We need more science communicators like you. Science is interesting but can often be hard to understand. The way you animate and break down things so that even a child can understand really helps the public. Just like Neil Degrasse Tyson or Bill Nye, you guys help make learning about science fun
The snake venom is a perfect example of the failure of logic that happens all the time in the mind of the evolutionist. Careless, elementary reasoning. Think deeper. We observe: 1) that organisms have factor X in the bloodstream. 2) Snake venom consists of pre activated factor X. Therefore the snake evolved the trait through evolution. What? This does not logically follow. Ask any student in a class of logic. The observation is correct, but the conclusion has nothing to do with the observation. The fact that a similar substance is used in the glands of a snake, has nothing to do with the process of evolution. You would have to guess, assume, theorize that it was through the process of evolution, that the snake acquired that trait. But it does not logically follow. Now, lets go back a million years when the snake "began" forming this "new trait". When there was a very low quantity of factor x in the saliva, it would do nothing to its prey. Why then would natural selection select a tiny increase in factor x, if it has no benefit? This would have to happen hundreds of thousands of times if not millions for the factor x to become abundant enough to affect the prey. Now why would this happen hundreds of thousands or millions of times, if it wasn't beneficial? Why would natural selection keep something so useless for millions of years, before it gave any affect? Keep in mind, it doesn't have knowledge of the future, it doesn't plan traits... This same reasoning can be applied for any new trait forming. Most traits are only beneficial in the complete state, and cannot be beneficial while its forming over millions of years. Think of a few yourself... you will see that they are only useful in a complete state.
@@OnlyTruthLove do you think geneticists overlooked or are incapable of this so called elementary reasoning? Once a gene is duplicated there are various mechanisms that regulate gene expression.There are various mutations that can greatly increase or decrease gene expression. Now does equal concentrations/expression of X factor affects all animals similarly? Or is it more likely that small animals with narrower blood vessels and high heart rates are effected more so than larger prey? "The same reason can be applied for any new trait and *most traits are only beneficial in the complete state and cannot be beneficial while forming over millions of years*" Come on, you're joking right? Have you not come across any examples or have you never bothered looking? How about a mudskipper climbing a tree. I don't know what you mean by complete state but using fins to climb trees seems inefficient but it gets the job done. Or do you think that it was designed/created to climb a tree using its fins?
@@dsoma1071 are you telling me that the mudskipper mainly moves around in the trees? Or does it mainly move around in or on water? I would assume it spends most of its time in or on water... Just because it can get into a tree, doesnt mean that its what the design was for. The design was for water. A deer can climb cliff sides and trees... Its not what the hooves were designed for... Duh? I can use an iphone as a hammer, man what a poor design for a hammer.... and yes, snake venom is usless if it doesnt do anything to its prey because of the insignificant amounts of x factor in its early stages. Therefore the survivability of the organism does not increase, and natural selection doesnt work to progress the evolution of the trait.
@@OnlyTruthLove - Also, no book in the world has an explanation as to how an actual evolutionary change could occur. The only examples they have nothing to do with what evolution would require but only examples that are excellent design features using already existing information. Evolution requires adding new information. Just calling any change or all changes "Evolution" can not make evolution possible but only shows how dishonest they are.
The evolution of snake venom is interesting indeed but it's micro evolution. It cannot explain macro-evolution and the emergence of new genes domains that are necessary for the emergence of new species.
I can't thank you enough for your great videos! In terms of high quality content, you belong to the very best UA-camrs I know of. Please continue making such good stuff! It makes the world a better place :)
I have myopia and it allows me to "flourish" in niche of electronics where I take off my glasses and can see onerously tiny letters on components two times bigger than a healthy individual.
Subscribed! I have really enjoyed every video. It's awesome to see evolutionary concepts brought to life so skillfully. Together the animation and narration really deliver a crystal clear package, keep up the good work!!
I said it like that because that was something they would say I just didn't want him thinking I was actually trying to argue by putting it funny but obviously you didn't understand that
+Tango Delta 2, not that I'm aware of, but there are many venomous reptiles without hollow fangs. Instead their teeth are bent to form vertical grooves allowing venomous saliva to seep deeper into a bite. In snake embryos, the fangs start off straight and then bend around to form a hollow tube. It's like the grooved reptile teeth but taken to the extreme.
They are modified teeth bent into a tube shape with the venom duct emptying into the center of it. Here's a really good article I found with diagrams and photos: snakesarelong.blogspot.com/2013/09/basics-of-snake-fangs.html
Genetic “scars”. Just as scars stay on our bodies as reminders of past events, the DNA code contains “scars” and these are passed on from generation to generation. DNA scars result from the deletion or insertion of a block of bases (not just single base changes as in the previous section). Because we have a lot of these (hundreds of thousands) and they can be precisely located, they serve as a historical record of species. If we have the same scar as chimpanzees and orangutans, then the deletion or insertion must have occurred before these species diverged into separate populations. If we and chimpanzees have a certain scar but orangutans do not, we can conclude the deletion or insertion must have occurred after the common ancestor of chimps and humans separated from our common ancestor with orangutans. In this way we can create a detailed family tree of common ancestors.
+Stated Clearly Seriously.... I love these vidoes! You've made it so simple to explain to a creationist how "information" can be added to our DNA. The reponse I'm not getting is that a mutation is always a corruption of the DNA code. Its a negative effect... etc. I explained that a duplication error, or a point mutation is just a change. And that a new feature isn't 'negative' or 'positive' on its own.... but rather.... it depends on the environment. Calling mutations "negative" before they've been subject to an environment is really preempting it's usefulness. Anyway... I'm loving these vids. Very clearly stated indeed. I need to watch them all. What is your education by the way?
@@yeahkeen2905, I already shown people how every sentence that evolutionists have told is how it is fraud and deception. IT is easy to expose the lies and fraud if you have studied and know the science. Never has any science been found that showed how evolution could be possible and no evidence that it has happened has ever been found. Just saying that everything is evolution is not science nor true. No book in the world has any explanation as to how evolution could be possible. They just say "evolution did it" without any explanation. I challenge you to find a scientific reason to believe in the fiction story of evolutionism.
@@danminer5343 nice deflection. You did not in anyway explain how every sentence of the video was wrong, you just said it's wrong because evolution is wrong (it isn't) and that evolution is wrong because there's no evidence (there is). Let me name some examples of the evidence for evolution since you have some trouble understanding. DNA similarities between organisms, similarities in anatomical structure between organisms and fossils, observed microevolution, observed speciation, observed chemical evolution, observed evolution of endosymbiosis in microorganisms et cetera, et cetera. We have observed bacteria and viruses evolving to become resistant medication, et cetera, et cetera. We have observed one species of bird evolving into two, et cetera, et cetera. Do you understand now?
@@yeahkeen2905 Thank you for your reply and for showing me the examples the evolutionists used to trick you. I have heard of those examples of fraud many many times. (1) The only similarities that exist between taxon are required for good design. Those similarities are proof of excellent design which requires those similarities, thus it is dishonest to use that argument against good design. What evolutionists must explain the ORIGIN of each part and system, which they have never been able to do. DNA has less similarity between taxon that does the The anatomical features. (2) The term "micro-evolution" was invented by Julian Huxley to label all non-evolutionary changes, changes enabled by good design and have nothing to do with evolution. (3) Most fossils observed in the fossil record still exist today and all of them that do still exist today are exactly the same as found in the fossil record with no evolutionary change. This is an example of the creation model. (4) All speciation results in losing information and never has it been observed to result in new information or new parts and systems. This is an argument for the creation model. (5) There is no such thing as "chemical evolution", only a failed attempt of searching for such a thing. An example of a failed prediction. (6) There is no such thing as "endosymbiosis in microorganisms, That has been proven to be nothing but a imaginary idea to support the story of evolution but is not scientific. Another example of a failed prediction. (7) Never has it been found for bacterial resistance to be due to evolution. It has always occurred by either losing information or using already existing information, thus it is dishonest to claim that is an example of evolution because it is the opposite of evolution. Resistance to Actinonin is caused by a loss of enzyme activity Resistance to Ampicillin is caused by a SOS response halting cell division Resistance to Azithromycin is caused by loss of a regulatory protein Resistance to Chloramphenicol is caused by reduced formation of a porin or a regulatory protein Resistance to Ciprofloxacin is caused by loss of a porin or loss of a regulatory protein Resistance to Erythromycin is caused by reduced affinity to 23S Rrna or loss of a regulatory protein Resistance to Fluoroquinolones is caused by a loss of affinity to gyrase Resistance to Imioenem is caused by reduced formation of a porin Resistance to Kanamycin is caused by reduced formation of a transport protein Resistance to Nalidixic Acid is caused by loss or inactivation of a regulatory protein Resistance to Rifampin is caused by loss of affinity to RNA polymerase Resistance to Streptomycin is caused by reduced affinity to 16S rRNA or reduction of transport activity Resistance to Tetracycline reduced formation of a porin or a regulatory protein Resistance to Zittermicin A is caused by a loss of proton motive force Evolution has to explain the origin of bacteria, not the decay of it. Viruses cannot gain information and can never be anything except viruses, thus has nothing to do with evolution. (8) Speciation of birds is not evolution because only loss of information occurs. Speciation occurs by different heterozygous genes and modules become homozygous, thus losing information. No change is evolutionary unless a new part or system is built requiring much more coded DNA and a reading mechanism to translate it and build the new motor proteins to build the new parts. Today it is well known that no functional protein could ever originate by naturalism. For one taxon to change into a different kind of taxon would require replacing most of the DNA with an entirely different one which codes for different genes and proteins. Every taxon has many TRGs, (Taxonomically Restrictive Genes) lwhich means they have genes that are unique only to that taxon and do not appear in any other taxon. Same way with Orphan proteins which are unique to each different taxon. This proves evolution impossible. Interactomes in the cells are required for life and only one pathway will work and there are 1 to the 79,000,000,000 power wrong combinations that do not work. There are about 1 to the 80th power of atoms in the universe. Every man on earth has the SAME anatomy which can be possible only if everybody born since the original man lived also had the same anatomy, otherwise everybody could not be the same. This fact proves that there is no evolutionary different between any man on earth and never had been. Evolutionism is nothing but a fiction story that some people want to believe in order to avoid absolute morals required by our Creator, God.
Absolutely thrilled that this is back. Looking forward to teaching this stuff to my kids. Bee-tee-dubs, Christian here who happily accepts the reality of the evolutionary process.
why are you even christian, If you do not believe jesus was sent to die for our sins? if Evolution is true it means jesus was never sent by god to die for the sins of adam and eve/mankind
The simple answer is, because I choose to have faith that Jesus came back from the dead, and that this inaugurated a new reality where we will be, too, into a life of perfect justice. My faith isn't contingent on scientific evidence. If it were, it wouldn't be faith. Less simply, I think Christians pretend to too much knowledge when we uncritically accept ancient categories for universal behavior. We grow comfortable reifying sin, treating it as a thing that can be passed down through generations and "died for" without batting an eye. It doesn't cross our minds to wrestle with it, because there's so much we don't know. No Christian understands the mechanics if the salvation we say we understand. Again, that's what makes it faith. I'm just honest enough to admit it.
Thomas Beard jesus coming back from the dead wasnt even in his life story untill later on when it was added... almost added like a finishing touch, like a cherry on top of the milkshake, i just cant understand how you can have faith in that and be logical and rational at the same time
I don't agree with that particular reading of Jesus's "life story." If you look at each of the four gospels present in the New Testament, the resurrection is thematically integrated in the text of each, so they can't stand without that point. They're all directed toward the same point. The other texts in the New Testament draw on the resurrection to make several points. The character of the Christian faith would look radically different without it. Making "logical and rational" the opposite of believing in God is a cultural decision, not a reflection of reality. Often when I see it defined like that, people use reason to mean "not believing in something unless you can make scientific observations of it," in which case you've begged the question by defining reason in a way that excludes faith. A lot of my friends and family are atheist, and I respect the journey they've taken to be where they are. I usually just ask that they give me the same respect. I don't find arguments against the existence of God very compelling, and in the absence of compelling arguments, I'll make the choice to believe based on my own convictions.
+Fjolltzu just let him be a christian. Faith is a good thing, it can help a lot in life if some1 is fortunate enough to have it. Problems arise when they teach religious stuff as actual science and use it to explain physics, biology, etc. But he wanna teach this evolution stuff to his kids, he wanna teach them real science. Religios belief like this is a complete breath of fresh air, no matter if he believes in Jesus, Mickey Mouse or the Jedi Council.
Thank you so much! Your animations are so fun and you really do make complicated concepts easier to grasp :) I loved the animation when the zoom out from the 'tissue' image was of the baboons pink butt. That cracked up! Also the bigger and bigger upside down dead animals was hilarious!
I like to add something to it. There are also lots of gene duplications unique to humans. Many of them are expressed in the brain. One in Particular is SRGAP2, full name: *SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2.* (the sequence of the gene is freely available www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23380) The gene itself is located in human chromosome 1, the product of this gene is a protein that plays a role in cortical neural development. What is interesting about this is that this gene is also located in the same chromosome 1 (homologous to our chromosome 1) of other great apes such as chimps, however the big difference is that our chromosome one contains multiple copies of this gene, whereas non human great apes have only one version that is located in the same part of the chromosome as one gene is in us. Many of the copies misses parts that the original gene does have and at least one copy does make a functional protein. But despite this, this gene duplications, according to many studies, has been one major factor in brain development during human evolution. By estimating the occurrence of this duplication event was between 2 - 3 million years ago, this correlates with the transition from Australopithecus to Homo and the beginning of neocortex expansion as indicated by the fossil record. This discovery is relatively recent since gene duplications tend to be overlooked because they are so similar to each other and therefore don't seem to be that important like how creationist dismiss the importance of gene duplications by saying: *"duplications don't add new information. You just have the same information copied."* But that is wrong. More copies of a gene can have tremendous effects as seen in this case and in the video here. More copies of one thing can increase its effects, or completely change its effects, making something new. The complete story of this can be found here: www.nature.com/news/human-brain-shaped-by-duplicate-genes-1.10584 www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(12)00461-8?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867412004618%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
How does duplication happen tho, is it just spontaneous? Does it still happen now? And if so what effects does it have, or does the effect take too much time like evolution by natural selection?
In the video you seem to imply that the Corgi, the Baset Hounds and the white, fluffy dog are the result of breeding the Dachshund with other dogs, but you don't include a source for this. From what I was able to find with a quick google search this doesn't seem to be the case. These dogs appear to have a common ancestor but it is not clear that it is the Dachshund.
+dieg0us I see how the video suggests that. You're right, the original dog to get that mutation was not a modern-looking Dachshund. Probably would have been best for me to have drawn a generic looking dog with the gene to avoid confusion. I'll add clarification in the video notes when I get back to the office next week.
+dieg0us That genetic sequence that gave rise to short legs arose in the domestic dog genome; it was not inherited from wolf ancestors. Had the gene mutation occurred in a wolf population it would have been quickly weeded out. Just FYI.
Amazing. I am shocked that this kind of evolution can occur in only 6000 years! Well, my great grandfather rode dinosaurs, and his father built the first building. Early life on Earth was rough.....new animals popping up every day for 6 days, it got crowded fast.
I am refering to after the flood of course. Just incredible that thousands of new animals have been evolving every day since then. Its strange that they hide so well that we cant find them. Only god knows why he made everything the way he did.... Hahahaha I cant keep a straight face anymore.
A transition to leaf eating could happen many different ways, one is that leaves are a small part of a diet until a mutation occurs allowing them more useful, as they become more useful, they are eaten more until eventually the species is a leaf eating specialist.
+The Dino Warrior//TDW minecraft pe "Nothing is good or evil but thinking makes it so" said Hamlet. "Thinking it so" will not change DNA, but the mind of man has been tinkering with DNA for some time now. Many years ago, certain viruses were discovered that attacked and killed bacteria (Bacteriophages). Scientists found that they did so by an an enzyme that cut the Bacterial DNA at certain junctions, further experiments discovered that those severed strands of DNA would attempt to 'heal' themselves by bonding with nearby DNA and that foreign DNA could be introduced. It was found that a gene produced a specific protein even when introduced into another organism, and that gene produced its protein no matter where it was inserted. Using this knowledge, scientists were able to take the human gene for producing the protein insulin (INS) and insert it into bacteria or yeast or even plants and those organisms would then produce HUMAN insulin. Previously, diabetics used insulin extracted from pig or cow organs. Insulin from those sources is still available but most diabetics use the human insulin produced by altered E.coli bacteria. Pig insulin differs from human insulin by a single amino acid, cow insulin by two amino acids. Millions of diabetics lived relatively normal lives because of them, but the insulin produced by those altered bacteria is an exact match. Recently, more precise methods of editing a genome have been discovered. Do a Google search for CRISPR/Cas 9. This technology has great potential for treating genetic problems, but there are dangers. It is one thing to use the technique to alter somatic (body) cells, but altering heritable DNA (in sperm or egg) would alter DNA passed to future generations with possible long term consequences for our species. One benefit may be to provide replacement organs for human transplant. Many people die each year waiting for donated organs to replace their own failing ones. The medical profession has long hoped for the ability to use organs from other animals (xenotransplants) but two problems existed; one being the body's immune response to foreign proteins. That happens even with human to human transplants even with good tissue matches. The other problem is Endogenous Retroviruses (ERV's), which are hitchhiking segments of viral DNA that had infected an ancestral population. Because pigs reproduce rapidly, mature quickly and have organs of approximately the right size, science has held out hope that they might one day be utilized for human transplant. While organs from apes such as Chimpanzees or even those from monkeys would be closer genetic matches, there would be no way that apes could fill the demand for organs and monkey organs would be too small in most cases. About 8% of the human genome consists of ERV's inherited from primate ancestors. Those ERV's found in the human genome are referred to as HERV's. They have over time been subjected to mutations that disabled their ability to replicate independently of the human genome. Some have DNA sequences that have proven beneficial. Pigs, having different evolutionary ancestry, have a different set of ERV's referred to as PERV's (Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses). It is a great concern to many scientists that once introduced to the human body, such viruses may get reactivated creating new human pathogens. Concerns about rejection by the human immune system and infection by viruses embedded in the pig genome have stymied research. However, Using a new gene editing technique called CRISPR - CAS9 scientists have succeeded in modifying more than 60 genes from pig embryos-ten times more than have been edited in any other animal-researchers believe they may have produced a suitable nonhuman organ donor. While researchers dream of the possibility, it’s too early to tell exactly what role pigs (and their organs) will play in human medicine.
+Marshall Mannella (Mjmannella), BBC just did an article on that: www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160404-why-some-animals-have-venoms-so-lethal-they-cannot-use-them
Y’know, I left young-earth creationism a LONG time ago (yeah, I know, but I was a kid raised in a conservative religious environment, cut me SOME slack), but the whole YEC talking point about “mutations don’t add genetic information, only act upon or destroy what’s already there” was something I hadn’t really gotten a solid rebuttal for by the time I decided that the whole thing was silly, and I was kind of curious what the answer was. Turns out said answer is surprisingly simple. When I was a YEC, I didn’t hear ANYTHING about gene duplication followed by said duplicated genes being subject to mutation, but in hindsight it’s really freaking obvious. Given how well-known this phenomenon apparently is in the scientific community, I’m surprised I didn’t hear creationists attempt to address it (though, maybe I shouldn’t be; I mean, if they tried to analyze this stuff critically, they wouldn’t be creationists).
Creatard says: 'Try misspelling computer code words in a program and see what happens.' Sane person replies: 'You've just explained why DNA is NOT a programmed code.' Creatard: 'But... but... sputter, sputter!!!'
@@DocReasonable Thank you for proving my point. Then no one has any reason to take you seriously, when you go around attacking something you don't understand and don't want to understand.
@@prayerjoseph9776 DNA scarring occurs when small blocks of DNA units are accidentally deleted or, in other cases, inserted. Insertions and deletions are created by cuts in the DNA followed by reattachment at the cut sites. Like actual scars they have a particular location and profile. Humans and chimps share literally THOUSANDS of such random, accidental scars. Humans share many such scars with all the other primates. The idea that this could have happened by pure coincidence is impossible. It is irrelevant if some of these scars are detrimental, neutral, or beneficial. That this could have originally happened IN EACH SPECIES INDEPENDENTLY is statistically impossible.
@@walkergarya Well in an ultimate sense, everything considered, God does do it, but you won't understand until you understand. Still, you really don't know our actual position on evolution? (What are the creationists' contentions with evolution?)* I guess you are not up to date then if you think we lost the debate, but if that truly is the case you should be able to tell me the creationists position and easily dismantle it right now, no?
+Adam B they can happen in several ways, one of which is uneven crossover during cell division. If you're lucky enough to be looking in the right place at the right time, you can watch it happen with a microscope.
This video doesn’t explain how the duplication happens in the first place. What would need to occur for a sequence to be duplicated and inserted into the chromosome at another location. I’m interested in the mechanism if anyone can help.
Two main ways in plants and animals: 1. Unequal crossing during meiosis en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unequal_crossing_over 2. The action of retrotransposons: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon
Parabéns pelo trabalho, a qualidade e clareza que você tem pra passar o conteúdo é impressionante. Assemelha se a uns canais Brasileiros, como nerdologia e o canal do pirula, no qual você pode dar uma olhada. Obrigado
Interesting stuff, although I do have a question: the examples you gave were obviously all centered around duplication, and then other spontaneous mutations within the duplicate strand of DNA. These are all copies or variations of the existing genetic code that created a variation in the previous trait, correct? (I’m not a scientist so please correct me if I’m wrong) It seems to me like the formation of these traits is due to an alteration of the existing trait to form a new version with different characteristics. How does DNA create entirely new information, though? In other words, would there be an instance where a dna code is duplicated and it results in an entirely different structure? Could a duplicated genetic code for skin cell formation result in the beginning stages of a human eye? It seems to me like if we had a genetic code AGCTCGATGGTCTAG, we’d have to see mutations where a duplication of this code or adding letters to this code can, over time, create something new, and not just a variation of the existing structure, and that just seems to require an insane amount of good luck. I could be totally off so can someone explain this to me?
Of course it is only a variation of the former form, that is how parents have offspring. And that is how evolution works. Recycling and repurposement. So are lungs repurposed swim bladders, feathers are repurposed scales and hands are repurposed paws, which are themselves repurposed fins etc. That is why gentoo penguins are still penguins, which are still birds, which are still dinosaurs, which are still archosaurs....which are still animal cell colonies... etc.
Angelmou But how does a kind turn into a DIFFERENT kind over time? How can a scale become a feather simply by altering existing code? Don’t bigger organisms have many more chromosomes than single-cell bacteria? How does this new Mariella get ADDED?
Angelmou for example, even if hands are repurposed paws, that type of structure had to come into existence at some point. But how did those structures come into existence in organisms that didn’t previously have them?
@@solascriptura5980 Good evening again Sola Scriptura, You ask many questions. I can answer but it would take a lot of time so I will first adress the feather one. Feathers are even today repurposed from scales like here a photo: www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Shapiro17/publication/323074117/figure/fig5/AS:592197460176897@1518202285602/Model-describing-link-between-Pitx1-and-Tbx5-expression-levels-and-foot-epidermal.png or here: media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs40851-017-0085-4/MediaObjects/40851_2017_85_Fig3_HTML.gif The mechanism is explained here: www.researchgate.net/profile/Randall_Widelitz/publication/11026627/figure/fig2/AS:281243066355734@1444064980733/Models-of-feather-branching-and-evolution-of-feather-formsa-Roles-of-noggin-BMP4-Shh.png Barb to spreaded rachis etc. It happens in the history of life several times here a list: media.nature.com/full/nature-assets/scientificamerican/journal/v23/n2s/images/scientificamericandinosaurs0514-76-I4.jpg The soures are explained: www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14139 and academic.oup.com/gbe/article/10/10/2572/5086307
@@solascriptura5980 *Today, geneticists are working together with embryologists to reveal the genetic process by which limbs are formed. What it has revealed is that, just as elsewhere in evolution, Incremental molecular changes were made to what was already there. It is evident that Sarcopterygian fishes had the requisite bones and genes. Here is some of the work that is being done:* Molecular evolution of limb length January 14, 2008 phys.org/news/2008-01-molecular-evolution-limb-length.html Before animals first walked on land, fish carried gene program for limbs. phys.org/news/2011-07-animals-fish-gene-limbs.html New techniques boost understanding of how fish fins became fingers phys.org/news/2016-08-techniques-boost-fish-fins-fingers.html#nRlv Development and Evolution of the Muscles of the Pelvic Fin journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001168 There is an excellent series of videos titled "Your Inner Fish" originally on PBS, they are now available on the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) BioInteractive website; www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/your-inner-fish-series. Also, one of the excellent PBS 'Eons' series is titled 'When Fish First Breathed Air' ua-cam.com/video/E1h4kgt2520/v-deo.html For an in depth look at all the stages of evolution leading to us I recommend the series "Systematic Classification of Life" by Aron Nelson, aka AronRa, he is unlike any biology teacher you ever met, but he knows his stuff. Here is a link to the series playlist. ua-cam.com/play/PLXJ4dsU0oGMLnubJLPuw0dzD0AvAHAotW.html
Nice, very clearly stated sirs! One thing though, at the end you say there are no limits to what genetic traits or species can be created. I'm afraid creatinists are going to latch on to that to discredit this video and ignore the rest.
Daniel Jackson That's not the relevant bit, it's the "no limitations" part that concerns me. There are limitations to what evolution can create/produce/whatever. Take the nautilus with it's pinhole eye for example. It's impossible for descendents of the nautilus to evolve an eye that work like ours, because it would have to lose fitness before gaining it.
+AdenineMonkey No. Even though the nautilus eye is "fit" for its environment right now, a small mutation that makes it better and "more fit" is not impossible. Why would any particular modification necessarily be less fit? You can't know that.
AdenineMonkey"no limitations" means that there are nearly unending possible ways something can evolve, its nearly uncountable so he just says there is no end
Brilliant video. An amazing example of creation, design and consciousness in action. However a little more information on subfuctionalization and neofuctionalization would of been more helpful and honest for the people watching on the limitations of gene duplication. However, your channel is called stated clearly so t'would of been a misnomer. Thanks for posting!
+Randall Wilks Wit is a form of intelligent humour. I made no attempt to be witty so t'would no surprise that my "assertion" as you called it would be witless unless unintentionally seeming so.
Snakes...can we explain how the concept of using factor X or the clogging agent as a defensive or offensive tool by way of a hollow tooth? How did the viper, choose that particular function? HOW did they hit the mark right away? Or were there vipers spitting urine, blood, bile, saline, alcohol or other chemicals?
We need more science communicators like you. Science is interesting but can often be hard to understand. The way you animate and break down things so that even a child can understand really helps the public. Just like Neil Degrasse Tyson or Bill Nye, you guys help make learning about science fun
But it's gross extrapolations and yarns.
The day a new Stated Clearly video comes out is a good day.
the evolution of snake vemon was pretty interesting indeed :D
The snake venom is a perfect example of the failure of logic that happens all the time in the mind of the evolutionist. Careless, elementary reasoning. Think deeper.
We observe:
1) that organisms have factor X in the bloodstream.
2) Snake venom consists of pre activated factor X.
Therefore the snake evolved the trait through evolution.
What? This does not logically follow. Ask any student in a class of logic. The observation is correct, but the conclusion has nothing to do with the observation. The fact that a similar substance is used in the glands of a snake, has nothing to do with the process of evolution. You would have to guess, assume, theorize that it was through the process of evolution, that the snake acquired that trait. But it does not logically follow. Now, lets go back a million years when the snake "began" forming this "new trait". When there was a very low quantity of factor x in the saliva, it would do nothing to its prey. Why then would natural selection select a tiny increase in factor x, if it has no benefit? This would have to happen hundreds of thousands of times if not millions for the factor x to become abundant enough to affect the prey. Now why would this happen hundreds of thousands or millions of times, if it wasn't beneficial? Why would natural selection keep something so useless for millions of years, before it gave any affect? Keep in mind, it doesn't have knowledge of the future, it doesn't plan traits... This same reasoning can be applied for any new trait forming. Most traits are only beneficial in the complete state, and cannot be beneficial while its forming over millions of years. Think of a few yourself... you will see that they are only useful in a complete state.
@@OnlyTruthLove do you think geneticists overlooked or are incapable of this so called elementary reasoning?
Once a gene is duplicated there are various mechanisms that regulate gene expression.There are various mutations that can greatly increase or decrease gene expression. Now does equal concentrations/expression of X factor affects all animals similarly? Or is it more likely that small animals with narrower blood vessels and high heart rates are effected more so than larger prey?
"The same reason can be applied for any new trait and *most traits are only beneficial in the complete state and cannot be beneficial while forming over millions of years*"
Come on, you're joking right? Have you not come across any examples or have you never bothered looking?
How about a mudskipper climbing a tree. I don't know what you mean by complete state but using fins to climb trees seems inefficient but it gets the job done. Or do you think that it was designed/created to climb a tree using its fins?
@@dsoma1071 are you telling me that the mudskipper mainly moves around in the trees? Or does it mainly move around in or on water? I would assume it spends most of its time in or on water... Just because it can get into a tree, doesnt mean that its what the design was for. The design was for water. A deer can climb cliff sides and trees... Its not what the hooves were designed for... Duh? I can use an iphone as a hammer, man what a poor design for a hammer.... and yes, snake venom is usless if it doesnt do anything to its prey because of the insignificant amounts of x factor in its early stages. Therefore the survivability of the organism does not increase, and natural selection doesnt work to progress the evolution of the trait.
@@OnlyTruthLove - Also, no book in the world has an explanation as to how an actual evolutionary change could occur. The only examples they have nothing to do with what evolution would require but only examples that are excellent design features using already existing information. Evolution requires adding new information. Just calling any change or all changes "Evolution" can not make evolution possible but only shows how dishonest they are.
The evolution of snake venom is interesting indeed but it's micro evolution.
It cannot explain macro-evolution and the emergence of new genes domains that are necessary for the emergence of new species.
Well done as always. I'm always looking forward to the next episode!
which will probably be released 2018
Continue on with this series! It's awesome.
I can't thank you enough for your great videos! In terms of high quality content, you belong to the very best UA-camrs I know of. Please continue making such good stuff! It makes the world a better place :)
Did you fail your coursework?
I have myopia and it allows me to "flourish" in niche of electronics where I take off my glasses and can see onerously tiny letters on components two times bigger than a healthy individual.
All human eyesight issues deviating from perfect 20/20 vision is impairment. Trust an evolutionist to try and argue otherwise.
Subscribed!
I have really enjoyed every video. It's awesome to see evolutionary concepts brought to life so skillfully.
Together the animation and narration really deliver a crystal clear package, keep up the good work!!
Nobody denying evolution in the comments? Have I died and gone to heaven?
maybe they learned to mind their own bussiness
hay guyz haf u herd tat ebolution is fak cause a book sad soo
***** it was just a joke. Calm yo'self
+Islamic Ba'athism he stated no one was arguing about evolution so I was joking by posting that
I said it like that because that was something they would say I just didn't want him thinking I was actually trying to argue by putting it funny but obviously you didn't understand that
This channel is one of the best at explaining evolution
you just gained a supporter
have there ever been snakes that had hollow teeth, but no ability to inject venom?
+Tango Delta 2, not that I'm aware of, but there are many venomous reptiles without hollow fangs. Instead their teeth are bent to form vertical grooves allowing venomous saliva to seep deeper into a bite. In snake embryos, the fangs start off straight and then bend around to form a hollow tube. It's like the grooved reptile teeth but taken to the extreme.
Interesting. Thanks!
I was wondering if snake fangs were modified teeths or modified saliva glands?
They are modified teeth bent into a tube shape with the venom duct emptying into the center of it. Here's a really good article I found with diagrams and photos: snakesarelong.blogspot.com/2013/09/basics-of-snake-fangs.html
Good article. Thanks!
Could you please send me the PowerPoint presentation for this animation to use it for teaching
this channel is great
Genetic “scars”. Just as scars stay on our bodies as reminders of past events, the DNA code contains “scars” and these are passed on from generation to generation. DNA scars result from the deletion or insertion of a block of bases (not just single base changes as in the previous section). Because we have a lot of these (hundreds of thousands) and they can be precisely located, they serve as a historical record of species. If we have the same scar as chimpanzees and orangutans, then the deletion or insertion must have occurred before these species diverged into separate populations. If we and chimpanzees have a certain scar but orangutans do not, we can conclude the deletion or insertion must have occurred after the common ancestor of chimps and humans separated from our common ancestor with orangutans. In this way we can create a detailed family tree of common ancestors.
What an excellent video. Keep making more!
❤beautiful animation and I like the softness of your voice Jon Perry.
+Stated Clearly
Seriously.... I love these vidoes! You've made it so simple to explain to a creationist how "information" can be added to our DNA. The reponse I'm not getting is that a mutation is always a corruption of the DNA code. Its a negative effect... etc. I explained that a duplication error, or a point mutation is just a change. And that a new feature isn't 'negative' or 'positive' on its own.... but rather.... it depends on the environment. Calling mutations "negative" before they've been subject to an environment is really preempting it's usefulness.
Anyway... I'm loving these vids. Very clearly stated indeed. I need to watch them all. What is your education by the way?
darkhorse....I can easily show the fraud and deception in every sentence the video used. That videos is extremely anti-science and is garbage.
@@danminer5343 yeah sure buddy. If you can why don't you?
@@yeahkeen2905, I already shown people how every sentence that evolutionists have told is how it is fraud and deception. IT is easy to expose the lies and fraud if you have studied and know the science. Never has any science been found that showed how evolution could be possible and no evidence that it has happened has ever been found. Just saying that everything is evolution is not science nor true. No book in the world has any explanation as to how evolution could be possible. They just say "evolution did it" without any explanation. I challenge you to find a scientific reason to believe in the fiction story of evolutionism.
@@danminer5343 nice deflection. You did not in anyway explain how every sentence of the video was wrong, you just said it's wrong because evolution is wrong (it isn't) and that evolution is wrong because there's no evidence (there is).
Let me name some examples of the evidence for evolution since you have some trouble understanding. DNA similarities between organisms, similarities in anatomical structure between organisms and fossils, observed microevolution, observed speciation, observed chemical evolution, observed evolution of endosymbiosis in microorganisms et cetera, et cetera. We have observed bacteria and viruses evolving to become resistant medication, et cetera, et cetera. We have observed one species of bird evolving into two, et cetera, et cetera. Do you understand now?
@@yeahkeen2905 Thank you for your reply and for showing me the examples the evolutionists used to trick you. I have heard of those examples of fraud many many times.
(1) The only similarities that exist between taxon are required for good design. Those similarities are proof of excellent design which requires those similarities, thus it is dishonest to use that argument against good design. What evolutionists must explain the ORIGIN of each part and system, which they have never been able to do. DNA has less similarity between taxon that does the The anatomical features.
(2) The term "micro-evolution" was invented by Julian Huxley to label all non-evolutionary changes, changes enabled by good design and have nothing to do with evolution.
(3) Most fossils observed in the fossil record still exist today and all of them that do still exist today are exactly the same as found in the fossil record with no evolutionary change. This is an example of the creation model.
(4) All speciation results in losing information and never has it been observed to result in new information or new parts and systems. This is an argument for the creation model.
(5) There is no such thing as "chemical evolution", only a failed attempt of searching for such a thing. An example of a failed prediction.
(6) There is no such thing as "endosymbiosis in microorganisms, That has been proven to be nothing but a imaginary idea to support the story of evolution but is not scientific. Another example of a failed prediction.
(7) Never has it been found for bacterial resistance to be due to evolution. It has always occurred by either losing information or using already existing information, thus it is dishonest to claim that is an example of evolution because it is the opposite of evolution.
Resistance to Actinonin is caused by a loss of enzyme activity
Resistance to Ampicillin is caused by a SOS response halting cell division
Resistance to Azithromycin is caused by loss of a regulatory protein
Resistance to Chloramphenicol is caused by reduced formation of a porin or a regulatory protein
Resistance to Ciprofloxacin is caused by loss of a porin or loss of a regulatory protein
Resistance to Erythromycin is caused by reduced affinity to 23S Rrna or loss of a regulatory protein
Resistance to Fluoroquinolones is caused by a loss of affinity to gyrase
Resistance to Imioenem is caused by reduced formation of a porin
Resistance to Kanamycin is caused by reduced formation of a transport protein
Resistance to Nalidixic Acid is caused by loss or inactivation of a regulatory protein
Resistance to Rifampin is caused by loss of affinity to RNA polymerase
Resistance to Streptomycin is caused by reduced affinity to 16S rRNA or reduction of transport activity
Resistance to Tetracycline reduced formation of a porin or a regulatory protein
Resistance to Zittermicin A is caused by a loss of proton motive force
Evolution has to explain the origin of bacteria, not the decay of it.
Viruses cannot gain information and can never be anything except viruses, thus has nothing to do with evolution.
(8) Speciation of birds is not evolution because only loss of information occurs. Speciation occurs by different heterozygous genes and modules become homozygous, thus losing information. No change is evolutionary unless a new part or system is built requiring much more coded DNA and a reading mechanism to translate it and build the new motor proteins to build the new parts. Today it is well known that no functional protein could ever originate by naturalism. For one taxon to change into a different kind of taxon would require replacing most of the DNA with an entirely different one which codes for different genes and proteins. Every taxon has many TRGs, (Taxonomically Restrictive Genes) lwhich means they have genes that are unique only to that taxon and do not appear in any other taxon. Same way with Orphan proteins which are unique to each different taxon. This proves evolution impossible.
Interactomes in the cells are required for life and only one pathway will work and there are 1 to the 79,000,000,000 power wrong combinations that do not work. There are about 1 to the 80th power of atoms in the universe.
Every man on earth has the SAME anatomy which can be possible only if everybody born since the original man lived also had the same anatomy, otherwise everybody could not be the same. This fact proves that there is no evolutionary different between any man on earth and never had been. Evolutionism is nothing but a fiction story that some people want to believe in order to avoid absolute morals required by our Creator, God.
I'm embarrassed to say that I first viewed one of your videos YEARS ago and only now subscribed to your channel. My delay was an egregious oversight.
Asked and answered creationists. Now watch as they move the goalpost again.
welcome back :) another great video as usual
These how genetic information evolve videos are really great. I hope you continue the series and go through all the different ways this can happen.
Listening to this as a refresher for a university bioinformatics course. Thank you for such clear explanations!
Thanks John! And other developers, this video is very interesting!
Absolutely thrilled that this is back. Looking forward to teaching this stuff to my kids.
Bee-tee-dubs, Christian here who happily accepts the reality of the evolutionary process.
why are you even christian, If you do not believe jesus was sent to die for our sins? if Evolution is true it means jesus was never sent by god to die for the sins of adam and eve/mankind
The simple answer is, because I choose to have faith that Jesus came back from the dead, and that this inaugurated a new reality where we will be, too, into a life of perfect justice. My faith isn't contingent on scientific evidence. If it were, it wouldn't be faith.
Less simply, I think Christians pretend to too much knowledge when we uncritically accept ancient categories for universal behavior. We grow comfortable reifying sin, treating it as a thing that can be passed down through generations and "died for" without batting an eye. It doesn't cross our minds to wrestle with it, because there's so much we don't know. No Christian understands the mechanics if the salvation we say we understand. Again, that's what makes it faith. I'm just honest enough to admit it.
Thomas Beard jesus coming back from the dead wasnt even in his life story untill later on when it was added... almost added like a finishing touch, like a cherry on top of the milkshake, i just cant understand how you can have faith in that and be logical and rational at the same time
I don't agree with that particular reading of Jesus's "life story." If you look at each of the four gospels present in the New Testament, the resurrection is thematically integrated in the text of each, so they can't stand without that point. They're all directed toward the same point. The other texts in the New Testament draw on the resurrection to make several points. The character of the Christian faith would look radically different without it.
Making "logical and rational" the opposite of believing in God is a cultural decision, not a reflection of reality. Often when I see it defined like that, people use reason to mean "not believing in something unless you can make scientific observations of it," in which case you've begged the question by defining reason in a way that excludes faith.
A lot of my friends and family are atheist, and I respect the journey they've taken to be where they are. I usually just ask that they give me the same respect. I don't find arguments against the existence of God very compelling, and in the absence of compelling arguments, I'll make the choice to believe based on my own convictions.
+Fjolltzu
just let him be a christian. Faith is a good thing, it can help a lot in life if some1 is fortunate enough to have it. Problems arise when they teach religious stuff as actual science and use it to explain physics, biology, etc. But he wanna teach this evolution stuff to his kids, he wanna teach them real science. Religios belief like this is a complete breath of fresh air, no matter if he believes in Jesus, Mickey Mouse or the Jedi Council.
STATED CLEARLY IS REINCARNATED. THANK YOU JESUS, MY LORD AND SAVIOUR!
THE IRONY
John perry is lord sent so we can all learn the truth that fundies are fooling us all bankrupt lol. Let us all thank the lord that sent him.
Well done. Thanks for making the video.
Thanks a lot for bringing it the way that is so easy so to understand.
Thank you so much! Your animations are so fun and you really do make complicated concepts easier to grasp :) I loved the animation when the zoom out from the 'tissue' image was of the baboons pink butt. That cracked up! Also the bigger and bigger upside down dead animals was hilarious!
Well thank you, John Perry. That was stated clearly enough.
No Name When you get an original thought, I'll let you know.
+No Name So, are you saying that having faith is a bad thing?
Actually it is a bad thing. Faith is the name people give for believing something without good reasons.
Junkass69
His original argument was that the theory of evolution requires faith.
Sikh Atheist In that case it would be the only "faith" based belief with literal mountains of evidence.
welcome back..! i love your presentation..
Yay! you're back.
That was so easy to follow. Thank you!
you are awesome! more people should watch your videos.
Well done! keep up with your awesome work, we love it!
Great video!
This is so good. Please keep up the great work!!
you deserve more views
much more...
Great video, fantastic examples & animation
You think so? 😂😂🤦
I like to add something to it.
There are also lots of gene duplications unique to humans. Many of them are expressed in the brain.
One in Particular is SRGAP2, full name: *SLIT-ROBO Rho GTPase activating protein 2.*
(the sequence of the gene is freely available www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/23380)
The gene itself is located in human chromosome 1, the product of this gene is a protein that plays a role in cortical neural development. What is interesting about this is that this gene is also located in the same chromosome 1 (homologous to our chromosome 1) of other great apes such as chimps, however the big difference is that our chromosome one contains multiple copies of this gene, whereas non human great apes have only one version that is located in the same part of the chromosome as one gene is in us. Many of the copies misses parts that the original gene does have and at least one copy does make a functional protein. But despite this, this gene duplications, according to many studies, has been one major factor in brain development during human evolution. By estimating the occurrence of this duplication event was between 2 - 3 million years ago, this correlates with the transition from Australopithecus to Homo and the beginning of neocortex expansion as indicated by the fossil record.
This discovery is relatively recent since gene duplications tend to be overlooked because they are so similar to each other and therefore don't seem to be that important like how creationist dismiss the importance of gene duplications by saying: *"duplications don't add new information. You just have the same information copied."*
But that is wrong. More copies of a gene can have tremendous effects as seen in this case and in the video here. More copies of one thing can increase its effects, or completely change its effects, making something new.
The complete story of this can be found here:
www.nature.com/news/human-brain-shaped-by-duplicate-genes-1.10584
www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(12)00461-8?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0092867412004618%3Fshowall%3Dtrue
How does duplication happen tho, is it just spontaneous? Does it still happen now? And if so what effects does it have, or does the effect take too much time like evolution by natural selection?
More please more... 🙏
Glad to see you back!
"Other dogs only dream of such adventures" lol
Excellent lesson
In the video you seem to imply that the Corgi, the Baset Hounds and the white, fluffy dog are the result of breeding the Dachshund with other dogs, but you don't include a source for this. From what I was able to find with a quick google search this doesn't seem to be the case. These dogs appear to have a common ancestor but it is not clear that it is the Dachshund.
+dieg0us I see how the video suggests that. You're right, the original dog to get that mutation was not a modern-looking Dachshund. Probably would have been best for me to have drawn a generic looking dog with the gene to avoid confusion. I'll add clarification in the video notes when I get back to the office next week.
+Stated Clearly. Wow fast response! Ok, thanks for the clarification! Have a good weekend!
+dieg0us That genetic sequence that gave rise to short legs arose in the domestic dog genome; it was not inherited from wolf ancestors. Had the gene mutation occurred in a wolf population it would have been quickly weeded out. Just FYI.
Randall Wilks or we would have smol wolves
@@RandallWilks How do you know it would have selected against? You're making an assertion you have no reason to conclude.
Very good video! Good work! Looking forward to the next videos
Stated clearly
very clearly
Fraud was stated clearly and you swallowed it hook, line and sinker!
Your videos are incredible and very educational! I love the winking dachshund!
Amazing. I am shocked that this kind of evolution can occur in only 6000 years! Well, my great grandfather rode dinosaurs, and his father built the first building. Early life on Earth was rough.....new animals popping up every day for 6 days, it got crowded fast.
+carpo719 You forgot to put on your tin foil hat :P
Yu Salsa No worries, I had a metal plate implanted in my head. Permanently protected!
Thousands of new animals every day. Simply amazing! Lol
I am refering to after the flood of course. Just incredible that thousands of new animals have been evolving every day since then. Its strange that they hide so well that we cant find them. Only god knows why he made everything the way he did.... Hahahaha I cant keep a straight face anymore.
Even more amazing how it all happened by random chance.
what is part one pls?
How did the monkeys eating leafs survive before the gene duplication? Was their diet different?
A transition to leaf eating could happen many different ways, one is that leaves are a small part of a diet until a mutation occurs allowing them more useful, as they become more useful, they are eaten more until eventually the species is a leaf eating specialist.
Bout time! Nice work tho
I love this channel, keep it up everyone.
can't wait to see the creationists get into a tizzy about this video. Thanks as always for making good content
Underrated channel
i wish we capable of coding our own gene by our own mind
+The Dino Warrior//TDW minecraft pe "Nothing is good or evil but thinking makes it so" said Hamlet. "Thinking it so" will not change DNA, but the mind of man has been tinkering with DNA for some time now. Many years ago, certain viruses were discovered that attacked and killed bacteria (Bacteriophages). Scientists found that they did so by an an enzyme that cut the Bacterial DNA at certain junctions, further experiments discovered that those severed strands of DNA would attempt to 'heal' themselves by bonding with nearby DNA and that foreign DNA could be introduced. It was found that a gene produced a specific protein even when introduced into another organism, and that gene produced its protein no matter where it was inserted. Using this knowledge, scientists were able to take the human gene for producing the protein insulin (INS) and insert it into bacteria or yeast or even plants and those organisms would then produce HUMAN insulin. Previously, diabetics used insulin extracted from pig or cow organs. Insulin from those sources is still available but most diabetics use the human insulin produced by altered E.coli bacteria. Pig insulin differs from human insulin by a single amino acid, cow insulin by two amino acids. Millions of diabetics lived relatively normal lives because of them, but the insulin produced by those altered bacteria is an exact match.
Recently, more precise methods of editing a genome have been discovered. Do a Google search for CRISPR/Cas 9. This technology has great potential for treating genetic problems, but there are dangers. It is one thing to use the technique to alter somatic (body) cells, but altering heritable DNA (in sperm or egg) would alter DNA passed to future generations with possible long term consequences for our species.
One benefit may be to provide replacement organs for human transplant. Many people die each year waiting for donated organs to replace their own failing ones. The medical profession has long hoped for the ability to use organs from other animals (xenotransplants) but two problems existed; one being the body's immune response to foreign proteins. That happens even with human to human transplants even with good tissue matches. The other problem is Endogenous Retroviruses (ERV's), which are hitchhiking segments of viral DNA that had infected an ancestral population.
Because pigs reproduce rapidly, mature quickly and have organs of approximately the right size, science has held out hope that they might one day be utilized for human transplant. While organs from apes such as Chimpanzees or even those from monkeys would be closer genetic matches, there would be no way that apes could fill the demand for organs and monkey organs would be too small in most cases.
About 8% of the human genome consists of ERV's inherited from primate ancestors. Those ERV's found in the human genome are referred to as HERV's. They have over time been subjected to mutations that disabled their ability to replicate independently of the human genome. Some have DNA sequences that have proven beneficial.
Pigs, having different evolutionary ancestry, have a different set of ERV's referred to as PERV's (Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses). It is a great concern to many scientists that once introduced to the human body, such viruses may get reactivated creating new human pathogens.
Concerns about rejection by the human immune system and infection by viruses embedded in the pig genome have stymied research. However, Using a new gene editing technique called CRISPR - CAS9 scientists have succeeded in modifying more than 60 genes from pig embryos-ten times more than have been edited in any other animal-researchers believe they may have produced a suitable nonhuman organ donor.
While researchers dream of the possibility, it’s too early to tell exactly what role pigs (and their organs) will play in human medicine.
Randall Wilks
K.
@@yusufhidayat9271 dude
Please make videos on other topics mentioned in the video🤗
I still don't understand why a cobra would need enough venom to kill an elephant, despite only eating mice and other small animals.
+Marshall Mannella (Mjmannella), BBC just did an article on that: www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160404-why-some-animals-have-venoms-so-lethal-they-cannot-use-them
+Stated Clearly That's not a valid link. 404 error
I don't get an error.
Try updating your browser. I have no problem accessing the page.
@@RandallWilks
Have you tried turning off your PC and turning it back on?
i liked this video a lot, thank you sor!
Y’know, I left young-earth creationism a LONG time ago (yeah, I know, but I was a kid raised in a conservative religious environment, cut me SOME slack), but the whole YEC talking point about “mutations don’t add genetic information, only act upon or destroy what’s already there” was something I hadn’t really gotten a solid rebuttal for by the time I decided that the whole thing was silly, and I was kind of curious what the answer was.
Turns out said answer is surprisingly simple. When I was a YEC, I didn’t hear ANYTHING about gene duplication followed by said duplicated genes being subject to mutation, but in hindsight it’s really freaking obvious. Given how well-known this phenomenon apparently is in the scientific community, I’m surprised I didn’t hear creationists attempt to address it (though, maybe I shouldn’t be; I mean, if they tried to analyze this stuff critically, they wouldn’t be creationists).
As far as i can tell, most apologists are in it for the money, so they obviously wouldn't talk about something they have no answer to.
You teach what dupliaion leats to, but i would love to hear from you also how and when duplication works.
Thanks
shit. this came back to life
Fantastic video! Hope you keep making more!
0:31 durr plant.
I *HATE* everything!
Nice video, I hope there is a next one soon.
Inb4 creationists in denial
lol and that will never change the reality of evolution
HellDragon115 you are misunderstanding the video.
what does it take for a duplication event to occur though?
@@TonyTigerTonyTiger Ah, that makes sense! Thanks so much for taking the time to reply. Much appreciated!
What triggers this duplication and how it triggers? Any link?
Very interesting. Thank you!
Is there going to be a part three? Perhaps describing the role of endogenous retrovirus.
Hello, do you have a video over De Novo gene birth?
I love this chanel ❤️
Beautiful! Very well done!
Beautiful animation
Excelente explicación. gracias!!!!!!!!!!
Amazing video as always.
Nothing made it clear of what natural selection actually is to me than 7:41 to 7:55
Well done
Amazing content!
Creatard says: 'Try misspelling computer code words in a program and see what happens.'
Sane person replies: 'You've just explained why DNA is NOT a programmed code.'
Creatard: 'But... but... sputter, sputter!!!'
You don't even know the actual position of creationists, do you?
@@prayerjoseph9776 Of course I do: it's to be utterly braindead and dishonest.
@@DocReasonable Thank you for proving my point. Then no one has any reason to take you seriously, when you go around attacking something you don't understand and don't want to understand.
@@prayerjoseph9776 DNA scarring occurs when small blocks of DNA units are accidentally deleted or, in other cases, inserted. Insertions and deletions are created by cuts in the DNA followed by reattachment at the cut sites. Like actual scars they have a particular location and profile.
Humans and chimps share literally THOUSANDS of such random, accidental scars. Humans share many such scars with all the other primates. The idea that this could have happened by pure coincidence is impossible. It is irrelevant if some of these scars are detrimental, neutral, or beneficial. That this could have originally happened IN EACH SPECIES INDEPENDENTLY is statistically impossible.
@@walkergarya Well in an ultimate sense, everything considered, God does do it, but you won't understand until you understand. Still, you really don't know our actual position on evolution? (What are the creationists' contentions with evolution?)*
I guess you are not up to date then if you think we lost the debate, but if that truly is the case you should be able to tell me the creationists position and easily dismantle it right now, no?
this is a fascinating videa, learning new things is so stimulating!
Good job on the video. You should do molecular biology videos.
You should do a part three on more mechanisms.
How do you observe a gene duplication? Is it not there one day and when you look at it again it's there?
I don't understand!
+Adam B they can happen in several ways, one of which is uneven crossover during cell division. If you're lucky enough to be looking in the right place at the right time, you can watch it happen with a microscope.
+Stated Clearly --- Does anyone have a video of it?
EDIT: I guess I could look myself :)
This video doesn’t explain how the duplication happens in the first place. What would need to occur for a sequence to be duplicated and inserted into the chromosome at another location. I’m interested in the mechanism if anyone can help.
Two main ways in plants and animals:
1. Unequal crossing during meiosis en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unequal_crossing_over
2. The action of retrotransposons: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrotransposon
Excellent job!
great video!
so glad you used dachshunds as an example... what amazing creatures they are..
This is very helpful
you are brilliant. excellent video.
You should do a part 3
How many nucleotides constitute a gene? I've been Googling to try to get a simple definition and have been having a hard time understanding them.
It depends on the gene. Our video "what is a gene" talks about this.
Parabéns pelo trabalho, a qualidade e clareza que você tem pra passar o conteúdo é impressionante. Assemelha se a uns canais Brasileiros, como nerdologia e o canal do pirula, no qual você pode dar uma olhada. Obrigado
😀 👍
thank you. that was clear and beautiful.
Interesting stuff, although I do have a question: the examples you gave were obviously all centered around duplication, and then other spontaneous mutations within the duplicate strand of DNA. These are all copies or variations of the existing genetic code that created a variation in the previous trait, correct? (I’m not a scientist so please correct me if I’m wrong) It seems to me like the formation of these traits is due to an alteration of the existing trait to form a new version with different characteristics.
How does DNA create entirely new information, though? In other words, would there be an instance where a dna code is duplicated and it results in an entirely different structure? Could a duplicated genetic code for skin cell formation result in the beginning stages of a human eye?
It seems to me like if we had a genetic code AGCTCGATGGTCTAG, we’d have to see mutations where a duplication of this code or adding letters to this code can, over time, create something new, and not just a variation of the existing structure, and that just seems to require an insane amount of good luck.
I could be totally off so can someone explain this to me?
Of course it is only a variation of the former form, that is how parents have offspring. And that is how evolution works. Recycling and repurposement. So are lungs repurposed swim bladders, feathers are repurposed scales and hands are repurposed paws, which are themselves repurposed fins etc.
That is why gentoo penguins are still penguins, which are still birds, which are still dinosaurs, which are still archosaurs....which are still animal cell colonies... etc.
Angelmou But how does a kind turn into a DIFFERENT kind over time? How can a scale become a feather simply by altering existing code? Don’t bigger organisms have many more chromosomes than single-cell bacteria? How does this new Mariella get ADDED?
Angelmou for example, even if hands are repurposed paws, that type of structure had to come into existence at some point. But how did those structures come into existence in organisms that didn’t previously have them?
@@solascriptura5980 Good evening again Sola Scriptura,
You ask many questions. I can answer but it would take a lot of time so I will first adress the feather one.
Feathers are even today repurposed from scales like here a photo:
www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Shapiro17/publication/323074117/figure/fig5/AS:592197460176897@1518202285602/Model-describing-link-between-Pitx1-and-Tbx5-expression-levels-and-foot-epidermal.png
or here:
media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs40851-017-0085-4/MediaObjects/40851_2017_85_Fig3_HTML.gif
The mechanism is explained here:
www.researchgate.net/profile/Randall_Widelitz/publication/11026627/figure/fig2/AS:281243066355734@1444064980733/Models-of-feather-branching-and-evolution-of-feather-formsa-Roles-of-noggin-BMP4-Shh.png
Barb to spreaded rachis etc.
It happens in the history of life several times here a list:
media.nature.com/full/nature-assets/scientificamerican/journal/v23/n2s/images/scientificamericandinosaurs0514-76-I4.jpg
The soures are explained:
www.nature.com/articles/ncomms14139
and
academic.oup.com/gbe/article/10/10/2572/5086307
@@solascriptura5980 *Today, geneticists are working together with embryologists to reveal the genetic process by which limbs are formed. What it has revealed is that, just as elsewhere in evolution, Incremental molecular changes were made to what was already there. It is evident that Sarcopterygian fishes had the requisite bones and genes. Here is some of the work that is being done:*
Molecular evolution of limb length January 14, 2008 phys.org/news/2008-01-molecular-evolution-limb-length.html
Before animals first walked on land, fish carried gene program for limbs. phys.org/news/2011-07-animals-fish-gene-limbs.html
New techniques boost understanding of how fish fins became fingers phys.org/news/2016-08-techniques-boost-fish-fins-fingers.html#nRlv
Development and Evolution of the Muscles of the Pelvic Fin
journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001168
There is an excellent series of videos titled "Your Inner Fish" originally on PBS, they are now available on the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) BioInteractive website; www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/your-inner-fish-series.
Also, one of the excellent PBS 'Eons' series is titled 'When Fish First Breathed Air' ua-cam.com/video/E1h4kgt2520/v-deo.html
For an in depth look at all the stages of evolution leading to us I recommend the series "Systematic Classification of Life" by Aron Nelson, aka AronRa, he is unlike any biology teacher you ever met, but he knows his stuff. Here is a link to the series playlist.
ua-cam.com/play/PLXJ4dsU0oGMLnubJLPuw0dzD0AvAHAotW.html
I love these videos.
superb clear
Nice, very clearly stated sirs!
One thing though, at the end you say there are no limits to what genetic traits or species can be created. I'm afraid creatinists are going to latch on to that to discredit this video and ignore the rest.
You heard that wrong. watch it one more time.
+AdenineMonkey it says "that evolution can produce"
Daniel Jackson That's not the relevant bit, it's the "no limitations" part that concerns me. There are limitations to what evolution can create/produce/whatever. Take the nautilus with it's pinhole eye for example. It's impossible for descendents of the nautilus to evolve an eye that work like ours, because it would have to lose fitness before gaining it.
+AdenineMonkey No. Even though the nautilus eye is "fit" for its environment right now, a small mutation that makes it better and "more fit" is not impossible. Why would any particular modification necessarily be less fit? You can't know that.
AdenineMonkey"no limitations" means that there are nearly unending possible ways something can evolve, its nearly uncountable so he just says there is no end
Brilliant video.
An amazing example of creation, design and consciousness in action.
However a little more information on subfuctionalization and neofuctionalization would of been more helpful and honest for the people watching on the limitations of gene duplication.
However, your channel is called stated clearly so t'would of been a misnomer.
Thanks for posting!
Bwahahahahahaha!!!!! You are one funny guy.
+Randall Wilks
Sarcasm is the lowest form of wit...
Perfectly suited to a witless assertion.
+Randall Wilks
Wit is a form of intelligent humour.
I made no attempt to be witty so t'would no surprise that my "assertion" as you called it would be witless unless unintentionally seeming so.
It seems you fail to comprehend the meaning of the word 'witless'.
How did the leaf shape in a grasshopper evolve?
ones that didn't look like a leaf were more easily spotted and eaten
Snakes...can we explain how the concept of using factor X or the clogging agent as a defensive or offensive tool by way of a hollow tooth? How did the viper, choose that particular function? HOW did they hit the mark right away? Or were there vipers spitting urine, blood, bile, saline, alcohol or other chemicals?