I love how horse training is evolving. The horse thrives in freedom so allowing the horse to choose to work with the trainer delivers real and consistent results. The best part is the horse’s character remains intact. You get to see who your horse is and their natural skill set because each has different talents and ability
this was just said in the perfect way. There is much more respect happening towards horses. They are more and more partners,and not something that we can boss a round however we want. And for real animal friends,this change is everything we could ask for.
What a "poor baby & and his message is definitely NOT working on you." Exactly so - he wants to get rid of you. Still, NOT a mean horse. If he was, you wouldn't have been blessed to make this video. Work your magic!
Just stumbled upon your channel. I have had horses for 54 years and have trained my own and friends horses alike. I have never seen an approach like yours and am truly impressed. Working with and training horses is a constant evolution and you have given your audience new tools to be successful, thank you.
Hi Christian, Thank you so much for your comment. I am hoping to show people who haven't seen this sort of training new ideas to help them solve any issues they might have with their horses. 💕🐎🍃
@@Stardust_Truth_Seekerthis is t meant to be a criticism of Steve however. What this lady is doing and what Steve does are very different. Steve uses mostly negative reinforcement with some positive punishment. His training is more fear/dominance based. Whilst he does a good job of that it’s all about ‘control’ this kind of training is about connection. There is a huge difference
With the gift you have don't apologize for promoting yourself. You're brilliant with these horses. And to see him more settled and not living in stress is a gift in itself. Good luck! Keep promoting the heck out of yourself.❤❤❤
@@myyounghorses My 94 year old Dad is down there today on his care home excursion bus. Small world. I'm further up the island. Where are you, generally speaking. No worries if you'd rather not say:)
I was very skeptical at first when you didn’t ‘correct’ his aggressiveness towards you and you seemed to back down and let him move your feet but …well I’ll eat my hat!… this was a joy to watch, excellent training and horsemanship Connie keep making the videos ❤
Hi Elizabeth I really apprieciate your comment and that really helps me as its good to know what people are thinking when they watch the video. For me its all about letting the horse feel safe. If he feels safe the most of the neg behaviours will disappear so there is less work for me to do Many thanks 🐴🏇🍰💗
This is the first time I've seen your channel, and I have to say I'm so impressed by your training methods. You recognized his aggression towards food, and his behavior was due to the humans teaching him he could tell them to "back off" but your method was calm, and full of positive reinforcement - you did use food when appropriate, and all the while still thinking of how best to protect yourself! It's quite incredible! Seeing him happy at the end of the video is remarkable, because at the end of the day it's to help *him* be happier about life - he was unsettled, stressed, and uncomfortable with life, but now he feels safer and it's thanks to your patience and kindness. I have subscribed and I'm looking forward to seeing more ❤
Thank you so much for your comment. I am hoping to do more videos. It is not often I have good before and after videos as when a horse comes to me I want to keep them in a state of calm so they don't show their uncomfortable behaviour very often but with this guy, it didn't take much to unsettle him and he had to learn that he couldn't use it to get what he wanted. I hope you enjoy the ones to come 💕
Nice work, very impressive. This horse looks so young how can it already be this aggressive to humans? Poor thing. Thank you for giving him this opportunity!
What a beautiful communication! This is real horsemanship. You know horse psychology and body language, but combined with consequence, patience and kindness. I wonder how old this horse is. Looks like two years to me. I have big respect towards people like you. Thank you for helping that beautiful horse.
Oh Connie, this whole video was incredibly touching, so many moments here of how Neville was 6 years ago….. fascinating to watch, it’s taken me years to achieve what you’ve done here. I’m in absolute awe of your quiet gentle but oh so sensible ways.
I’ve never been around horses and I don’t know much about them, but this was absolutely wonderful to watch. Keep doing what you’re doing, it’s fantastic!
I recently had the chance to work with birds of prey and the training we did there was very similar- reward good behavior and do not reward undesirable behavior. There is no need to punish, and in fact it is actively detrimental to the animal and the relationship between it and humans. Animals preform much better and more reliably when they feel safe and that they have a choice in the matter. It is also far less stressful and traumatizing. I am so glad to see the culture shifting in the animal training world to that of positive reinforcement.
How amazing. I've never worked with birds, but my nephew trained a cockateil which he could let free and just whistle him back when it was time to come home.
Fantastic! So different to some stranger invading their space waving flags about. I'm so tired of seeing a shut down horse portrayed as 'tamed'. This here is real bonding, trust building first followed by training. So glad I found your videos
So glad there are people like you who understand the change I am aiiming for. I am surprised how little there is on youtube training horses this way. It is so much easier for the horse and the trainer, and like you say the results are so different to the flooding techniques often used.
@@myyounghorses I guess its similar to dog training, so much 'quick fix' and dominance advice on here and not enough the other way. Sad really, you can have a much better relationship with your animal when you develop that bond of trust. Thank you for sharing your method
yes you are right but if he is told off for his behaviour I think he would become more dangerous because he would then learn to hide how he feels and so would go from looking kind to bitting so I suppose if you are inexperienced and have a horse like this its best to find a good trainer who understands that you need to change the need to behave in this way rather then supress the behaviour making him unpredictable 🐎💕💕
Beautiful video. I was shocked at the similarities. My horse, also black with socks but a mare, was aggressive initially. Being new to horses, her scared lunges and attacks confused me. Wish I'd seen this video earlier. I'll watch it again. Simply beautiful. It's almost like your voiceover is reading out loud what's on my mind. Amazing sync 😊
Connie, its beautiful to watch you work with this horse. You appear to have mastered your training skills as well as decision-making and your own self-regulation. Not easy to stay calm when presented with these behaviors! I commend you and will be using this video to teach my students with because I think it is such a good example as comparison to traditional methods. I also use a combination of R- and R+ and find it allows me to use far less pressure and keep the horse more engaged and motivated. Nice work and thank you for sharing it!!!
Hi Sadie Thank you so much for your comment. I was really hoping this was going to help debunk the myth that positive reinforcement makes horses rude and nippy. I am so pleased it will help you teach your students
I haven’t been around horses in so long I really enjoy watching training videos. I’ve seen some nightmare trainers who hit the horse they are training. You stay calm and don’t raise your voice. It was such a pleasure watching you.
There are so many good people out here training horses, and other animals, like this! Warwick Schiller, Elisa Wallace, Anna Blake, they all work with horses rather than against them, and the results speak for them better than any words I could think of. I have ridden off and on since my teens and dreamed of something like this from the beginning but no one even thought horses could think or reason, let alone were recognized for their prey animal instincts. I couldn’t afford to ride often after my teens (in the 70s) but in my forties I met up with an old riding friend who was studying natural horsemanship. She wasn’t a slave to the movement, not a true believer, but the filly she raised up was treated with the utmost respect and integrity, with an awareness of her instincts. She worked with this mare and when I got to ride her she was such an education for me! Then, Covid came along and I threw myself into UA-cam sorting through horse trainers until I found folks who were really studying horses and the limited science about them. I used what I learned with that beautiful mare and the changes in our relationship were nothing but positive… Anyway. Good People are changing things! This channel is another GREAT example of this! I look forward to learning from you and the horses who have the good fortune to work with you!
If only everyone understood horse behaviour like you do. He looks like he had been struck with hands. Horses do not forget. I love you saying it's important to make a good first impression. It is! Really lovely to see his trust develop. He's so much happier and living a better life. What a wonderful thing youve given him. Btw he's gorgeous and I'm mad for him 😂. Subscribed. ❤
Not being a fan of hand feeding I must admit that in this case it served a purpose. Lady you have got a lot of guts and used an excellent way of changing this horse's behaviour. I am duly impressed. Congratulations.
You are so inspiring! Thank you for showing your creative process with your training. You really do help change how horses feel about life with humans.
Hi Wesley. thank you very much for watching. Its difficult to get it into words but hopefully with practise I will improve. Thank you for your support 🐎💕🐎
I just love what you did with him. I’m so impressed. This current horse I have was a similarly aggressive foal who:s now 10. You shortcutted what took me years to figure out. I’m a new subscriber, a fellow clicker trainer, and a new fan!
So glad you got him right I bet you learned loads in the process. I am looking forward to doing more videos to give ideas to people with their training
@@myyounghorses I think you have so much to show people. I’m glad you will be putting out more vids. I am gobbling up the ones you have out now. Yum, yum!🐴🐴Thank you!
Loved watching this video! Your respect and listening to the horses body language and how they are talking to you is amazing to watch! Many horses like this beauty would have found themselves at an auction and not had been a good outcome sadly😢… I’m so happy his owners gave him the chance he so deserved ❤
Brilliant! The instructions are phenomenal esp seeing unwanted behaviour and, crucially, not getting it correct and showing how to reintroduce the good behaviour.
Good on you! Keep it up. I know nothing abt horses but I’ve got a dog I’m trying to train who gets excited easily. I think some of the philosophy is the same. When they show the behaviour you want then they get what they want. I can hardly deal with my dog let alone a horse! Great work 👍
This was amazing and so much help to me. I have an 18mth old Arab filly I bred and she has been dominant and defensive since she was 2 days old. She has me bluffed at the moment as she always turns her bum to me and either pretends or does kick out at me. I am hoping that by using some of the approaches you have shown above, I can re program her defensive behavior to comfortable behavior, and in turn, learn that I am not there to confront or annoy her. Thanks very much.
This was such a unique take! No moving feet, which, depending on circumstances, I sometimes worry might be adding energy to an already highly charged situation. I love your ethos about learning and trying new things. Subscribed and looking forward to more!
Hi Kelly Tnank you so much for subscribing. You totally get it. I want to discharge the anxiety so the horse has a clear head and is wanting to solve the puzzle, "how did I recieve that reward?'" Then I am plugging in to the horses brain and not just ordering them around. I am going to try and keep them coming 💕🐎🍃
Superb training skills and gentle manner, thoroughly enjoyed watching the horse progress. Jolly hard work on your part, plus you have tons of patience. I am truly amazed. New subscriber. 😀💖👏👏👏👏👏💐💐💐💐💐💐
Iv had ponies all my life and this approach is fantastic and what a lot of us have been doing in the normal everyday, such a pity that people/owners expect results without the hard work and continuity.. Really enjoyed this vid.. Many thanks.. ❤
thanks for your comment. I think alot of people who own horses for pleasure do handle their horses in a similar vein to this. As a professional horse trainer it is easy to slip down the quick fix route (which is often quite adversive) to keep owners happy as it keeps the costs down. I have changed my approach and hence tend to get the sort of owners who really care about the process the horse goes through to get the finished result. Which is lucky for me as I just don't want to flood horses and use the sort of pressure I used 20 years ago
I adore the way you train. It’s really a beautiful thing, analyzing a horse, what they need help with, what they need to learn, and working on that whilst keeping you both safe. Gaining trust and building a relationship with your horse. Really incredible training.
That was fantastic - what a great way of training! Nothing physical just give and take....you've earned his respect and watching from the beginning that's quite a feat - congratulations on a job well done!!!
Very nice video! I have a little mare with almost the same behaviour. She was more afraid of me and when I approached she had a flight or fight reaction. With positive reinforcement we came a long way.
This is truly amazing training. you explain so well how and why you do certain actions during training and it is very informative. such an impressive progression with this horse. proud of you both!
At 10:15 another tip is after establishing the ability to be near the horse in any capacity, get a curry comb either in hand or secured to an extension firmly, and try to sneak in some scratching at the withers for one or two seconds here and there over time. When they let you brush their neck with their favored brush, or chest if they aren't a biter, or stand and let you brush their itchy withers, it makes it easier to transition to when they are on a halter standing because you can teach them to stand still tied by first teaching them to stand still untied for brushing, then brushing them day 1 of being tied, immediately untie them.
Sometimes a skittish horse will come closer to the comb if you keep it out, to rub on it themselves or invite you. Of course you want to be the one to pull away first, not the horse, and all of them are different in what they like or don't like.. I got lucky with a comb lover. :) He became a very gentle easy horse and totally safe to work with.
Just subscribed! First time I’ve come across your channel. Don’t know much about horses, I ride for leisure, I love these amazing creatures so much along with donkeys. 😊 I watch a lot of male horse trainers, but I find your approach really soft and gentle, not dissing any other trainers, as everyone has their own method. What I do like about you is your patience and adaptability. Like you said how you treat your children is how you treat the animals. I have the same approach with my pets, have always paid attention to their body language and if they didn’t like something then I’d back off, but at the same time teach them what is right, again like you would with your children - be firm but be fair, goes in hand with pressure and release. When there’s good leadership you’ll find a balanced attitude be it human or animal. Sending you much blessings in your projects ahead , looking forward to them! ❤
Hi Kitty thank you so much for your comment. I have only just started to try and post my training properly. I would love to get like minded people together to show that you can use gentle training to get good results. I do use negative reinforcement and pressure but my inital thoughts are do they feel safe, do they understand and are they motivated. Some times the motivation is lacking and I might need to add pressure to get what is needed whilst being aware of where the horses thresholds are. I don't always get it right I probs never get it right with my children but that is the goal All the best 💕
We do need to work with pressure release as this is how a horse works so please don't apologise. It is just that we need the right pressure and the right release at the right time. So good to see this guy become way more relaxed and happy to be around humans.
thanks for you comment. i` totally agree. I suppose its about thresholds so much to say in the videos and I miss a lot out but hopefully ill get better. My next video about to up load is on. thresholds which I think is important
From the whole progression, I didn´t had feeling he was actively trying to do any harm to you, just "Leave me alone". I must say, he was pretty gentle from the start, under such circumstances. Can´t say I´m a trainer per say, but one of my mares was pretty "leave me alone" type and while she was fine when we were going to work, the pastime relax wasn´t there. So I just left her alone and paid attention to second mare. Until one day, when the other mare after cuddle went for the grass and the untouchable girl had just that fixated look at me (of course, it was hot weather and while they had fly protection, the itchiness was big as you can imagine). So I just said "Don´t stand there, come to me", and behold, she came to me and it was one of the most memorable moment in my life with them. I really didn´t work with her that much until that point, but after that, the cuddle was more and more frequent and now I have two cuddlebugs :)
It's my first time on your channel Connie and what you did and what I'm watching and witnessing is so precious and beautiful and really Priceless your demeanor is absolutely stunning
I like your approach. Less pressure is a good thing _most_ of the time. Decompression can go a long way too when dealing with horses, any animal really, with emotional issues. I'm in Arizona so, I do not envy your weather (although in the summer, it's HOT). Weather effects the best of us. If it is windy or rainy I can wait a few days to do *anything* lol One thing your vid made me think of is, 'clicker' reward-based training. *Positive conditioning? Anyway, to have an actual 'clicker' isn't convenient. There are natural vocal clicks that are, like the 'giddy up' click, a sucking click from the right side of the cheek, for forward movement. Then, the front mouth sound, 'tst' sucking in that is a more 'come to me, or kissing sound and, a negating sound in the lower throat, AH uh when they are being naught. Also, there is no reason to hit a horse or any animal unless they are actively attacking you (or possibly saving them from a dangerous situation) You are doing a great job and I love watching your work ❤
Thank you so much for your comment. It has been raining alot this winter and it can get a bit tiresome. I'd love to see Arizona a very different place to here in West Dorset UK. Yes my training is like clicker training but I am a disorganised person and would always lose a clicker. I think horses are super clever they watch our every move so you can mark a behaviour with something a lot less obvious than a clicker. It can be your body language or a sound 🐎💕🐎
Very good video. People need to see how this philosophy works. Taking the time it takes with a horse will actually cut the time in the long run, and 99% of the time results in the best outcome and best relationships between horse and human. You did an amazing job with this poor horse! The key is to think like a horse, with patience, patience, patience. Good job! 💜🐴
This is remarkable!! I've always loved the idea of more relationship-based training, it's been many years since I've worked with horses but I look forward to watching more of your videos and learning more about your methods! ❤
I really loved this video. I’m new to your channel and I thought you were big. The 2k subscribers shocked me, you truly deserve much more viewers. I’ve learned much from the few videos I’ve watched, and I’m incredibly impressed by you and your calm soul. I am just getting into positive reinforcement and I truly aspire to be like you. Wishing you the best of luck with your business. You’re doing a great job.
I am so glad you are getting in to positive reinforment you will have so much fun. Its the training that makes me calm because I finally realised later in my life its not about me its about the horse and if I keep level it is so much easier for him to relax and then learn and then we are all happy
one other comment, its nice you take the time and give him what he needs but still keep yourself safe in the process, ive made some huge acheivements with my mare that only i who has trained her will really understand you know a short video doesnt really tell others the entire long and amazing process we go through to acheive awesomeness but i get it cuz i have seen with my own mare and an actual trainer couldnt handle her so im proud of the fact that i can walk her on a loose lead line and she doesnt explode and try to race off on 2 feet, its only taken me every day for 3 years haha
Thank you so much for taking time and making subtitles! British accent is way more difficult to understand than the american one (for me personally). The funny thing is that we study at school British English but USA produces a lot of content on the internet so i had to adjust and now i understant American English better than British English 😅 Also thank you for sharing the right way of "talking" to animals. The World needs to be a better place for them.
So glad you liked the subtitles. I am not very good with the computer so it was quite hard for me to do but worth it. Amazing how people from all over the world get to see other parts of the world and their ideas etc Thank you
Brilliant video thank you fitst time watching my pony is rather similar can be aggressive sometimes and bulsy and pushy love your calm approach and i know how frustrating and angry i can feel when mine does this im sure he feels it im going to adopt your approach and take my time rather than feel rushed and push him to my way of thinking too quickly thank you it was great and i look forward to your next video 😊
I have been following you since I heard you on a podcast. Really loved your experience, ethos, quest for knowledge and humbleness. This horse was lucky to come to you. As a woman with children I can really appreciate the way you train. Smart and empathetic and not just gung-ho and over powering which not everyone can do in a sustainble or authentic way. Plus the horse will remember. I feel like training that is coercion based has to be constantly reinforced a lot more. Wow, there are a lot of keyboard warriors on here! 😂 Please have thick skin (you seem like you do). Please keep sharing, the world needs more trainers like you ❤.
Thanks so much for your kind words. I totally agree with you re coercion, if we can allow horses to feel good about what we want them to do, its so lovely for us to be experiencing the interaction, and so much easier for the horses. A win win in my mind💕
thank you very much but I reallly just follow a process to help the horse change the way he feels about me so the training becomes much easier. Really appriectate your comment though
Hi Connie, enjoyed your approach to training. The most important point you make is the horse remaining calm as it is only in this state the horse can learn and retain training. This particular looked to me that previous handlers were nervous and imparted that to the horse, hence the horse taking control. Having trained wild horses, I would take care not to leave yourself exposed as external distractions/happenings could cause the horse to react and lash out at nearest target so would recommend maintaining control by using head collar and rope .... Hope the shoulder injury not caused by a horse🙄 Michelle from Oz
Hi Michelle Thanks for the comment and advice and annoyingly the shoulder problem is an auto immune thing very annoying and frustrating, not an injury. How amazing training wild horses, a very different thing, you must have enormous skill. The reason why I didn't have a head collar was to give him the choice to train with me. I tried to give him the same value of food else where so he isn't just with me for the food. The autonomy of allowing him choice builds confidence a lot quicker in my experience hence no head collar ane lead rope a lot of the time. 💕🐎
Wonderful to watch. I love how you communicate with this beautiful horse. Had he been mishandled and maltreated by the owners? I’m curious as to why he behaved like this when he came to you. And what happens when he returns to them? Sorry for these questions but it’s puzzling me. Thank you for what you do for these lovely animals.
The owners were really lovely people and I don't think abused him at all. I think there might have been a misunderstanding when they tried to catch him and they did use food but I think they accidently rewarded the bad behaviour but i think he was quite difficult to catch before hand so I am not sure what went on. I met someone who knew them and said they were very good with their horses. I don't think he was v frightened but i think he knew how to get what he wanted using his neg behaviour.
This is awesome. I’ve always had a love for horses but it’s only fairly recently I’ve really put effort into really learning about them and their behaviour. This was a really good watch and your commentary was really educational :). Thanks very much for sharing.
Wonderful video, thank you @Connie Colfax. I'm always happy to see successful gentle horse trainers. What a beautiful transformation. Can you please share how long/how many sessions it took to accomplish the changes seen in the video? Thank you!
Thank you for your comment. I am afraid it wasn't a quick fix. it took about 4 weeks 4 x 10 min sessions per day. But I think really changed his feelings about people so set him up for the future.
Hi connie, I really want to learn about this ..as I always thought Id like a horse in my life. I subscribed .I need this now and care so much to have a kind gentle approach ..
That is so wonderful If it helps I do online courses but my website is down. You could email me and I can send you the details connie@conniecolfox.co.uk
Have just come across your channel & subscribed immediately - really loved what I saw, most impressive training, looking forward to seeing more. Thanks a lot for sharing 🙏.
Hi Louise Thank you so much for your comment. The horse by the trailer was a cob, she might have some Clydesdale in her somewhere but she is quite small 14.2hh but I think looked bigger because of the angle of the camara💕🐎🍃
First time visitor. Watched entire video. That was an interesting method of training. Curious the background history of this horse. Was it an orphan horse? May have saved that horse's life, as he was definitely behaving dangerously. Horses like that don't usually end up well.
He was a 2 year old and wasn't and orphan. I am not intirely sure why he was aggressive, the owners where experienced, although I didn't know them I had heard good things about them from the horse transporter.
I love how horse training is evolving. The horse thrives in freedom so allowing the horse to choose to work with the trainer delivers real and consistent results. The best part is the horse’s character remains intact. You get to see who your horse is and their natural skill set because each has different talents and ability
You've hit the nail on the head 💕
Well said!
this was just said in the perfect way. There is much more respect happening towards horses. They are more and more partners,and not something that we can boss a round however we want. And for real animal friends,this change is everything we could ask for.
'A bit of a muddle' says it all. No dramatisation of mixed up behaviours in you gave the horse such an opportunity. Thank you, a joy to watch.
Thank you wendy, I really appriecate your comment💕🐎🍃
What a "poor baby & and his message is definitely NOT working on you." Exactly so - he wants to get rid of you. Still, NOT a mean horse. If he was, you wouldn't have been blessed to make this video. Work your magic!
Just stumbled upon your channel. I have had horses for 54 years and have trained my own and friends horses alike. I have never seen an approach like yours and am truly impressed. Working with and training horses is a constant evolution and you have given your audience new tools to be successful, thank you.
Hi Christian, Thank you so much for your comment. I am hoping to show people who haven't seen this sort of training new ideas to help them solve any issues they might have with their horses. 💕🐎🍃
See Steve Young horsemanship ❤
@@Stardust_Truth_Seeker He's very good doing what he does. This is plugging into different emotions in a horse
@@Stardust_Truth_Seekerthis is t meant to be a criticism of Steve however. What this lady is doing and what Steve does are very different. Steve uses mostly negative reinforcement with some positive punishment. His training is more fear/dominance based. Whilst he does a good job of that it’s all about ‘control’ this kind of training is about connection. There is a huge difference
I presume the long term results are good.
How did the horse get like this please?
With the gift you have don't apologize for promoting yourself. You're brilliant with these horses. And to see him more settled and not living in stress is a gift in itself. Good luck! Keep promoting the heck out of yourself.❤❤❤
Ive just got back from Vancouver Island seeing a friend near Duncan Such a beautiful place
@@myyounghorses My 94 year old Dad is down there today on his care home excursion bus. Small world. I'm further up the island. Where are you, generally speaking. No worries if you'd rather not say:)
@@vancouverislandandthething3945 i am in Dorset England
I was very skeptical at first when you didn’t ‘correct’ his aggressiveness towards you and you seemed to back down and let him move your feet but …well I’ll eat my hat!… this was a joy to watch, excellent training and horsemanship Connie keep making the videos ❤
Hi Elizabeth I really apprieciate your comment and that really helps me as its good to know what people are thinking when they watch the video. For me its all about letting the horse feel safe. If he feels safe the most of the neg behaviours will disappear so there is less work for me to do Many thanks 🐴🏇🍰💗
@myyounghorses - yes, they are prey animals, so trust and feeling comfortable are key.
Super interesting. An unhappy horse needs a special, very experienced trainer to get them turned back around. Nice to see that method.
This is the first time I've seen your channel, and I have to say I'm so impressed by your training methods. You recognized his aggression towards food, and his behavior was due to the humans teaching him he could tell them to "back off" but your method was calm, and full of positive reinforcement - you did use food when appropriate, and all the while still thinking of how best to protect yourself!
It's quite incredible! Seeing him happy at the end of the video is remarkable, because at the end of the day it's to help *him* be happier about life - he was unsettled, stressed, and uncomfortable with life, but now he feels safer and it's thanks to your patience and kindness.
I have subscribed and I'm looking forward to seeing more ❤
Thank you so much for your comment. I am hoping to do more videos. It is not often I have good before and after videos as when a horse comes to me I want to keep them in a state of calm so they don't show their uncomfortable behaviour very often but with this guy, it didn't take much to unsettle him and he had to learn that he couldn't use it to get what he wanted. I hope you enjoy the ones to come 💕
Nice work, very impressive. This horse looks so young how can it already be this aggressive to humans? Poor thing. Thank you for giving him this opportunity!
Thank you for your kind comment. yes he is young but hopefully he will have a good future now
Absolutely agree. Better horse training needs to get more attention.
Loved this!
Greetings from Germany
Thanks Nic. I'll try and keep them coming
You are such a calm soul that's what the horse knows and can sense that good job though very good
thank you for watching the video, I am really happy you enjoyed it 💕🐎🍃🌺
What a beautiful communication! This is real horsemanship. You know horse psychology and body language, but combined with consequence, patience and kindness. I wonder how old this horse is. Looks like two years to me. I have big respect towards people like you. Thank you for helping that beautiful horse.
thank yoiu very much for your kind words. Yes, a 2 year old 💕🐎💕
Oh Connie, this whole video was incredibly touching, so many moments here of how Neville was 6 years ago….. fascinating to watch, it’s taken me years to achieve what you’ve done here. I’m in absolute awe of your quiet gentle but oh so sensible ways.
I think Neville is an inspiration to many and you show your level of understanding is very high. 💕
Officially and happily part of your tribe 🙏! Such a refreshing and heart-opening approach ❤
Thank you what a lovely comment 🐎💕💕
I’ve never been around horses and I don’t know much about them, but this was absolutely wonderful to watch. Keep doing what you’re doing, it’s fantastic!
thanks for watching 💕🐎🍃
I recently had the chance to work with birds of prey and the training we did there was very similar- reward good behavior and do not reward undesirable behavior. There is no need to punish, and in fact it is actively detrimental to the animal and the relationship between it and humans. Animals preform much better and more reliably when they feel safe and that they have a choice in the matter. It is also far less stressful and traumatizing. I am so glad to see the culture shifting in the animal training world to that of positive reinforcement.
How amazing. I've never worked with birds, but my nephew trained a cockateil which he could let free and just whistle him back when it was time to come home.
Fantastic! So different to some stranger invading their space waving flags about. I'm so tired of seeing a shut down horse portrayed as 'tamed'. This here is real bonding, trust building first followed by training. So glad I found your videos
So glad there are people like you who understand the change I am aiiming for. I am surprised how little there is on youtube training horses this way. It is so much easier for the horse and the trainer, and like you say the results are so different to the flooding techniques often used.
@@myyounghorses I guess its similar to dog training, so much 'quick fix' and dominance advice on here and not enough the other way. Sad really, you can have a much better relationship with your animal when you develop that bond of trust. Thank you for sharing your method
I wanted to add that what you’re doing takes so much knowledge that many horse owners couldn’t do it. But it’s a really good way.
yes you are right but if he is told off for his behaviour I think he would become more dangerous because he would then learn to hide how he feels and so would go from looking kind to bitting so I suppose if you are inexperienced and have a horse like this its best to find a good trainer who understands that you need to change the need to behave in this way rather then supress the behaviour making him unpredictable 🐎💕💕
Beautiful video. I was shocked at the similarities. My horse, also black with socks but a mare, was aggressive initially. Being new to horses, her scared lunges and attacks confused me. Wish I'd seen this video earlier. I'll watch it again. Simply beautiful. It's almost like your voiceover is reading out loud what's on my mind. Amazing sync 😊
Thank you for your comment. I hope it helps with your horse.
Connie, its beautiful to watch you work with this horse. You appear to have mastered your training skills as well as decision-making and your own self-regulation. Not easy to stay calm when presented with these behaviors! I commend you and will be using this video to teach my students with because I think it is such a good example as comparison to traditional methods. I also use a combination of R- and R+ and find it allows me to use far less pressure and keep the horse more engaged and motivated. Nice work and thank you for sharing it!!!
Hi Sadie Thank you so much for your comment. I was really hoping this was going to help debunk the myth that positive reinforcement makes horses rude and nippy. I am so pleased it will help you teach your students
I haven’t been around horses in so long I really enjoy watching training videos. I’ve seen some nightmare trainers who hit the horse they are training. You stay calm and don’t raise your voice. It was such a pleasure watching you.
thanks so much 🐎💕🐎
Please keep making these videos. As someone who wants to learn how to train, this information is valuable.
There are so many good people out here training horses, and other animals, like this! Warwick Schiller, Elisa Wallace, Anna Blake, they all work with horses rather than against them, and the results speak for them better than any words I could think of. I have ridden off and on since my teens and dreamed of something like this from the beginning but no one even thought horses could think or reason, let alone were recognized for their prey animal instincts. I couldn’t afford to ride often after my teens (in the 70s) but in my forties I met up with an old riding friend who was studying natural horsemanship. She wasn’t a slave to the movement, not a true believer, but the filly she raised up was treated with the utmost respect and integrity, with an awareness of her instincts. She worked with this mare and when I got to ride her she was such an education for me! Then, Covid came along and I threw myself into UA-cam sorting through horse trainers until I found folks who were really studying horses and the limited science about them. I used what I learned with that beautiful mare and the changes in our relationship were nothing but positive…
Anyway. Good People are changing things! This channel is another GREAT example of this! I look forward to learning from you and the horses who have the good fortune to work with you!
Thanks v much. Sounds like you a great time back in the day. I will look up those other trainers and see what I can learn💕
If only everyone understood horse behaviour like you do. He looks like he had been struck with hands. Horses do not forget. I love you saying it's important to make a good first impression. It is! Really lovely to see his trust develop. He's so much happier and living a better life. What a wonderful thing youve given him. Btw he's gorgeous and I'm mad for him 😂. Subscribed. ❤
Thanks Alice. It was really lovely for me when he finally felt happy. I must make some more videos. So much to do x
Fabulous to watch this. Fascinating work. Super result.
Thanks Diana 🐎💕🐎
Not being a fan of hand feeding I must admit that in this case it served a purpose. Lady you have got a lot of guts and used an excellent way of changing this horse's behaviour. I am duly impressed. Congratulations.
Thank you very much a very generous and kind comment
You are so inspiring! Thank you for showing your creative process with your training. You really do help change how horses feel about life with humans.
Hi Wesley. thank you very much for watching. Its difficult to get it into words but hopefully with practise I will improve. Thank you for your support 🐎💕🐎
I just love what you did with him. I’m so impressed. This current horse I have was a similarly aggressive foal who:s now 10. You shortcutted what took me years to figure out. I’m a new subscriber, a fellow clicker trainer, and a new fan!
So glad you got him right I bet you learned loads in the process. I am looking forward to doing more videos to give ideas to people with their training
@@myyounghorses I think you have so much to show people. I’m glad you will be putting out more vids. I am gobbling up the ones you have out now. Yum, yum!🐴🐴Thank you!
I just loved this Connie.. Im enchanted to see people work with horses this way.
Thank you! ❤😊❤
Thank you so much. 🐎💕🐎
Loved watching this video! Your respect and listening to the horses body language and how they are talking to you is amazing to watch! Many horses like this beauty would have found themselves at an auction and not had been a good outcome sadly😢… I’m so happy his owners gave him the chance he so deserved ❤
Hi Paula Thank you very much for your comment 🐎💕🐎
Brilliant! The instructions are phenomenal esp seeing unwanted behaviour and, crucially, not getting it correct and showing how to reintroduce the good behaviour.
Really appreciate your comment, some people aren't yet aware of this approach and I would like to get it out there💕🐎💕
What an amazing human! I wish I had raised my children the way she commits to horses. Thank you for the perspective!
Good on you! Keep it up. I know nothing abt horses but I’ve got a dog I’m trying to train who gets excited easily. I think some of the philosophy is the same. When they show the behaviour you want then they get what they want. I can hardly deal with my dog let alone a horse! Great work 👍
you should see my dogs. v untrained all my efforts go on my horses 💕
This was amazing and so much help to me. I have an 18mth old Arab filly I bred and she has been dominant and defensive since she was 2 days old. She has me bluffed at the moment as she always turns her bum to me and either pretends or does kick out at me. I am hoping that by using some of the approaches you have shown above, I can re program her defensive behavior to comfortable behavior, and in turn, learn that I am not there to confront or annoy her.
Thanks very much.
So pleased it helped. Do contact me if you have any further questions connie@conniecolfox.co.uk.
This was such a unique take! No moving feet, which, depending on circumstances, I sometimes worry might be adding energy to an already highly charged situation. I love your ethos about learning and trying new things. Subscribed and looking forward to more!
Hi Kelly Tnank you so much for subscribing. You totally get it. I want to discharge the anxiety so the horse has a clear head and is wanting to solve the puzzle, "how did I recieve that reward?'" Then I am plugging in to the horses brain and not just ordering them around. I am going to try and keep them coming 💕🐎🍃
Superb training skills and gentle manner, thoroughly enjoyed watching the horse progress. Jolly hard work on your part, plus you have tons of patience. I am truly amazed. New subscriber. 😀💖👏👏👏👏👏💐💐💐💐💐💐
Thank you very much for subscribing and your kind words.
Iv had ponies all my life and this approach is fantastic and what a lot of us have been doing in the normal everyday, such a pity that people/owners expect results without the hard work and continuity.. Really enjoyed this vid.. Many thanks.. ❤
thanks for your comment. I think alot of people who own horses for pleasure do handle their horses in a similar vein to this. As a professional horse trainer it is easy to slip down the quick fix route (which is often quite adversive) to keep owners happy as it keeps the costs down. I have changed my approach and hence tend to get the sort of owners who really care about the process the horse goes through to get the finished result. Which is lucky for me as I just don't want to flood horses and use the sort of pressure I used 20 years ago
I've never seen anything like this, quite remarkable.
Thanks Karen. It is so effective working this way, and much less agressive than the alternative.
I adore the way you train. It’s really a beautiful thing, analyzing a horse, what they need help with, what they need to learn, and working on that whilst keeping you both safe. Gaining trust and building a relationship with your horse. Really incredible training.
Thank you so much for your comment. I am so lucky as I just love being with horses
Bravo connie. What a joy to watch
thank you so much 💕🐎
That was fantastic - what a great way of training! Nothing physical just give and take....you've earned his respect and watching from the beginning that's quite a feat - congratulations on a job well done!!!
I really apprieciate you taking the time to comment.
I don’t have a horse but I like this video and I think I could learn lots from it. Thank you
Glad you enjoyed it! thank you for commenting
Oh so lovely! What an amazing way to work with a horse, so humble and honest.
The type of feeling I’ll always strive for with my equine companions.
Thanks so much for your comment. `i really hope it helped in some way
Such an intelligent, gentle, positive approach Connie - You clearly have great respect and love for your horses 🤗
Thank you Susan really appreicate your comment
Absolutely amazing energy and wisdom. Great job!
Thank you kindly 💕
Very nice video! I have a little mare with almost the same behaviour. She was more afraid of me and when I approached she had a flight or fight reaction. With positive reinforcement we came a long way.
So great to hear. If used correctly it works so well, and the horse feels so positively about you 💕
Wonderful training method. A great transformation of this confused and anxious horse. I hope the owners were pleased.
I did try and keep up with them but never heard back. I often think of him
I LOVE this way of training. Associating the touches with something positive was nice. I love the way you considered his feelings. Very nice
Thanks very much for the comment so great that people really get what I am trying to do/.
This is truly amazing training. you explain so well how and why you do certain actions during training and it is very informative. such an impressive progression with this horse. proud of you both!
Thank you very much 💕🐎💕
What a great video. This is the first time I have viewed your training. I will be following.
Thank you. I need to do more. Just need to get my self organised
You are such a wonderful trainer
At 10:15 another tip is after establishing the ability to be near the horse in any capacity, get a curry comb either in hand or secured to an extension firmly, and try to sneak in some scratching at the withers for one or two seconds here and there over time. When they let you brush their neck with their favored brush, or chest if they aren't a biter, or stand and let you brush their itchy withers, it makes it easier to transition to when they are on a halter standing because you can teach them to stand still tied by first teaching them to stand still untied for brushing, then brushing them day 1 of being tied, immediately untie them.
Sometimes a skittish horse will come closer to the comb if you keep it out, to rub on it themselves or invite you. Of course you want to be the one to pull away first, not the horse, and all of them are different in what they like or don't like.. I got lucky with a comb lover. :) He became a very gentle easy horse and totally safe to work with.
fabulous thank you for the info. will def try sometime
Just subscribed! First time I’ve come across your channel. Don’t know much about horses, I ride for leisure, I love these amazing creatures so much along with donkeys. 😊
I watch a lot of male horse trainers, but I find your approach really soft and gentle, not dissing any other trainers, as everyone has their own method. What I do like about you is your patience and adaptability. Like you said how you treat your children is how you treat the animals. I have the same approach with my pets, have always paid attention to their body language and if they didn’t like something then I’d back off, but at the same time teach them what is right, again like you would with your children - be firm but be fair, goes in hand with pressure and release. When there’s good leadership you’ll find a balanced attitude be it human or animal.
Sending you much blessings in your projects ahead , looking forward to them! ❤
Hi Kitty thank you so much for your comment. I have only just started to try and post my training properly. I would love to get like minded people together to show that you can use gentle training to get good results. I do use negative reinforcement and pressure but my inital thoughts are do they feel safe, do they understand and are they motivated. Some times the motivation is lacking and I might need to add pressure to get what is needed whilst being aware of where the horses thresholds are. I don't always get it right I probs never get it right with my children but that is the goal All the best 💕
Time and patience
well done ! It was very enjoyable watching and listening to you
Thank you very much🐎💕🐎
The best horse training techniques I have ever seen....thank you
Wow, thank you!💕🐎💕
I don’t know the first thing abt horses but I know a gifted animal trainer when I see one. Very well done.
Thank you very much.💕🐎💕
We do need to work with pressure release as this is how a horse works so please don't apologise. It is just that we need the right pressure and the right release at the right time. So good to see this guy become way more relaxed and happy to be around humans.
thanks for you comment. i` totally agree. I suppose its about thresholds so much to say in the videos and I miss a lot out but hopefully ill get better. My next video about to up load is on. thresholds which I think is important
From the whole progression, I didn´t had feeling he was actively trying to do any harm to you, just "Leave me alone". I must say, he was pretty gentle from the start, under such circumstances.
Can´t say I´m a trainer per say, but one of my mares was pretty "leave me alone" type and while she was fine when we were going to work, the pastime relax wasn´t there. So I just left her alone and paid attention to second mare. Until one day, when the other mare after cuddle went for the grass and the untouchable girl had just that fixated look at me (of course, it was hot weather and while they had fly protection, the itchiness was big as you can imagine). So I just said "Don´t stand there, come to me", and behold, she came to me and it was one of the most memorable moment in my life with them. I really didn´t work with her that much until that point, but after that, the cuddle was more and more frequent and now I have two cuddlebugs :)
What a lovely story you must have a wonderful way with your horses
So gentle and kind - lovely
he’s beautiful
So well recorded, edited, and narrated! And the captions are much appreciated! Amazing quality videos.
Thank you so much for your encouragement. it is diffiucult filming and training at the same time 🐎💕
It's my first time on your channel Connie and what you did and what I'm watching and witnessing is so precious and beautiful and really Priceless your demeanor is absolutely stunning
That's such a lovely comment. Thank. you,
A Connie Classic, Thanks!
I like your approach. Less pressure is a good thing _most_ of the time. Decompression can go a long way too when dealing with horses, any animal really, with emotional issues. I'm in Arizona so, I do not envy your weather (although in the summer, it's HOT). Weather effects the best of us. If it is windy or rainy I can wait a few days to do *anything* lol
One thing your vid made me think of is, 'clicker' reward-based training. *Positive conditioning? Anyway, to have an actual 'clicker' isn't convenient. There are natural vocal clicks that are, like the 'giddy up' click, a sucking click from the right side of the cheek, for forward movement. Then, the front mouth sound, 'tst' sucking in that is a more 'come to me, or kissing sound and, a negating sound in the lower throat, AH uh when they are being naught. Also, there is no reason to hit a horse or any animal unless they are actively attacking you (or possibly saving them from a dangerous situation)
You are doing a great job and I love watching your work ❤
Thank you so much for your comment. It has been raining alot this winter and it can get a bit tiresome. I'd love to see Arizona a very different place to here in West Dorset UK. Yes my training is like clicker training but I am a disorganised person and would always lose a clicker. I think horses are super clever they watch our every move so you can mark a behaviour with something a lot less obvious than a clicker. It can be your body language or a sound 🐎💕🐎
Great work. Thank You.
thanks for commenting 💕🐎💕
Very good video. People need to see how this philosophy works. Taking the time it takes with a horse will actually cut the time in the long run, and 99% of the time results in the best outcome and best relationships between horse and human. You did an amazing job with this poor horse! The key is to think like a horse, with patience, patience, patience. Good job! 💜🐴
Hi Samantha Thank you for your comment 💕🐎🍃
This is remarkable!! I've always loved the idea of more relationship-based training, it's been many years since I've worked with horses but I look forward to watching more of your videos and learning more about your methods! ❤
thanks v much
Thank you from someone learning horse behavior and training. This is fantastic.
Really glad it helps 💕🐎
Thank you for your work and sharing… I pray for my next forever horse. My mare of 25 years passed away, 5 years back and 8m now ready to move on!
I am glad you are feeling ready for another horse but how wonderful to have had a horse for 25 years you must have had a lovely bond💕
I really loved this video. I’m new to your channel and I thought you were big. The 2k subscribers shocked me, you truly deserve much more viewers. I’ve learned much from the few videos I’ve watched, and I’m incredibly impressed by you and your calm soul. I am just getting into positive reinforcement and I truly aspire to be like you. Wishing you the best of luck with your business. You’re doing a great job.
I am so glad you are getting in to positive reinforment you will have so much fun. Its the training that makes me calm because I finally realised later in my life its not about me its about the horse and if I keep level it is so much easier for him to relax and then learn and then we are all happy
one other comment, its nice you take the time and give him what he needs but still keep yourself safe in the process, ive made some huge acheivements with my mare that only i who has trained her will really understand you know a short video doesnt really tell others the entire long and amazing process we go through to acheive awesomeness but i get it cuz i have seen with my own mare and an actual trainer couldnt handle her so im proud of the fact that i can walk her on a loose lead line and she doesnt explode and try to race off on 2 feet, its only taken me every day for 3 years haha
That is a wonderful result, how lovely
Thank you so much for taking time and making subtitles! British accent is way more difficult to understand than the american one (for me personally). The funny thing is that we study at school British English but USA produces a lot of content on the internet so i had to adjust and now i understant American English better than British English 😅
Also thank you for sharing the right way of "talking" to animals. The World needs to be a better place for them.
So glad you liked the subtitles. I am not very good with the computer so it was quite hard for me to do but worth it. Amazing how people from all over the world get to see other parts of the world and their ideas etc Thank you
Brilliant video thank you fitst time watching my pony is rather similar can be aggressive sometimes and bulsy and pushy love your calm approach and i know how frustrating and angry i can feel when mine does this im sure he feels it im going to adopt your approach and take my time rather than feel rushed and push him to my way of thinking too quickly thank you it was great and i look forward to your next video 😊
Thank you. I hope you enjoy my other videos
Wonderful video; thank so much for your time
Thank you very much for taking the time to comment 💕🐎💕
Such great work. Your work is amazing❤ Janicr
Thank you so much 😀🐎💕⭐️
Really good fun
Wonderful! Thank you.
Thank you for commenting 💕🐎💕
Beautiful work!
Thank you Valerie 💕
Absolutely lovely. Liked and subscribed. ❤
Thanks v much
You can’t beat herby nuts and just being nice to them. They soon understand what you’re asking. Lovely to watch you.
Thanks so much 🐎💕🐎
Fabulous!!!! Brilliant!!! ❤
Wow! Thank you 💕
Thank you so much.
You are such a good model and teacher. Your voice over method is very effective and clear.
Thanks so much Lynne, I do struggle with the voice over I am hoping with practise I'll get better
I have been following you since I heard you on a podcast. Really loved your experience, ethos, quest for knowledge and humbleness. This horse was lucky to come to you. As a woman with children I can really appreciate the way you train. Smart and empathetic and not just gung-ho and over powering which not everyone can do in a sustainble or authentic way. Plus the horse will remember. I feel like training that is coercion based has to be constantly reinforced a lot more. Wow, there are a lot of keyboard warriors on here! 😂 Please have thick skin (you seem like you do). Please keep sharing, the world needs more trainers like you ❤.
Thanks so much for your kind words. I totally agree with you re coercion, if we can allow horses to feel good about what we want them to do, its so lovely for us to be experiencing the interaction, and so much easier for the horses. A win win in my mind💕
Such a gentle great work, regards from Germany
Lovely to reach you in Germany. Thank you 🐎💕
You’re amazing! Thank you! ❤
thank you very much but I reallly just follow a process to help the horse change the way he feels about me so the training becomes much easier. Really appriectate your comment though
Hi Connie, enjoyed your approach to training. The most important point you make is the horse remaining calm as it is only in this state the horse can learn and retain training. This particular looked to me that previous handlers were nervous and imparted that to the horse, hence the horse taking control. Having trained wild horses, I would take care not to leave yourself exposed as external distractions/happenings could cause the horse to react and lash out at nearest target so would recommend maintaining control by using head collar and rope .... Hope the shoulder injury not caused by a horse🙄 Michelle from Oz
Hi Michelle Thanks for the comment and advice and annoyingly the shoulder problem is an auto immune thing very annoying and frustrating, not an injury. How amazing training wild horses, a very different thing, you must have enormous skill. The reason why I didn't have a head collar was to give him the choice to train with me. I tried to give him the same value of food else where so he isn't just with me for the food. The autonomy of allowing him choice builds confidence a lot quicker in my experience hence no head collar ane lead rope a lot of the time. 💕🐎
Wonderful to watch. I love how you communicate with this beautiful horse. Had he been mishandled and maltreated by the owners? I’m curious as to why he behaved like this when he came to you. And what happens when he returns to them? Sorry for these questions but it’s puzzling me. Thank you for what you do for these lovely animals.
The owners were really lovely people and I don't think abused him at all. I think there might have been a misunderstanding when they tried to catch him and they did use food but I think they accidently rewarded the bad behaviour but i think he was quite difficult to catch before hand so I am not sure what went on. I met someone who knew them and said they were very good with their horses. I don't think he was v frightened but i think he knew how to get what he wanted using his neg behaviour.
@@myyounghorses that’s good to know. Thank you for replying.
There he follows you. Amazing
This is awesome. I’ve always had a love for horses but it’s only fairly recently I’ve really put effort into really learning about them and their behaviour. This was a really good watch and your commentary was really educational :). Thanks very much for sharing.
Thank you so much for your comment and I am glad if this helped you🐎💕
I enjoyed and respected this so much Connie!
Thank you so much 🐎💕🐎
Fascinating thanks for sharing.
Glad you enjoyed it💕🐎💕
Wonderful video, thank you @Connie Colfax. I'm always happy to see successful gentle horse trainers. What a beautiful transformation. Can you please share how long/how many sessions it took to accomplish the changes seen in the video? Thank you!
Thank you for your comment. I am afraid it wasn't a quick fix. it took about 4 weeks 4 x 10 min sessions per day. But I think really changed his feelings about people so set him up for the future.
@@myyounghorses Thank you very much for sharing. It's helpful to have a realistic idea of the length of a process. Thank you, again!
Hi connie, I really want to learn about this ..as I always thought Id like a horse in my life. I subscribed .I need this now and care so much to have a kind gentle approach ..
That is so wonderful If it helps I do online courses but my website is down. You could email me and I can send you the details connie@conniecolfox.co.uk
Really enjoyed watching this.
Glad you enjoyed it char char 💕
Awww get well soon ♥luv' your video thank you.
Thank. you 🐎💕🐎
Subscribed. I love your approach to this!
Hi Tam Thank you so much for subscribing 🍃💕🐎
Amazing ❤
Have just come across your channel & subscribed immediately - really loved what I saw, most impressive training, looking forward to seeing more. Thanks a lot for sharing 🙏.
Hi Elizabeth Thank you very much for subscribing, I am hoping to post more 💕
Love this. We need more of this mindset. Thank you for sharing. I subscribed.
Thank so much for subscribing 💕
Wonderful work. He’s beautiful. The big horse by the trailer looks like my Clydesdale. 😊❤
Hi Louise Thank you so much for your comment. The horse by the trailer was a cob, she might have some Clydesdale in her somewhere but she is quite small 14.2hh but I think looked bigger because of the angle of the camara💕🐎🍃
First time visitor. Watched entire video. That was an interesting method of training. Curious the background history of this horse. Was it an orphan horse? May have saved that horse's life, as he was definitely behaving dangerously. Horses like that don't usually end up well.
He was a 2 year old and wasn't and orphan. I am not intirely sure why he was aggressive, the owners where experienced, although I didn't know them I had heard good things about them from the horse transporter.