilian use was crucial. All we had for defense was our new M-16 rifles that would jam after the 2nd round and a grenade launcher. We much preferred the older M-14 semi-automatic rifles we had been trained with. So maybe it was just as well we held our fire as the retreating VC force was trapped in that small valley thinking we were a viable defensive force.
After being pinned down for 3 days by the constant VC sniper fire the Air Force came in low, eye level to us, with two jet bombers and let loose with their napalm pods into that jungle in the valley below us. I felt sorry for those poor souls that had been shooting at us and blowing up numerous ammo pads. Even from our position the flames from the initial explosions of 4 napalm pods seared at our faces. I’ll never forget and pray for those brave souls who were attacking us to defend their country and form of communist government. In war everyone looses. Even to this day I suffer from a year long exposure to Agent Orange. I survived prostate cancer that was caused by the massive use of the deadly herbicide. But the cancer left a deep scar in my body as if I had been wounded in battle. I survived the war but it still hurts. I still have some PTSD, but it is OK, but triggered by things like your history. I’m drawn to this history like a moth to a flame. I’ll survive it. Thank you. Steve Rippeteau, retired railway conductor and PFC US Army 1966-1968.
So pleased that you enjoyed and thank you for sharing your story. I hope that others read it here.
If you haven't already, please consider subscribing to my UA-cam Channel for more talks.
Having just watched this video, the room is silent and actions still fill the atmosphere.
I have rarely, if EVER, been so engrossed by the spirit of battles fought all that time ago; and by someone who clearly knows the events and details - as well as Chris.
One would have to be stone-headed not to feel, as though they were at the scene. at Isandlwana, or during that long night at Rorkes Drift.
Thanks for posting these videos, and for your mastery of the subject.
Much of my own interests are about the Great War, and Battle of the Atlantic.
I do know exactly what you mean, by that feeling you got at battlefields like the African ones, or Culloden. I have been to Culloden Moor myself, and we were lucky to have a guide with the same knowledge and enthusiasm as yourself. Dressed as a huge Highlander, he showed the sweep of his left arm, with shield and dirk, then followed with his claymore in the right hand.
I got the same feeling at Marsden Moor, from the English Civil wars.(yes there were two). On one of many visits, I was describing the battle to my nephew, and as I finished, I heard applause behind, from people in a car which had pulled behind us and were quietly listening. Once again thanks Chris, The History Chap. Jack.
Jack, thank you for your kind words and for sharing your thoughts and experiences too.
@@TheHistoryChap You're welcome Chris. I'll be watching more,
As a Poet/Author, I know how it feels to get thoroughly into a subject. A fair bit of my material is Great War and other Military. ; and Lighthouses/Keepers.
Thank you for bringing this story to life. It makes me realise how little I really know of British history. Have a great weekend and good luck from Spain!!
Thanks for taking the time to watch and for your good wishes.
Good evening Sir, thank you very much for taking the time and for a brilliant telling and explanation of these events. Have a good evening.
Thank you for taking the time to send me a comment. If you would like to hear more then please do subscribe to my channel or join me at www.thehistorychap.com
I watched the entire presentation and you hit the nail right on the head in the last 20 seconds. The PBI (poor bloody infantry) are always the most under appreciated guys in any conflict, especially in British Colonial conflicts. Tommy is the hero, not Rupert. I presented The Battle of Rorkes Drift as my thesis at Sandhurst, and was roundly condemned.
Thank you for your kind words and I'm glad you enjoyed it.
Ha ha, I can imagine the Ruperts didn't like your message at Sandhurst !
Please make sure to subscribe to my channel so you don’t miss future videos.
ua-cam.com/users/TheHistoryChap
Upload it here, one day, Tony! Never mind the Ruperts A load of us will wan to hear it!!
Thank you. I found your documentary excellent. I am English and have stayed at a Zulu Kraal over many years and found the battle of Isandhlwana still told as a story as though it had happened yesterday and not 100 years ago. Ngiyabonga. Sala kahle.
Many thanks. Glad you enjoyed.
Such an excellent historical reporter. Relating the historical fact in such a vivid fashion I could almost feel the weight of the Martini Henry in my sweaty hands. The vision of determined warriors in full run toward our lines, the very ground vibrating under our feet. I look forward to more brilliant episodes. Few professional story tellers, such as the ones still about in Africa and in Uzbekistan and it's surrounding nations could surpass this gentleman. This was a real treat.
Mario, that is such lovely feedback, thank you. If you haven't already please subscribe to my channel and also take part in my history survey at www.thehistorychap.com/yt-survey
Zulu is one of my favourite films 140 soldiers defending an outpost against over a thousand Zulu warriors. The tactics of defending against such a large enemy was amazing. The zulus did have guns old musket rifles which killed a few of our soldiers. We lost around 17 and there losses were over 800 warriors.
I saw Zulu when I was about 6. Still one of my favourites. Lots of inaccuracies but still a great story well told.
thank gosh for the Brits that theres not many trees in that part of Africa otherwise the Zulus would have had tons of Bows and arrows
The British Alamo
I doubt the British soldier tell the lost of their soldier
D last war between Israel n Hezbollah d Hezbollah never tell the world their real lost of fighter to save their image
So we understand
A very good film but with some innacuracies eg Lt Bromhead VC was not the handsome, dashing young officer portrayed by Michael Caine but elderly for a subaltern - even by Victorian army standards - and deaf in one ear. Was that why he was back at base? That said he and Chard performed superbly,
A very informative account of the defence of Rorkes Drift a story that has engaged my mind from childhood as Bromhead grew up in the village next to the one I grew up in and there is a memorial to him in the local church .
Thank you for your kind comment and I am glad that you enjoyed it.
If you haven't already, please consider subscribing to my channel.
Chris (www.thehistorychap.com)
It's nice to see history told, with honest, and from a man who cares very much for the subject and those who have been forgotten.
Many thanks David. If you haven't already please subscribe to my channel. Also take part in my history survey at. www.thehistorychap.com/yt-survey
Chris, I'm taking the time to watch some of your older videos and really enjoying them. If I can I will watch all of them, because I really love the way you tell history and bring it alive. It takes a special talent to do that and you my friend have that gift, kudos to you 👏 🙌
Harry, I’m impressed that you’re going through my back catalogue. This particular video was from the early days and it’s the one that got me my first 1000 subscribers.
Thank you for this perfectly fascinating description of an event which has inspired my respect and admiration for the British and continues to renew it.
Thanks, if you are keen to discover more bite-sized chunks about British history then pop over to my website & sign up for my free weekly newsletter and short video: www.thehistorychap.com
Hi Michael, what event would you like me to talk about next?
@@TheHistoryChap since you’re asking, I’d be interested in hearing about the Crimean war, the charge of the light brigade. That is If you don’t mind my butting in and asking.
@@TheHistoryChap😊
Another excellent presentation History Chap! I thoroughly enjoy your talks of British Military History, which I find fascinating. I have seen Zulu several times and enjoyed it each time. Zulu Dawn too. I especially enjoy how you address the inaccuracies and omissions of fact and bring the real history to light. Thank you for posting.
Thomas, thank you for your kind words and for watching in the first place. Truly grateful.
Excellent. Really enjoyed that.
Thank you David. Have you ever been to the battlefields?
@@TheHistoryChap not in South Africa, I’ve been to Ypres and Flanders a couple of times.
@@davidsteer1941 I visited the D-Day beaches a couple of years ago - very poignant.
Today I was at the site of the battle of Towton (Wars of the Roses).
As a still serving Australian Army Officer who joined the army and went thru military college exactly 100 years afterbthe events here.. i can still remember seeing the movie for the first time as it was shown to us as part of a leadership behaviour program.. still remeber vibidly 40plus years later.. had a profound affect
well done history man
Thanks Pete. What would you love to hear me talk about in the future?
@@TheHistoryChap the last Calvary charge of WW1
or the british retreat from afghanistan in the 1840s
Subscribed! What a story teller. I wish you'd been my history teacher at school, I'd have taken the subject and enjoyed it. Excellent interpretation, thank you.
Thank you Norman. Looking to do some more...Boer War, Gordon of Khartoum, the Indian Mutiny for starters.
@@TheHistoryChap excellent! would also be interested to see the early history of the Falklands explained as it changed hands multiple times. There's also the WW1 sea battle to look at.
Anything on the battle of East Stoke? A very bloody battle near Newark that's all but forgotten.
One of the most enjoyable presentations on these events, I have ever watched. (And i watch a lot to them on this period, and many several times over).
Hi Susan, thank you. What would you like me to cover next? Oh, and if you enjoy history then you might like my talk "Murder, Marriage & Mayhem - how the Tudors won the throne of England" at bit.ly/3b1LoLY
Absolutely brilliant, indept and none bias. I would have liked to have seen maps with some kind of illustration of battle/ troop movements. But that's me being greedy. Overall this is fantastic. I have now subscribed to your channel.
Lee, thanks for your kind words. Interactive maps would be good although might me testing my IT skills beyond their limit!
That was fantastic and easy to digest. A special thank you for the call out for our combat veterans.
Thank you for your kind words.
Please make sure to subscribe to my channel so you don’t miss future videos.
Thank you for sharing. This deserves to be shared far and wide. 👏 Subscribed.
James, thank you for your kind words. Hopefully, you worked out that I am passionate about this moment in history. What would you love to hear from me next?
Thank you for this very evocative and interesting talk. There was real pathos on both sides of the story, not least the post-war struggles of the brave British soldiers.
I’m glad that you enjoyed my story.
Please make sure to subscribe for future videos.
Oh very well done indeed especially your comment at the end about how veterans are still treated followed by with that marvellous quote from Kipling! (I'm ex-Australian Army btw)
Thanks for your kind words.
Watch out this week as I am releasing a video about what happened to the VC winners from Rorke's Drift. Have visited 4 of their graves as part of the video.
ua-cam.com/users/TheHistoryChap
Stirling, Old Chap!!! Here! Here! Simply riveting. (from a former Colony....across the pond) US Navy Vet.....I typed the former statement before the end...Extremely touching and powerful conclusion. Thank you.
Randy, thanks for your kind comments. I'm glad you enjoyed: Happy Thanksgiving.
I understand the man who influenced and guided the successful defence of Rorkes Drift was James Langley Dalton.
He had more military experience than either Bromhead or Chard, who were initially considering evacuating the post. Dalton is nearly always overlooked.
Hi Paul, thanks for taking the time to highlight the contribution of James Langley Dalton.
To be fair, either Chard or Bromhead, (I forget which one), really pressed for Dalton to get the VC.
My Dad would have loved this narrative and fascinating insight into the Zulu battles of 1879.
Thank you Robert. That's very kind. Have you ever visited the battlefields?
@@TheHistoryChap Unfortunately no,but should the occasion arise I would take that opportunity
Really enjoyed the narrative, prompted me to watch Zulu Dawn again. I also looked up the Order of Battle, have always been interested in stats like numbers in each brigade, battalion, division etc from the Napoleonic era onward. Thanks 👍
Glad you enjoyed. Thanks for your support
Thank you for this re-telling, you did such a great job
Thank you so much for that kind comment.
I just found you! Wonderful! My lovely old Scot who died this past January ten days before his 93rd birthday introduced the film Zulu to me. I was astonished. You brought me back to the day my lovely old Scot had me watch "Zulu". Now I have further background to what went on and who these combatants were. Thank you!! (Yes, I am a woman, but I am also an Aries ruled by Mars the God of war)...
I'm so pleased that I brought back some memories for you. If you are interested in finding out more about British history then sign up for my weekly free newsletter and video (about 10 minutes long) where I share several short stories. www.thehistorychap.com
Christy, what would you like me to cover next?
Great talk!
I find parallels between Isandlwana and Little Bighorn three years earlier...both had troops in an almost linear disposition protecting a 'front' with no care for the enemy to infiltrate or move behind!
Great observation. Thanks for sharing.
Also, the sheer numbers and crippling casualty rates of the attackers, making them pyrrhic (sp) victories.
"Assegai through the heart", etc
Thx for sharing history with knowledge and passion. Cheers from Denmark 🇩🇰
An outstanding, gripping narrative of these two battles, thank you very much!
Thank you for your kind words.
Please make sure to subscribe to my channel so you don’t miss future videos.
You might also be interested in my brand new video about how Napoleons great-nephew was killed in the Anglo-Zulu war of 1879
ua-cam.com/video/YNsToQsfXEo/v-deo.html
Thank you so much I really enjoyed the history lesson bringing the story upto date with facts,harry
Hi Harry, thank you for your kind comment. If you enjoy learning about history you might be interested in my latest talk: "Murder, Marriage & Mayhem - How the Tudors won the throne of England". You can get hold of it at www.thehistorychap.com
Harry, what would you like me to cover in the future?
Fantastic video, a great story told by a great storyteller! Liked & Subbed - looking forward to more of this :)
Thanks for your kind comments. What would you love me to talk about in future?
@@TheHistoryChap I would love to hear your take on the rebellion of Queen Boudica & the Battle of Watling Street!!
Well done... a brave and insightful summary of that era... well done.
Many thanks. I appreciate you taking the time to comment.
The postscript was clearly an emotional one for you Sir, Cpl Williams appreciates the storytelling, and the thought, and grit behind it.
Many thanks for your kind words.
This is a great little piece concerning these two battles. Thank you for the work and I hope to see more.
Thanks John. Make sure that you don't miss further talks by subscribing & hitting the little bell icon.
What would you like to hear about in the future?
You Sir...are brilliant! i could listen to your retelling of these battles all day, and have just subscribed so i can.
Thank you.
Really appreciate you taking the time to give me a cheer! Thank you.
I have been fascinated by the story of rorkes drift since the age of 14. Your expert and superbly detailed recount has filled in so much more. I commend you endlessly for it. I am now a subscriber. Well done.
144 years ago today.
Brave men on both sides. RIP.
Thanks for reminding everyone.
*Thank you so much for that excellent presentation.* I had many channels & videos to choose from when seeking to explore this subject, but I’m very glad indeed that I chose yours... You really brought both engagements to life by not only setting the background scene & detailing the military manoeuvres… but also by focusing significantly - & very empathetically - on the personal details of the various participants that many narrators disregard or merely gloss over while they present their account of such Historical encounters in purely political & militaristic terms. Very Well Done! 🤝
Thank you for taking the time to get in touch. I'm so glad that you enjoyed it.
If you haven't already please do subscribe to my channel (working up some talks on the Anglo-Boer wars and also Gordon of Khartoum).
You might also be interested in my talk on 1066 & the battle of Hastings over at www.thehistorychap.com
@@TheHistoryChap Thank you Chris. I am indeed very interested in all of those subjects & I THOUGHT I had subscribed but - upon checking just now - it seems I hadn’t! I think I may have clicked the bell twice by accident, instead of once & then selecting “all notifications.” 🤦🏻♂️ No matter; I’ve just rectified that. Look forward to enjoying much more of your excellent content from now on. 😊👍 All the best ~ LOUIS C.
@@the5thmusketeer215 I am sometimes enthusiastic like that too and press buttons so fast that I ended subscribing and unsubscribing!
Looking forward to delivering talks on both of those subjects. A few years ago I actually visited Khartoum. Amazing place.
@@TheHistoryChap I’ve never visited Khartoum, but I actually shared a bottle of Gordon’s Gin once….. 😉… 😳… 🤨 Err… Okay, I’ll get my coat. I was leaving anyway….. 🤦🏻♂️
@@the5thmusketeer215 I'm chuckling away here...stay!
Sir,
That was a terrific narrative of a very unknown battle in the USA. You are a very talented story teller. Keep the stories coming!
This was a very fair and even handed narrative. Both sides fought bravely and fanatically for their side.
Hi John, thank you for your comments. I do try to be even handed when I tell stories from history and you are right that both sides fought bravely. I will definitely keep more stories coming so subscribe to my UA-cam channel. Also, if you enjoy learning about history you might like to watch my latest talk: "Murder, Marriage & Mayhem - How the Tudors won the throne of England". Watch it at bit.ly/3b1LoLY
It's not unknown if you listen to Sabaton
Wow. This was great. Thank you.
Glad you enjoyed it. What would you love me to talk about in the future?\
Marvelous presentation. That those brave troopers, whose average height was 5, 3", managed to fight for hours armed with those heavy 9 lb Martini-Henry rifles is remarkable in itself. Thank you!...😳
Thank you for your kind words and I am glad that you enjoyed my story.
Please make sure to subscribe to my channel so you don’t miss future videos.
That was really good thanks, I've studied this conflict extensively and you covered all the bases and even some I didn't know.
Jason, I'm glad that you enjoyed it. I try to find useful little nuggets and also to link it to the present day because we are at this point in history due to the events that have happened before us (good & bad).
Very interesting run through. Thanks for putting this together 👌
My pleasure George and thank you for taking the time to comment.
Thanks for the video presentation and the book recommend. Just ordered it in hardcover.
Thank you for taking the time to comment and I hope that you enjoy the read. Please do subscribe to my channel for more upcoming talks including the Boer War and Gordon of Khartoum.
Also take part in my history survey: www.thehistorychap.com/yt-survey
Thank you Chris for a simple and direct explanation of these two actions. You have no bias towards either side, you just tell it how it is in a very direct and easy to follow manner.
So glad I’ve came across you on You Tube. 👍
Andrew, thanks for those kind words. Glad that you enjoyed.
I count ZULU as one of my favorite movies in all 3 categories of History,war and adventure. It caused me to find and appreciate the history of England and her many wars,Boar, WWI and WWII as well as her history of growth and Royalty.
I have subscribed and hit the bell for all notifications!
Thank you for your. Great channell.
Thanks Larry. I first saw Zulu when I was about 6 years old and it fired my interest. Apart from Zulu Wars what history / military history do you enjoy learning about?
@@TheHistoryChap
Both world wars. I like most war history. Not so much my war VIET NAM.
I enjoy Naval History as i sered 4 years. 1964 to 68.
Thank you for your good work!
@@larrygarrett724 I am developing my series of talks on various wars (involving the Brits - of which there are quite a few!). Interested in your naval service. Did you know that Hitler's nephew served in the US Navy during WW2?
@@TheHistoryChap yes.i did know of Hitler's nephew's naval service. Not much is said about that. I will look forward to your new content.
@@TheHistoryChap i served from august 1965 to oct. 1968 aboard the USS DALE DLG19. I was a Radarman in CIC ( combat information center). I stood watches in both the surface and air picture areas. My main duty during launch and recovery of aircraft from the carrier was to man the SAR radio net. ( search and recovery) of downed pilots. We had a helo on board for recovery. Our ship was to maintain 2000 yards in the wake of the carrier during our plane guard duties. We also screened returning aircraft for the correct IFF code they were to squawk. IFF( identification friendly or foe). Our ship had a great crew and was a new ship at the time. Surface to air missiles and anti sub rockets onboard. I made 2 Wespac cruises to Viet Nam.
Very interesting and informative narrative of events.
I've been fascinated with the history of the Zulu war ever since I watched Zulu and Zulu Dawn when I was young.
The cause of the disaster at Isandlwana ultimately stops with the commander at the top, Chelmsford. I'm glad history holds him responsible.
Complete contrast to the brave warriors on both sides which we'll never forget.
Thank you for taking the time to comment. What other historical events interest you?
Excellent. Thank you.
Thank you. I'm glad that you enjoyed it. If you haven't already please take a moment to subscribe to my channel or get my free talks "1066: England's Game of Thrones" at www.thehistorychap.com.
Best wishes,
Chris
Well done, Sir.
I am listening to his agian as I enjoyed it so much the first time.
I look forward to your next outstanding lecture.
Wow, I am very grateful. Got lots more in the pipeline (I just need 25 hour days!!!)
@@TheHistoryChap Outstanding!
No rush - these things take a lot more time than I can imagine to produce.
Keep up the good work THC :^)
Youve missed perhaps the key point regarding the defence. Pulleine was not a Colonel, he was a brevet Lieutenant Colonel. This means he held an honorary rank and his true rank was therefore Major. He had no campaign experience and should not have been in charge of any camp let alone the rear of the column. Lieutenant Conel Durnford was in fact senior to Pulleine (as he well knew), and he should not have ridden out of the camp with the Light Horse to engage the Zulu advance. As a result the position was too broadly defended and the outlying companies were posted too far away from the camp. Rookie error by a rookie soldier in Pulleine. Durnford should have set the defensive position which should have been nearer the foot of the kopje with wagons circled, and that would have given the Defenders a slim chance despite the vast odds 24 -1. Ultimately Chelmsford was to blame but Durnford despite offering his horse to a wounded soldier and fighting to the death, has some culpability for riding out of the camp as the experienced senior man. Another example of how important experience was in Africa was that both Chard and Bromhead took the advice of Commissary Dalton at Rorkes Drift, a retiring senior soldier in charge of stores. It was Daltons suggestion to split the camp and create a redoubt which undeniably saved the British force. Dalton is never credited due to Stanley Baker's overriding nonsense portrayal in the film which he tried to recreate as a 'Welsh' victory (the 24th is a Warwickshire Regiment from Birmingham, England). Dalton is never credited, but he received a special regimental salute as a retired soldier and member of the onlooking crowd when the 24th embarked for England at the end of their tour. Both Chard and Bromhead mentioned his inspired intervention in the letters to Queen Victoria. Experience is everything.
Many thanks for contributing. Love all the expertise and opinions that viewers bring to my videos.
Timmo491, bang on the money sir. Also Chelmsford was a fav of the queen so he didn’t take the rap.
@@09ericthered Lucky favouritism doesn't still protect people who fail ha ha!
Very Good point!
Well done! I enjoyed your presentation very much.
Thanks Frank. I find it a fascinating story on so many levels. Two years ago I was camping in a remote village in north Devon and in the churchyard I discovered the grave of a Rorke's Drift defender. Amazing. Pop over to www.thehistorychap.com to get access to more stories from British history.
I was lucky enough to visit both sites in 1976 aged 13 when my Dad worked for a car company in Durban.
I completely get that erie feeling at isandlwana , a strange feeling as a kid but very real.
Nice job on the video, interesting fact about Madeira
👍🏼🏴☠️✌🏼
Thanks for sharing your memories
So very sad when so many of the veterans of the battle add such a struggle in life after such a harrowing experience, many suffering immensely!
Thank you for taking the time to comment.
My great uncle, Stephen England, was 18 years old when he went to South Africa to fight the Zulus. He died of fever a month before the rest of his regiment died at Isandlwana. There is a monument in his memory at the church in Shepton Beauchamp, Somerset.
Fascinating Fred. Thanks for sharing. Next time ~I am down in Somerset I will try to visit the church. What other subjects would you like to hear me talk about?
Fantastic storytelling sir! I was absolutely mesmerized. I remember seeing the film, and becoming fascinated with this battle and British military history in general. As an American I can’t get enough of the history of the peninsular wars and the Royal Navy of this era. Are you a history professor by any chance?
Hi Daniel, thank you for your kind words. No I'm not a history professor but I do hold a History degree from many years ago. Thinking about studying for a masters degree in military history but not keen on writing essays!
If you haven't already, please do consider subscribing to my UA-cam channel.
What a wonderful orator, an amazing ability to bring the facts to life. I had no particular interest in this part of history before, I have now. Thank you
Steve, many thanks for your kind words. Thanks for watching.
Very enthusiastic and thrilling presentation ofthesebattles. Thank you very much for that. That gives history life. Perfect
I’m glad that you enjoyed my story.
Please make sure to subscribe for future videos.
Thanks for this brilliant explanation of a historic battle. Sounds like Chelmsford was to blame for this terrible loss of life, and the Zulus were in their right to defend themselves
Zulus were absolutely right to defend their country. Chelmsford never commanded in the field again after this war (but Queen Victoria liked him so he was never sacked).
What would you like me to talk about in the future?
@@TheHistoryChap perhaps Britain's involvement regarding Israel and Palestine?
@@blooskyy7 Very pertinent at this present time. Fascinating story. Let me see how I can present it in a simple way. Thanks for the idea. By the way you may be interested in my latest talk "Murder, Marriage & Mayhem - how the Tudors grabbed the throne of England". Different vera but lots of intrigue. Can download at www.thehistorychap.com
At Isandlwana itself, Durnford was probably most to blame in a tactical sense.
This is a amazing video on a very under-valued topic
Thank you Adrian.
Adrian, what topic or event would you like me to talk about next?
well mr Green , you would have to be one of the best norators I have heard . Very clear and the excitement in your voice almosts puts you there with these men .. I joined the Australian Army in 1974 , and Zulu was the film we watched , because of the way the soldiers followed orders ., Discipline. To be honest , I have watched this movie once or twice a year since then ..I also believe it is still shown now to Aussie troops . . I look forward to your following episodes ..
Thank you for watching and for taking the time to comment.
Check out my channel and my latest video "Saving the Queen's Colour..."
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I think between yourself and Mark Felton, my thirst for even more knowledge is truly satisfied. Indeed, myths of big battles such as these are what annoy me more than anything. Many thanks for your work.
Jason, thank you for taking the time to give me this lovely feedback. To be put in the same camp as Mark Felton is an honour indeed. If you haven't please consider subscribing and also taking part in my survey www.thehistorychap.com/yt-survey
Brilliantly explained really enjoyed it.
Glad you enjoyed it!
What would you love to hear about next?
@@TheHistoryChap The mistakes at Isandlwana and who was to blame for such a military blunder?
@@bernardjay379 Thanks. Let me see what I can put together.
@@TheHistoryChap thank you.
Great stuff, my man. How do you feel about covering the Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge? It was over quickly, but proved to be a consequential loss for the Loyalists. Clinton had to move the southern front from N.Carolina to S.Carolina. Again great presentation.
Thanks for your kind comments and your suggestion. Just been reading up on Moore's Creek Bridge. If you haven't then do subscribe to my UA-cam Channel or sign up for my weekly video at www.thehistorychap.com
@@TheHistoryChap Subbed.
@@j.p.holiday8899 Many thanks sir.
This was the greatest and most accurate description of this battle I've heard. And I want to give yoi a big thanks for this.
Wow, thank you for such kind words.
I'm glad that you enjoyed my story.
Please do subscribe so that you don't miss new releases.
You might also be interested in my brand new video about how Napoleons great-nephew was killed in the Anglo-Zulu war of 1879
ua-cam.com/video/YNsToQsfXEo/v-deo.html
Well done. Thank you for this.
My pleasure. I'm glad that you enjoyed it. Please consider subscribing to my UA-cam channel for further talks.
The Zulu reserve at Rorkes Drift was led by uMntwana uDabulamanzi kaMpande..
My Granpa's Grandfather..
Wow, thanks for sharing. The Zulu leadership probably proved decisive at Isandlwana. Brave men.
What would you love to hear about in my next talk ?
Your Zulu ancestors were brave men and deserve much respect,Harry
is there another story from history that you'd like me to tell (doesn't have to be from South Africa)?
@Phumi Buthelezi Great to have some Zulu input here. Brave soldiers fighting for the old order.
Besides the Welsh singing didn't happen . The Zulus wanted the cattle at Rourke's drift. So once the cattle were released the Zulu attack ended. The Zulus disappeared quick as they appeared. However it was a brave defence i agree. Film producers have a lot to answer for distorting historical facts to boost there reputation and make money.
What story would you like to hear next?
What? The Zulus weren't after cattle at Rorkes Drift. They were after British soldiers, and failed. They went home only after they saw over 2,000 men of Chelmsfords force returning in the morning and were too exhausted and with too many casualties to fight anymore. They wisely went home. I dont blame them.
Absolutely brilliant telling of 2 of Britain's most famous battles, i remember reading about Henry hooke being misinterpreted as a coward his family wanted an apology as he was very brave in helping to evacuate the hospital and his actions through out the day.
I’m glad that you enjoyed my story.
Yes, you are right that Hook VC's family were upset about his depiction in the film.
Please make sure to subscribe for future videos.
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Yes indeed i will
Hopefully you could do a history chat on the battle of arnhem in 1944 which was the british airbornes finest hour.
You might also be interested in my brand new video about how Napoleons great-nephew was killed in the Anglo-Zulu war of 1879
ua-cam.com/video/YNsToQsfXEo/v-deo.html
Just wanted to say mate, I love your enthusiasm. You remind me of my History teacher in school and the reason why I love History and eventually went on to study it. Keep up the good work, Sir.
That's very kind of you. Thanks.
Just ran across this by accident, and I am thankful I did. A wonderful account of the bravery of the soldiers on both sides, and the tactical genius of the Cetshwayo. I have read ma bit on the Rouke's Drift survivors and their life difficulties and accomplishments. Colour Sergeant Bourne's story is particularly interesting. Thanks for your telling of these events it brings honor to the soldiers on both sides who were there fighting for their Home and their Country.
I am grateful for your comments. What would you like to hear about in the future?
@@TheHistoryChap anything this long and well-presented
Great, fair-minded corrective to so much BS created by the Upper Class. Also remember, the British *invaded* the Zulu homeland. The treatment of the British survivors remains deplorable - as every Veteran knows from their own experience.
Hook also rose to the rank of (Lt?) Colonel.
Chard was placed in charge of Kwa Jim (the Zulu name for Rorke’s Drift) by the commanding officer (name forgotten), who nicked off somewhat before the battle. The scene in the film Zulu, in which Bromhead and Chard argue about seniority, is good cinema, but it’s fiction.
Alistair, thank you for taking the time to comment and also thank you for your kind comments. You are absolutely correct that Chard was only temporarily in charge at Rorke's Drift because his commander (Captain Spalding) was elsewhere. And yes, the confrontation between Chard & Bromhead whilst good cinema didn't take place...not did the singing of Men of Harlech! But again good cinema.
I believe you're thinking of Colour Sergeant Frank Bourne who became a Lieutenant Colonel near the end of WW I.
So well narrated. Such an interesting story .
Thank you for sharing this historical event.
My pleasure, David. Thanks for watching.
Wonderful!
Thank you Gary. What history do you most enjoy?
I have subscribed and joined your fan base!!!!!!