Yeah you’d think if it’s a Fossil in our genes it would be able to Slowly be reactivated over generations as the issue it fixes becomes more apparent again.
Likely there's a limit to how much can be current and active on a chromosome. Vitamin c got bumped so we could have something better, like standing upright or iTunes.
Actually, I recall reading that there is a biochemical benefit we get from NOT having the enzyme which would catalyze the final step in synthesis of vitamin C. I can't remember where I read this or what the benefit is, and in any case it's technical and wouldn't mean anything to most viewers, but the enzyme which used to catalyze the final reaction in the multi-step biosynthesis of vitamin-C, which lemurs still have, also catalyzes another reaction which is in some way a little bit harmful. So IF a species or population has lots of vitamin C in its diet, and doesn't need to make its own vitamin C, then it's BETTER for that species or popuation to have that final enzyme deactivated by a mutation. So nature selects FOR that mutation, so long as the species or population can get vitamin C from its food. And THAT is why our mutant gene which makes us unable to make our own vitamin C has survived and persisted, even though we have to drink orange juice now. So maybe we get the last laugh on the lemurs. They are paying a price for keeping their ability to make their own vitamin C.
@@ColonelFredPuntridge Well maybe for other animals keeping that gene is quite beneficial for them. Hence why it remained present for them. But for us the story is different i guess.
I was gonna type “if we can resurrect uricase, can we use it as a medication to treat gout?” but then I googled and saw we’re already doing that! Yay science!
I think this is literally the coolest thing I learned This basically means that we have untapped potential in our genes It’s like having a superpower but it’s sealed away
The problem is with these Gene's if we did bring them back, they could have functional uses of course. But we would have to stop eating things with vitamin C in it because once you have a gene that produces it you would have to much if you continued to eat it. Which would likely cause it to go dormant again because we have no use for it, it may also lead to underlying health issues if we had excess C in our bodies.
@@gozzilla177 same as taking testosterone we stop producing it to maintain a good level. You could be right. But also I always have a saying. Nature is ALWAYS perfect no flaws the only time it’s flawed is when human touch it. Meaning if we lost those gene it’s because nature intended to. BUT I’m sure we could and will revive those genes by force or luck. Example if human start living on Mars or other planets they will be different, might be way taller or shorter stronger or weaker etc .. since gravity and environment of the planet will be different and are greatest asset is we adapt so we would adapt to that end and be different from earth human thus maybe resurrect those genes or create new ones true reproduction. Lots of possibilities for future
Some people enjoy learning and knowing the past helps us understand what may happen in the future... So go enjoy your hobby and get left in the dust by society advancing around you @SurprisedPikacheesecake
gene therapy is a fascinating thing to think about, but sadly with people still being caught up about gender and abortion the only way something like that will see the light of day is if the masses dont know about it
Honestly, it's not that difficult to get enough vitamin C, the other one though... Turning that uricase gene back on would be nice, being better at making fat isn't really an advantage anymore.
Can we all seriously take a moment to appreciate how fortunate we are to have things like PBS? We are so lucky to have a public broadcaster with a vast domain. It is universally accepted by our institutions to be something we need, and does stuff like have amazing people teach us new things and make learning easier than ever
That's an awesome comment by the way!! We could live in a place like North Korea where they totally dominate any kind of knowledge that they give to the public. I mean don't get me wrong I know some of that goes on here but not when it comes to this kind of thing.I really enjoy learning everything there is to know about the human body.
@@volkskrieg8735 lol more like cheerleader: Public broadcasting systems in many places around the world, such as the UK and Canada - and yes even in the USA - provide TONS of high-quality programming that would never have been made if all communication organizations were run by private companies. The for-profit marketplace has many drawbacks when it comes to deciding what gets produced and sent out to everyone and what doesn't. The kind of science programming this video represents, is a prime example: look what happened to commercial channels such as the History Channel... started off all idealistic and gung-ho with wonderful content, but gradually pandered to the lowest common denominator and now is 90% crap: Hillbilly Hand-Fishing Hour and Monster Truck Obstacle Course level.
Donate to your local PBS station if you can. I grew up watching Nature, Nova, Mr. Rogers, Sesame Street, etc. I give them all credit for making me a empathetic and decent human.
PBS is so good, that even Canadians donate money to support it! When I lived in Montreal we had access to 2 PBS stations ota, and likewise now that I live in Windsor
Outstanding presenter. Enthusiastic and obviously highly knowledgeable as well. You have the perfect voice for this! Loved it. (retired Biology teacher)
Kallie’s voice always carries a sense of wonder and excitement that keeps my attention... as if she can’t wait to tell you the next thing. Awesome work.
Exactly! Like that one teacher in high school that you wouldn't miss a class cause you liked her so much because she can pass on so much knowledge with such ease
I just found this channel recently. And this is one of the first videos I watched. Woah I'm overwhelmed by the clarity and precision of your content. Thanks so much for doing this! I'll probably watch all your videos in the near future.
@@jeremybyington XD In a serious note evolution doesn't clean up because with the right typos a new gene might rise from the scrambled mess of pseudo genes and dead viruses. In other words evolution is an old inefficient legacy code that turns typos into new lines of code by losing the comment lines XDs
Outstanding distillation. I was turned-on to this channel by the dinosaurs and now that I am copyediting lesson plans for gene editing I'm happy to see that the platform has evolved with me. Great work PBS and my fave Kallie Moore.
all I can think about is that Doctor Who episode where the guy turns into a giant skeletal scorpion and the doctor just goes 'that machine reactivated lost genes' implying that somehow humans... used to be giant scorpions with human faces
Pretty crazy how the game Ancestors nails this. When “leveling up” your early human you unlock genes that add benefits but you can only keep them past your generation if you spend points to “Lock” them in place. I didn’t realize how accurate that mechanic was until this video.
7:55 is not the structure of fructose. There shouldn't be a methyl on the left. This 1-O-methylfructose. Also unusual to show the open form but I'll leave that to you.
The UoX part intrigued me because as anyone who cared for reptiles, I know they're quite vulnerable to gout, more so than us. They also excrete a white goop made out of amorphous urates just like birds. So I looked it up and indeed, humans, birds and reptiles independently lost the ability to break down uric acid.
Wow, that's really interesting! Thanks for sharing. Not surprising birds and reptiles would have a shared method of eliminating it with their close genetic relationship. I'm glad us apes don't do this though lol.
My background is historical linguistics so I kinda do things that are very similar to what you guys do: a deep dive into the past based on what remains of hundreds, thousands, and in this case millions of years of history. I really love everything involving reconstructing which is why I loved this video so much.
I LOVE these PBS nature and science videos!! They literally go over YEARS of research and data and summarize it in minutes!! These PBS videos are so underrated!!
That would be funny but vitamin C' does not taste like oranges. Taste more like citric acid unless you go a mineral ascorbate. It's more stable than regular ascorbic acid anyway.
These videos are so well-made - the visuals, the writing, music, and of course the interesting content and studies themselves! Great work. It's a real privilege to have science presented in such a convenient and engaging way! Thank you for this.
It's almost like magic. Beautiful ❤️ To think we are here because of beings living for the last million years. And to think it's our responsibility for the future. The irony of how each individual is important, and yet means nothing in the larger scheme of things.. Just beautiful.
I don't know why but these videos are so educating and are so interesting, already been taught more in an hour from your channel than recent years of school.
As a medical student, I'd abhorred reading Biochemistry. With such interesting context, I'm gonna love studying it now ! PBS Eons is an absolute treasure !
I'm interested in what part of this video you think shows evolution. There was no creation of new material/information. Just the reordering of older information. In a pundit square there are the initial letters. Those letters may be rearranged over generations, however no new letters are ever introduced. Instead where an ancestor might have had Aa you now have AA. Meaning you have lost the ability of the "a". You did not evolve but devolved. Instead of new letters being added into the pundit square you might actually end up with letters missing on certain branches. Natural selection is the opposite of evolution.
I don't know if we sweat that out. I mean I know we do but it's very very insignificant but it seems like you should be right and we should get rid of more of it that way. As compared to what comes out of our urine it's not even statistically significant. But then again your average person in good health does not have a lot of it floating around. That means urine is usually enough to do what it needs to do while it's treating it. Being able to do it through our sweat glands would be problematic to say the least if it was in large amounts.
Actually uric acid is excreted through urine. And I don't think decreasing amount of hair makes u sweat more , it should be the other way around as more hair means more heat which results in our body's cooling action that is sweat.
@@shersockholmes6261 What he meant was that having less hair helps sweat cool down the body because it flows easier, instead of it only wetting the hair. Eliminating uric acid via sweat would be easier since it flows out of the body easier than if we had more hair, so it's not about sweating more but rather sweating more effectively. And there's no other animal that sweats as much or as effectively as humans, that's actually one of our species' traits, so if the idea was to eliminate ANYTHING from our body via sweating, we'd be the best creatures to do so.
@@Burn_Angel Yup - like dogs. They can only pant. And that's why they can get heat stroke rather easily. Human is quite well adapted for heat and cooling down. We did use to hunt by running after (injured) prey and exhausting them. If I've understood correctly, the human body is actually better equipped for running than walking. (Randominator infobank in my brain: Pre sturdy shoes we used to both run and walk toe first, not heel first. Our modern style of walking is super recent. Like the last 200-300 years. Would be interesting to know the effect that has on our back or knee problems etc.)
How ironic. I was just reading about vitamin c and hypoascorbemia yesterday! My family came from a land where hot peppers and fresh pineapples gave us lots of constant vitamin c. So unless the levels are THAT high, I feel collagen, joint, and gum problems.
My favorite example of being shaped by the genes we lost comes from cats. The last common ancestor of all felines seems to have had a broken version of the gene for tasting sweetness. That must be part of a cycle that led cats to become such capable obligate carnivores-the less they enjoyed and sought out fruits, the more important finding enough alternative foods survived, which made failing to eat available fruits less of an issue and so on.
there are also transposable elements called alu elements in the primate genomes. these elements sometimes jump into genes and render them non-functional. since the insertion locus is primarily random, if you find a pseudogene which seems to have been broken by the same insert element exactly at the same nucleotide position proves carriers of this pseudogene share a common ancestor. probability of two independent insertion events in different species occuring at the same nucleotide positions is virtually zero. event happened in the common ancestor and passed on to its descendents. a molecular fossil. presence/absence patterns of those insertion events can be used for phylogenetic tree construction and those trees perfectly match the morhological and molecular trees. this is what convinced me that evolution is real. there are also endogenous retroviral insertions which we share with chimps. nucleotide by nucleoitide same location: proves common ancestry.
Golup: "Life is just the genes we lost along the way." Volup: "You mean friends we have along the way." Golup: "No, genes we lost along the way." _shows upload_ Volup: "Oh wow."
Very cool. Wanted to expand that it doesn't always come down to "helpful" vs. "unhelpful" in genetics. The video only gave examples where the the gene decreases fitness and so expression is selected against, but this isn't always the case. Natural selection will select against expression of a gene whose outcome is neutral on survivorship (instead of negative) as well, for the sole reason that it "costs" more energy to produce it than not to, with no added benefit in producing it. The only time natural selection selects for retaining the expression of a gene is if it has a positive effect that outweighs the energy cost of producing it. "Nothing" is the default. This same concept is why we see so many "minimalist" (sessile) organisms that live their whole lives staying still, silent, and hidden.
Very very interesting . When I was doing my Human Biology ' A ' level back in 1995 we were taught that Vit. C synthesis is a 10 step process , but for some reason we had lost the 10th step conversion . Apparently animals who can still self generate have much better cardiovascular health and increase out to combat when they have an infection . Just think if this could be switched back on to help with the heart disease problem worldwide .
No. Well maybe but its considered illegal to try testing some of these things in living people because you would have to make these edits to the unborn. It would be cool though if we could make our own Vitamin-C though with so many people not having a way to get fresh fruit.
I guess we can't, there's a reason why they were suppressed and are probably of no use to our current genetics. Besides, imagine that we don't actually know everything of our DNA, there's high chances that by trying to add these useful genes, we actually do more harm than good
@@lolaby2 and UoX too. I mean, in today standard there's no good for high uric acid concentration because, yeah, it's a waste product after all, and the side effect of fat retention (which less relatable today than million to hundred years ago) and gout arthritis make things worse.
@@lolaby2 Would they have to be done on the unborn? They have (successfully) used crispr to alter genes on some adults with genetic blood disorders. Wouldn’t that be the same thing?
Great video! I’m impressed. There are a lot of inaccuracies even amongst geneticists on subjects like this but this was well researched and communicated.
Evolutionary genomics could become one of PBS Eons' focus. It's interesting, discoveries every year... And you're so good at explaining simply. Great channel, thanks
I was super stoked she was the one that narrated this one. Dont get me wrong, the others are fantastic as well. But I was sure hoping it was her for this one! Very cool eon! Good vid, and good job!
So to produce Superhuman, we literally just need to discover and reactive those inactive genes that we already carry around with us. This is both incredible and scary at the same time. BTW, I would love to have that Uox gene activated.
@@everentropy yes in the past if we lost weight quickly we'd die because food wasnt as readily available but now that food is more readily available and more and more people are dying of obesity pls come back soon uricase :^((
@@griffinbird3000 Studies have shown fat is still protective and BMI was not made by a medical doctor. It is not the measure we should use to measure healthy weight even! It is NOT based on actual science and was never meant to be used that way
People are not "dying of obesity". Being fat doesn't kill people by itself and you can be completely healthy and be fat. For instance a study came out recently that people who are underweight fare WORSE when hospitalized with COVID. So why is being overweight not considered a health risk?
Gene dies in the Palocene: "I'm not required"
Sailors in the 15th century with scurvy: "I'm sorry what?"
Old world ocean travel got no respect on this discovery.
Damnnn, that's true
Yeah you’d think if it’s a Fossil in our genes it would be able to Slowly be reactivated over generations as the issue it fixes becomes more apparent again.
Likely there's a limit to how much can be current and active on a chromosome. Vitamin c got bumped so we could have something better, like standing upright or iTunes.
@@laurahall5218 iTunes 😭😭
Lemurs watching us give up the ability to synthesize vitamin C and then catch the common cold: "Pathetic."
The cure to covid, get gulop back
Actually, I recall reading that there is a biochemical benefit we get from NOT having the enzyme which would catalyze the final step in synthesis of vitamin C. I can't remember where I read this or what the benefit is, and in any case it's technical and wouldn't mean anything to most viewers, but the enzyme which used to catalyze the final reaction in the multi-step biosynthesis of vitamin-C, which lemurs still have, also catalyzes another reaction which is in some way a little bit harmful. So IF a species or population has lots of vitamin C in its diet, and doesn't need to make its own vitamin C, then it's BETTER for that species or popuation to have that final enzyme deactivated by a mutation. So nature selects FOR that mutation, so long as the species or population can get vitamin C from its food. And THAT is why our mutant gene which makes us unable to make our own vitamin C has survived and persisted, even though we have to drink orange juice now.
So maybe we get the last laugh on the lemurs. They are paying a price for keeping their ability to make their own vitamin C.
Chimpanzees used to have handsike ours but evolved to become better tree climbers.
@@ColonelFredPuntridge Well maybe for other animals keeping that gene is quite beneficial for them. Hence why it remained present for them. But for us the story is different i guess.
@@josephdahdouh2725 Cost and benefits.
Best narrator on the show. Her tone, speed and pitch is perfect which makes it easy to follow the information she is presenting .
Agree! She is one of the few that actually doesn't give me a headache, and also doesn't make dumb faces and doesn't talk fast.
Her accent seems to have the PIN-PEN merger, which makes her English a little difficult to understand for non-natives like me.
I like the guy who did the virus video as well
Agree!
@@luotuoshangdui I am a non-native fluent English speaker, and I like her accent and voice, as well. She is an amazing host!
I was gonna type “if we can resurrect uricase, can we use it as a medication to treat gout?” but then I googled and saw we’re already doing that! Yay science!
Seems like it could treat obesity as well.
Yay science
Probably using crispr 😌
Yeah ! Science Mr. White !
U seem to have the right type of mind to invent medicines make us of it :) !
I think this is literally the coolest thing I learned
This basically means that we have untapped potential in our genes
It’s like having a superpower but it’s sealed away
I have the super power of making vitamin C by myself! *I am inevitable!*
(I am being sarcastic, but it's actually really cool)
The genes are lost, so actually, no. But there are potentials for new mutations to pop up, yes. They just won’t be quite the same.
The problem is with these Gene's if we did bring them back, they could have functional uses of course. But we would have to stop eating things with vitamin C in it because once you have a gene that produces it you would have to much if you continued to eat it. Which would likely cause it to go dormant again because we have no use for it, it may also lead to underlying health issues if we had excess C in our bodies.
@@gozzilla177 same as taking testosterone we stop producing it to maintain a good level. You could be right. But also I always have a saying. Nature is ALWAYS perfect no flaws the only time it’s flawed is when human touch it. Meaning if we lost those gene it’s because nature intended to. BUT I’m sure we could and will revive those genes by force or luck. Example if human start living on Mars or other planets they will be different, might be way taller or shorter stronger or weaker etc .. since gravity and environment of the planet will be different and are greatest asset is we adapt so we would adapt to that end and be different from earth human thus maybe resurrect those genes or create new ones true reproduction. Lots of possibilities for future
@@gozzilla177 more like our kidneys be working overtime flushing out the extra but we would have no canver
This coulda been a several hours long video essay listing and discussing every single one and i woulda watched the whole darn thing. Great stuff
@@Noradory you're joking, right? get a freaking hobby, mate 🤣
same, i was actually sad she only talked about 2 of them, its so interesting
Yess!! PBS eons, please do another one on this topic!!! Or a podcast episode!!!
Learning about our own history is a hobby in itself@@Aiden-V2.0
Some people enjoy learning and knowing the past helps us understand what may happen in the future...
So go enjoy your hobby and get left in the dust by society advancing around you @SurprisedPikacheesecake
I can see the Vitamin C gene being activated articially in the future, would be very useful for space travel .
gene therapy is a fascinating thing to think about, but sadly with people still being caught up about gender and abortion the only way something like that will see the light of day is if the masses dont know about it
...And maybe there are other Vitamins we can make for ourselves with a little tinkering. 🧐
Good point! Totally
for now we're still trying convince people that cloning a black footed ferret is OK and nothing wrong with it
Honestly, it's not that difficult to get enough vitamin C, the other one though... Turning that uricase gene back on would be nice, being better at making fat isn't really an advantage anymore.
Can we all seriously take a moment to appreciate how fortunate we are to have things like PBS?
We are so lucky to have a public broadcaster with a vast domain. It is universally accepted by our institutions to be something we need, and does stuff like have amazing people teach us new things and make learning easier than ever
That's an awesome comment by the way!! We could live in a place like North Korea where they totally dominate any kind of knowledge that they give to the public. I mean don't get me wrong I know some of that goes on here but not when it comes to this kind of thing.I really enjoy learning everything there is to know about the human body.
@@volkskrieg8735 lol more like cheerleader: Public broadcasting systems in many places around the world, such as the UK and Canada - and yes even in the USA - provide TONS of high-quality programming that would never have been made if all communication organizations were run by private companies. The for-profit marketplace has many drawbacks when it comes to deciding what gets produced and sent out to everyone and what doesn't. The kind of science programming this video represents, is a prime example: look what happened to commercial channels such as the History Channel... started off all idealistic and gung-ho with wonderful content, but gradually pandered to the lowest common denominator and now is 90% crap: Hillbilly Hand-Fishing Hour and Monster Truck Obstacle Course level.
For this I am thankful.
Donate to your local PBS station if you can. I grew up watching Nature, Nova, Mr. Rogers, Sesame Street, etc. I give them all credit for making me a empathetic and decent human.
PBS is so good, that even Canadians donate money to support it! When I lived in Montreal we had access to 2 PBS stations ota, and likewise now that I live in Windsor
Outstanding presenter. Enthusiastic and obviously highly knowledgeable as well. You have the perfect voice for this! Loved it. (retired Biology teacher)
Pirates were probably really confused seeing 'Gulop.exe missing' error all the time
Gulop.dna
Sailors in general, really, as well as some explorers.
🤣
Wouldn't it be more of a dll than exe as it is an ancillistory library in the gene coding exe.
Wish we can find our Gulop.exe and run it.
Kallie’s voice always carries a sense of wonder and excitement that keeps my attention... as if she can’t wait to tell you the next thing. Awesome work.
absolutely 🙏
Agreed. I like that it always sounds like one friend sharing an interesting story with us, not like someone reading something to us.
Exactly! Like that one teacher in high school that you wouldn't miss a class cause you liked her so much because she can pass on so much knowledge with such ease
simp
...agree...and this is the first time I've ever seen her let her hair down.
Nice.
i'm an archivist and i realized now that our genome is actually the archive of our evolution
No sh1t sherlocke.
Biology is the most beautiful science.
I'm fascinated that our immune systems are archieves of the bad things we've come into contact with (plus vaccines), whether we knew it or not
I would like to thank mankind's top four most generous patrons: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and last but not least, Steve!
haha, you word-played and made a funny
Is anyone else lowkey worried about steve :/
@@anniegrimmons101 YUP.
This is blatant Thymine-Uracil shaming and I won't stand it, smh.
*mah boi steve
“Maybe the real evolution was the genes we lost along the way”
F
Sodium Chlorophatium aB
sounds like a quote from a futurama episode
bro..
You're referencing XB2: Maybe the real Elysium was the friends we made along the made or so I thi k
I'am a non-native fluent English speaker, and I like her accent and voice, as well. She is an amazing host!
RIP Gulop. You would've made the age of exploration a bit more manageable.
Ity bity scurvy going to take you to Brazil.
@@deaconfetundes7888 what
Would u rather be hanging out and trees eating bananas ?? Or where we now and just eat an orange to overcome our vit c deficiency.
I can imagine a science fiction story in where those and more dead genes can be reactivated to 'experience reality as how our ancestors did.'
Write it!
@Rill that's the title
What about deep dive VR where you can actually go and live like your ancestors.
Would be a lot easier than resurrecting the entire genome.
@@SujalRajput10 Animus
It’s called Assassins Creed.
This episode is why I love this channel. It makes you think about things in a new way and ultimately become more curious. Keep up the great work.
We are not just defined by the genes we gained over the course of evolution, but also by the genes that we've lost on the way.
I liked this line.
Rip those genes
Legit read it as she said it
The real evolution were the genes we lost along the way
I wouldn't mind getting some of those genes working again. You never know what we might need in the future.
Maybe the real genes gained were the genes lost along our way lolol
Remembering former Eontologist "Steve", who has become an Eons pseudo-gene. May you one day be resurrected and come back to us.
Wait which one was Steve? What happened?
@@ChombyChomp I think he was one of the eontoligists that submitted a joke or two, but stopped subscribing on patreon.
@@ChombyChomp i don't think anyone knows specifically, but i think he died. They stopped adding him to the end of the list of supporters.
@@astaldogal Word on the street is he's just a bit too poor to support at the mo.
Pseudo-Steve
I just found this channel recently.
And this is one of the first videos I watched.
Woah I'm overwhelmed by the clarity and precision of your content.
Thanks so much for doing this!
I'll probably watch all your videos in the near future.
As a software engineer it's very painful to realize that I have a code coverage of less than 10%
Why the hell is everything commented out? We need to remove it all and tag it *v1.10*
@@jeremybyington XD
In a serious note evolution doesn't clean up because with the right typos a new gene might rise from the scrambled mess of pseudo genes and dead viruses. In other words evolution is an old inefficient legacy code that turns typos into new lines of code by losing the comment lines XDs
That reminds me...
90% of your code is commented-out and left there as placeholders because for some reason your program wouldn't originally compile without them.
With no unit tests!
I want my functioning genes back!
You have to have a free trial on life to unlock your genes
Lol no ☕🥄
some of*
...said BrundleFly
You want to call my genes manager, ma'am?
Outstanding distillation. I was turned-on to this channel by the dinosaurs and now that I am copyediting lesson plans for gene editing I'm happy to see that the platform has evolved with me. Great work PBS and my fave Kallie Moore.
this vid takes "you are what you eat" to a whole new level
underrated 😂
Ya; quite impactful
Already said in veda
Kallie without a braid really threw me for a loop at first.
Do you mean you came unbraided?
RIGHT
@@astaldogal That pun left me in stitches, just leave hair to catch my breath after that one.
I was wondering what was different... Thanks for point it out :)
I'm glad someone else pointed this out. Don't get me wrong, I'm here for the science but Kallie with her hair down is... kinda cute ;)
One of the most interesting videos in youtube! Your channel is an oasis! I can't get enough of it!
The last time I was this early, I still had a functioning Gulop
i laughed too hard at this
That was a good one
Day made.
Haha this comment is gold ❤️❤️
Nice
It's not just genes, humanity drags a lot of dead memes along too.
😂😂😂
Memes: The DNA of the soul
Just think - there are some people who are still playing The Game
Problem, evolution?
@@pluspiping frick you
This was a great perfect episode. Thanks PBS Eons.
Just imagine what kind of awesome skin we could have had if gullop gene was still functioning and producing vitamin c
We wouldn’t need to take vitamin c
Just make sure you get enough vitamin C
We’l have skin like the lemurs.
@@drt4789 HAHAHAHAHAHAHA
@@drt4789 hahahaaha i would love that
So I have a museum inside my genes, I'm really happy to know that.
More like a cemetery but eh
If you had an Animus, you could access and explore that museum anytime you want!
@@Abominatrix650 hehehe nice
@@whoskamo8742 a museum is where history (death of the past) is stored
Such a clear and informative presentation. Information packed and very easy to listen to. Thank you
all I can think about is that Doctor Who episode where the guy turns into a giant skeletal scorpion and the doctor just goes 'that machine reactivated lost genes' implying that somehow humans... used to be giant scorpions with human faces
Reject modernity.
*_RETURN TO SCORPION_*
@@yorukaadams940 All hail the great Scorpion King.
@@yorukaadams940 I'M WHEEZING
which season and episode ?
@@janedoe7666 S3E6 - 'The Lazarus Experiment'
As Homer Simpson said: I'm not fat, I'm drought and famine resistant. I so want to experience the two types of bitter our tongues are blind to.
Also, the three types of smell our ears can't feel.
@@davidanderson_surrey_bc I’m sorry, what?
@@samhainlegge9563 Its true, and did you know your skin cant taste 90% of what it use to?
@@gozzilla177 …dang, that’s cool.
@@gozzilla177 wait our ancestors could do all that and also were tripping balls?
Fun fact: since the Platypus produces both eggs and milk it's one of the few animals which can make it's own custard.
oh..
LOG OUT! 😭
Underrated comment 😂
😂
Pretty crazy how the game Ancestors nails this. When “leveling up” your early human you unlock genes that add benefits but you can only keep them past your generation if you spend points to “Lock” them in place. I didn’t realize how accurate that mechanic was until this video.
Reminds me of the game Spore
@@mikuenjoyerXD Spore was a magnificent game
The key is that it takes a long time and many generations.
Amazing game and teaching tool! It got my curiosity for human evolution quite satisfied!
@Ksiezniczkajesttutaj i think its on xbox
7:55 is not the structure of fructose. There shouldn't be a methyl on the left. This 1-O-methylfructose. Also unusual to show the open form but I'll leave that to you.
Thank you!
🤓
Me, a non-chemist: Yes
Methyl fructose doesn’t sound yummy
Good catch!
I loved the way she was talking i could understand every single world she said even though i m not a native , her voice is angelic 💞
Thank u so much
The UoX part intrigued me because as anyone who cared for reptiles, I know they're quite vulnerable to gout, more so than us. They also excrete a white goop made out of amorphous urates just like birds. So I looked it up and indeed, humans, birds and reptiles independently lost the ability to break down uric acid.
Wow, that's really interesting! Thanks for sharing. Not surprising birds and reptiles would have a shared method of eliminating it with their close genetic relationship. I'm glad us apes don't do this though lol.
@@bhartiparihar8151 I don't know...I have gout, and I'd love to be able to break down uric acid in my body. Gout is no fun.
My background is historical linguistics so I kinda do things that are very similar to what you guys do: a deep dive into the past based on what remains of hundreds, thousands, and in this case millions of years of history. I really love everything involving reconstructing which is why I loved this video so much.
I LOVE these PBS nature and science videos!! They literally go over YEARS of research and data and summarize it in minutes!! These PBS videos are so underrated!!
For me, one of the most educational of the series I've seen. Thank you, PBS Rocks. Always has.
I have gout. Thanks to this ep, I can officially blame my ancestors!
I had also wondered!
Eat a bag of Bing cherries
My dad's family has a history of gout so I'm concerned
Thank to ancestors you are alive...
@@shashankkalambe3192 you gud bruh?
I want my gulop.
😂
Me too!
😅
😂
Imagine if every time your body started producing Vitamin C, you’d sense the faint taste of orange on the back of your tongue.
Toothpaste would stop tasting like mint. Sounds good.
i could be wrong, but that's not how I think vitamin C works
That would be funny but vitamin C' does not taste like oranges. Taste more like citric acid unless you go a mineral ascorbate. It's more stable than regular ascorbic acid anyway.
@@reob12 lol I was about to say something similar
Don't you just love it when every reply is from someone named Poindexter?
These videos are so well-made - the visuals, the writing, music, and of course the interesting content and studies themselves!
Great work. It's a real privilege to have science presented in such a convenient and engaging way! Thank you for this.
It's almost like magic. Beautiful ❤️
To think we are here because of beings living for the last million years. And to think it's our responsibility for the future.
The irony of how each individual is important, and yet means nothing in the larger scheme of things..
Just beautiful.
Maybe these genes are all the friends we lost along the way
lol XD
pour one out for the dead homiez.
I'm sad, bro. dead homies in my body
I don't know why but these videos are so educating and are so interesting, already been taught more in an hour from your channel than recent years of school.
This is the coolest thing I’ve learned in a while - thankful for videos like these! ❤
"How do genes die like this?"
Literally typos.
Pretty much yep!!! I'm stealing that That was pretty funny
Underrated
Part of my brain got more entertainment from this comment than another party of my brain feels was justified.
@@volkskrieg8735 Is that when pirates breed?
...
I'll leave.
Eons, Space Time, History of the Earth: 3 channels uploading on the same day. Oh my.
This may be the coolest video I've come across in months! Love it!
As a medical student, I'd abhorred reading Biochemistry. With such interesting context, I'm gonna love studying it now !
PBS Eons is an absolute treasure !
Me: Return to Monke
My genes: No
What about crab?
Genes: maybe 🤷♂️ we will see hehehe.
Quite literally, actually.
Turn me back to a fish
me: return to single cell?!
my genes: you bet your sweet bippy!
I’m gonna to commit turn back into singular atom
bruh this is insanely amazing that we can know this. Thanks Eons!
Our ancient ancestors: *Evolve for over 8 million years*
Modern day humans: Evolution isn't real!!!
Their DNA: *oh*
Literally everyone when Charles Dickens was alive
I'm interested in what part of this video you think shows evolution. There was no creation of new material/information. Just the reordering of older information. In a pundit square there are the initial letters. Those letters may be rearranged over generations, however no new letters are ever introduced. Instead where an ancestor might have had Aa you now have AA. Meaning you have lost the ability of the "a". You did not evolve but devolved. Instead of new letters being added into the pundit square you might actually end up with letters missing on certain branches. Natural selection is the opposite of evolution.
Yeah, but the denim ones we have now are pretty ok too.
😂 👏
Lmfao
Your explanations are easy to understand and make sense, even for a non english person like me. Thank you for this great and interesting video !
I lost my jeans at the laundrymat
🤣🤣🤣🤣
My stupid self saw the title and I thought to myself, "yes, but how many friends did we make?"
Stupid selvs are always the nicest selvs
R.I.P. Susumu Ohno.
Feb 1st, 1928 - Jan. 13th, 2000
You Rocked! I Love a Great Mind!
When we lost the uric acid Gene we could have also lost the hair most of our hair so we could sweat and sweat out the uric acid.
Awsome point. It would be an excellent look ent study. Thanks for ur comment.
I don't know if we sweat that out. I mean I know we do but it's very very insignificant but it seems like you should be right and we should get rid of more of it that way. As compared to what comes out of our urine it's not even statistically significant. But then again your average person in good health does not have a lot of it floating around. That means urine is usually enough to do what it needs to do while it's treating it. Being able to do it through our sweat glands would be problematic to say the least if it was in large amounts.
Actually uric acid is excreted through urine. And I don't think decreasing amount of hair makes u sweat more , it should be the other way around as more hair means more heat which results in our body's cooling action that is sweat.
@@shersockholmes6261 What he meant was that having less hair helps sweat cool down the body because it flows easier, instead of it only wetting the hair.
Eliminating uric acid via sweat would be easier since it flows out of the body easier than if we had more hair, so it's not about sweating more but rather sweating more effectively.
And there's no other animal that sweats as much or as effectively as humans, that's actually one of our species' traits, so if the idea was to eliminate ANYTHING from our body via sweating, we'd be the best creatures to do so.
@@Burn_Angel Yup - like dogs. They can only pant. And that's why they can get heat stroke rather easily. Human is quite well adapted for heat and cooling down. We did use to hunt by running after (injured) prey and exhausting them. If I've understood correctly, the human body is actually better equipped for running than walking.
(Randominator infobank in my brain: Pre sturdy shoes we used to both run and walk toe first, not heel first. Our modern style of walking is super recent. Like the last 200-300 years. Would be interesting to know the effect that has on our back or knee problems etc.)
This is one of those episodes that remind me why I'm subscribed to this channel... Incredible stuff!
You are an excellent narrator. I enjoy listening. Bravo!! 👏🏽
Excellent episode. So well composed, written and delivered.
some gene: *dies*
Monke: *Oh no!* anyways
How ironic. I was just reading about vitamin c and hypoascorbemia yesterday!
My family came from a land where hot peppers and fresh pineapples gave us lots of constant vitamin c.
So unless the levels are THAT high, I feel collagen, joint, and gum problems.
My favorite example of being shaped by the genes we lost comes from cats. The last common ancestor of all felines seems to have had a broken version of the gene for tasting sweetness. That must be part of a cycle that led cats to become such capable obligate carnivores-the less they enjoyed and sought out fruits, the more important finding enough alternative foods survived, which made failing to eat available fruits less of an issue and so on.
there are also transposable elements called alu elements in the primate genomes. these elements sometimes jump into genes and render them non-functional. since the insertion locus is primarily random, if you find a pseudogene which seems to have been broken by the same insert element exactly at the same nucleotide position proves carriers of this pseudogene share a common ancestor. probability of two independent insertion events in different species occuring at the same nucleotide positions is virtually zero. event happened in the common ancestor and passed on to its descendents. a molecular fossil. presence/absence patterns of those insertion events can be used for phylogenetic tree construction and those trees perfectly match the morhological and molecular trees. this is what convinced me that evolution is real. there are also endogenous retroviral insertions which we share with chimps. nucleotide by nucleoitide same location: proves common ancestry.
Golup: "Life is just the genes we lost along the way."
Volup: "You mean friends we have along the way."
Golup: "No, genes we lost along the way." _shows upload_
Volup: "Oh wow."
Very cool. Wanted to expand that it doesn't always come down to "helpful" vs. "unhelpful" in genetics. The video only gave examples where the the gene decreases fitness and so expression is selected against, but this isn't always the case. Natural selection will select against expression of a gene whose outcome is neutral on survivorship (instead of negative) as well, for the sole reason that it "costs" more energy to produce it than not to, with no added benefit in producing it. The only time natural selection selects for retaining the expression of a gene is if it has a positive effect that outweighs the energy cost of producing it. "Nothing" is the default. This same concept is why we see so many "minimalist" (sessile) organisms that live their whole lives staying still, silent, and hidden.
So what I’m hearing is we need to defragment our genomes because there’s a bunch of useless data on it 😝
Or start looking through broken code for medical breakthroughs.
Also, the junk is a pretty good cushion in case you contract a retrovirus.
Trust me junk DNA is much more important than the 1% encoding proteins!!!
It's all about control and regulation
Even useless DNA is useful and “defragmenting” specific DNA would be incredibly risky
I’m keeping it. You never know. I might find something I want reactivated.
L. Warren Douglas wrote a book "Simply Human" that touches on this
It’s like a video game equipping and discarding some items that give us buffs lmao
Very very interesting . When I was doing my Human Biology ' A ' level back in 1995 we were taught that Vit. C synthesis is a 10 step process , but for some reason we had lost the 10th step conversion . Apparently animals who can still self generate have much better cardiovascular health and increase out to combat when they have an infection .
Just think if this could be switched back on to help with the heart disease problem worldwide .
Is this title a play with "on the friends we made along the way"? Because if it is, I love it.
*WHAT I WANT TO KNOW, IS CAN WE REVIVE THESE EFFICIENT GENES AND "REUSE" THEM AS MODERN HUMANS?*
No. Well maybe but its considered illegal to try testing some of these things in living people because you would have to make these edits to the unborn. It would be cool though if we could make our own Vitamin-C though with so many people not having a way to get fresh fruit.
@@lolaby2 it would help a lot of people if we can make our own vitamin c
I guess we can't, there's a reason why they were suppressed and are probably of no use to our current genetics. Besides, imagine that we don't actually know everything of our DNA, there's high chances that by trying to add these useful genes, we actually do more harm than good
@@lolaby2 and UoX too. I mean, in today standard there's no good for high uric acid concentration because, yeah, it's a waste product after all, and the side effect of fat retention (which less relatable today than million to hundred years ago) and gout arthritis make things worse.
@@lolaby2 Would they have to be done on the unborn? They have (successfully) used crispr to alter genes on some adults with genetic blood disorders. Wouldn’t that be the same thing?
The evolution is amazing, such a long journey of natural selection
Now I know why Lemurs are healthier than me
Eat some damn fruit then
@@stephenpinel Ikr, but I forget 😢
It’s that damn Gulop
@@mochamuneca8093 exactly
First video I've seen from this channel, what a JOY! Immediately subscribed and looking forward to viewing all of this fascinating content.
oh god. This channel is hidden gold. underrated and addictive
Great video! I’m impressed. There are a lot of inaccuracies even amongst geneticists on subjects like this but this was well researched and communicated.
9:53 That guy looks stoked to have found some leaves.
wouldn't you be too?
Was hangry!
Evolutionary genomics could become one of PBS Eons' focus. It's interesting, discoveries every year... And you're so good at explaining simply. Great channel, thanks
I was super stoked she was the one that narrated this one. Dont get me wrong, the others are fantastic as well. But I was sure hoping it was her for this one! Very cool eon! Good vid, and good job!
It turns out the real adventure were the genes we lost along the way
The background music till 1:50, well done team, it just hooked me to the video.
So to produce Superhuman, we literally just need to discover and reactive those inactive genes that we already carry around with us. This is both incredible and scary at the same time.
BTW, I would love to have that Uox gene activated.
That was brilliant - thank you Cally and Eons ❤️
I love how paleontology is headed to genetics to better draw an image of what the past looked like
So what you’re telling me is that if we still had uricase we would be loosing weight better? Hmmmm damn evolution lol
We'd probably need it considering the amount of obese people is increasing a lot
Weight isn't automatically unhealthy and I suggest you look up the history of BMI. We were DESIGNED to be heavier!
@@everentropy yes in the past if we lost weight quickly we'd die because food wasnt as readily available but now that food is more readily available and more and more people are dying of obesity pls come back soon uricase :^((
@@griffinbird3000 Studies have shown fat is still protective and BMI was not made by a medical doctor. It is not the measure we should use to measure healthy weight even! It is NOT based on actual science and was never meant to be used that way
People are not "dying of obesity". Being fat doesn't kill people by itself and you can be completely healthy and be fat. For instance a study came out recently that people who are underweight fare WORSE when hospitalized with COVID. So why is being overweight not considered a health risk?
Great stuff. Very well done. I never knew about Vitamin C! You should also do a video about some of the genes we've gained along the way.
Great episode. Genetic "archaeology" is quite interesting.
So basically we're waiting for someone to productize the uric acid weight loss treatment via CRISPR. Neat!
That was my first thought too xD
Many of us modern humans need the UOX back in action.
I hope this woman is paid well because her narration is A+
Wow! You look lovely with your hair down! I love you guys at Eons! 💕
Its not about our current genes, its about the genes we lost along the way TwT
I could watch this video 100 times and not get bored
3:55 It's official. Those Gen-Xers were the first to depend on fruit for their vitamin C.