@SinisterMinister oh wow so glad you were here to point out that someone made a joke that was easy to make, I applaud your intelligence good sir good job good job epic have some reddit gold
@@SamFirthDesigner ice water thru s condensor.makes a grest tube stick it in a three neck flask with a diffuser and slide in another and plug in the third hold together with keek clips sounds like a.good time
The Graham condenser was invented by Prof. Thomas Graham, who was working for British Revenue. Liquors were taxed according to their alcohol content. Traditional methods for determining alcohol content were not accurate. So Graham made this condenser in order to precisely determine the alcohol content of a liquor.
The shadows on the corrugated iron background give this a very unsettling film noir vibe, maybe I should film these videos from the other direction, so the background is roses. There'll be more going on and possibly more distracting, but it wont give you vertigo at least
The background was great, gave really good patterns through the glassware so you could se the structures of the devices that you were using. Not had a chance to play with these things for years, love the channel mate. Keep it up! Also what the hell is illegal glassware?
@@theterribleanimator1793 I didn't notice either... He underestimates how awesome his videos are, nobody is looking at the damn wall in the background... lol
Your videos are getting funnier. Loving the rambling commentary at the moment. I have a parallel adapter useful for vertical distillations so can do without the horizontal liebig. I think that grahams potentially have a decent heat transfer rate with all that surface area and a vertical orientation can mean a smaller bench footprint. I have used them for larger volume solvent recovery - set it up and crank up the heat while you do something else with the benchspace. (Washing up perhaps.) I have the exact same thermocouple too. My glass thermometers get a lot less use these days.
I'm glad you liked the rambling, I was concerned this video was a little too full of random anecdotes, which turned what should have been a kid of simple video into one of my longest ever made.. I guess they do have a decent transfer rate, but I don't like the smaller footprint thing. It's not that much smaller, and means that your outlet is closer to the heating source... there's no way i'd put the fumes from the petrol distillation that close to the heating mantle, so that also limits its usefulness to me. So yeah, you actually use yours by choice? Maybe they aren't deserving of a 1/10 on the rating scale, that was a little harsh. In terms of the thermometer, yeah they are real good. I'd say I use the glass thermometers probably 2/3 times still, but when it comes to a video, I prefer to use the screen because its so much easier to see whats going on without having to focus on a tiny line of mercury
I thought its purpose was to evacuate the inner spiral and backfill with an inert gas, then apply high voltage. Fill the jacket with fluorescent dye for more visual effects. :P
One cool misuse for a Graham condenser is when making/distilling HCl or HNO3. You can install it slanted and it keeps a bit of cooled liquid at each low spot. Not only is this fun to watch - like a "silly straw" - but it may increase contact time and recover some of the potentially wasted gasses. Using it this way also doubles as a flow indicator, as it becomes very obvious when you've hit a boiling point change (or if you need convincing to use a variable transformer, instead of a thermostat switch on your heat source). Mostly, it's just a fun little silly straw to watch while you're babysitting a long project though.
I bought a Graham condenser when I broke my Liebig. One difference I noticed right away was how much more pressure is required to push the distillate through, as compared with the Liebig. The added total surface area of all those coils heats up the coolant water much faster, even with lots of ice in the reservoir. I also noticed some oscillation of the distillate in the coils, ( I run my condenser at the same angle I used the Liebig). This caused some suck back of the distillate if I wasn't pushing the boiling flask harder than I did with the Liebig. Actually the suck back really didn't hurt anything because it was just refluxed back through the condenser all over again. This oscillation slowed the process down unless I kept the head pressure higher than I normally ran the Liebig set up at. I got the Graham to work at 45 degrees ok, I it was just sort of a pain after not experiencing any of the above mentioned phenomena with the Liebig. Millimeter to millimeter the Gramham is much more efficient at condensation than the Liebigs are but as long as what's coming over is liquid, the who really cares? I ordered another Liebig condenser because I like the ease of distillation with the Liebigs as opposed to the Graham units. That's my two cents on this. Interesting video btw!
I don't think petrol contains compounds with boiling points above 160°C. What I think happened during the boiling process is that you accidently created a whole bunch of polymerisation reactions (Diels Alder mechanism and other types of cycloadditions). These polymerisation products would be yellowish-brownish and would explain why the last factions were coloured. I'm not sure the dye moved at all, many dyes have quite a high boiling point so the last flask probably contained a mixture of dye and polimerisation products. Maybe you could make a follow-up about this topic? And keep up the good work, your videos are really fun to watch.
Petrol for vehicle use contains some decane if it's about 85-90 RON. There's traces of it in higher RON rated fuels. The only "petrol" I know of that really has almost none is Av-Gas. Decane has a boiling point above 170C.
@@gordonlawrence4749 Winter blends of gasoline might also be very decane-deficient - they're skewed towards the lighter components for easier starting in low temps.
@@billymays495 Yup, and you can thank every nerd that has ever lived for the amazing quality of life you have today. If not for nerds, you'd still be swinging your club in a cave. Show some respect, Mr. Studly.
The use of colors to code items as separate makes things simple. Taking something that's complicated and making it simple is a sign of genius, so don't go knocking your country:) nice work and thanks for the glassware tutorial bc I'm not in school and so any real science is a blessing
Careful what you apply it to though. Different coloured fuel - good categorisation. Different coloured traffic lights - good categorisation. Different coloured people - o shit don't go there.
Your a life saver I dropped a flask on my notebook and totally ruin 2 pages all about this and you summed it up and made way less work on my part I appreciate it
Funny enough I remember by mom and dog walking into the garage when I had some tube pumping the sulfuric gas outside during a distillation and she and the dog stepped on the tube which caused my still head to pop off and spray boiling acidic fumes in the whole garage. Ah memories... Always keep a gas mask on hand.
Oh 22:50 ethanol corrodes your engine over time.....and it causes your car to put off alot more emmissions. Issues mainly boil down to: 1.) more being required to burn in order to give the same amount of power 2.) Significantly increasing gasoline's rate of evaporation into the environment. 3.) Leading to more wasted fuel in time due to efficiency loss from engine damage 4.) Reducing life of vehicles, necessitating the manufacture of more. 5.) Requires significant extra fuel on the front end (mostly Diesel & Methane) to produce the ethanol itself (via electrical and other infrastructure, + farm equipment/machinery operation.) It never made sense to me until I learned how utterly huge the "corn lobby" is in the USA.
Chris Primmer lol McGuyver’s we are, i love the one film where the guys like, bring me...... then they were like we dont have ... he was like ok then bring me ..................
@Gerry Murphy Oh really? I wanted to give this a shot on my own as a nice intro to fractional distillation. I'll be sure to look for the thinner north sea crude oil when I do then. Thanks!
@@jhyland87 You could also try making your own version of the columns they use industrially. The way I'd try to replicate it would be to get a bunch of disposable pie tins from the grocery store, and use a nail to punch holes in from the bottom (creating a lip which, hopefully, would prevent the liquids flowing out of the trays they belong in), and then stack those on top of each other over a boiling vessel and wrap the whole thing in foil. Ghetto for sure, but it would keep you from plugging up your expensive glassware.
@@tissuepaper9962 With alcohol, you can use a copper pipe, with the inside "packed" with copper scouring pads or wire. Something with a high "area to volume ratio." Lets the alcohol condense and redistill in the way up. Oil is, if anything, easier, because no water. You might even be able to select a metal with catalytic properties that give you more of one particular fraction.
The Grahams are quite efficient for large scale distilation if you set them up correctly. ie you can push a lot of vapour through them before they are compromised. In essence they are just an extra long Leibig. e.g. If I'm distilling large volumes of ethanol from fermentation mixtures I tend to use a Graham.
I seem to remember a u-shaped piece of glass for hooking up a Graham condenser. It had two male joints pointing straight down. One side had a thermometer port. From there the cross piece was angled downward slightly to the other side.
There's a bunch of stuff that happens between the crude and the pump, you got isomerisation for C6 material, straight to branched conversation. Reforming from straight and cycloalkanes to aromatics.
You'll probably appreciate the Graham condenser the first time you make methyl iodide or methyl formate. The former is especially stubborn to condense.
Butane is interesting in that it dissolves in water, unlike Propane which is only minutely soluble. Beware Gas Engineers using Water Gauges, your gauge will always indicate a leak on a Butane system, and eventually, the gas plumbing will go into a vacuum as the Butane dissolves into the water inside the gauge. Even the gas safety standards centre did not know about this one.
I would have liked an added bonus of a sniff test. Toluene/xylene has a distinctive smell. And as far as the others, im curious if there was any difference. But yea. Always wanted to try something like that. I have some 112 octane racing fuel i want to give a go. Great idea for a video.
I actually think that you did indeed distill either the dye itself, or some decomposition products, over. None of the short-chain alkyl-benzenes would have that colour, or decompose to that colour in your setup. You didn't filter the gas stream through a fine sinter, nor did you do a lagged distillation. Combined with the VIGOROUS boiling speed and switching to only using one Vigreaux column, I would expect more than enough of the dye to make it over (irrespective of what it's vapour pressure is at your maximum temperature. It could be 0, but would still come over with the mass flow.), especially since so little is required for the colour to be noticeable.
I think you're dead on mate, I think I saw it misting quite a bit so that'll be it. Its one of those 'theoretically it shouldn't happen at all but it does all the time' examples
AFAIK unleaded gasoline doesn't contain the organometallic complexes you mentioned. It was what was called Lead Replacement Petrol (LRP) that contained them which was meant for use with old engines that were incompatible with unleaded fuel during the transition, but it was relatively quickly phased out because consumers confused LRP and unleaded petrol. The reason was that the lead had a secondary purpose besides anti-knocking, it protected the valve seats against erosion by depositing a thin lead layer on top of them, and the organo-metallics were meant as a replacement for that (more modern engines designed for unleaded petrol use erosion-resistant materials in their valve seats). Unleaded fuel uses aromatics, ethers and alcohols (mostly ethanol) as anti-knocking agents.
Do they make an inverted Graham condenser? You pointed out that the distillate could clog the coil if it weren't vertical. What if the coil carried the coolant, and the outer part held the gas? Then it could be used at most angles. Just a thought. The condensation would collect on the coil, drip off into the lower neck, and if the encasing tube were tapered, not made with a shoulder, it would be easier to collect at most angles. Also, if you're thinking, "Well, it would bead up at the bottom of each ring of the coil," but you could also mount a long, straight glass rod to the bottom of the coil. It would collect all the drops and drips in a straight line, and gravity would bring them all down together to the exit. It's not an impossible design, and it could work. Just don't touch the outer glass. You can with a normal Graham, but this would have the hot gas in contact with the outside this way.
I used to do a lot of emissions testing and we used a lot of Graham condensers but only to condense water in the gas stream and we didn't care if the condensate got stuck in the condenser because at the end of a test, we would recover the condenser as part of the sample anyway and then analyze it for what we were looking for. Used this way, it can be used sideways if you like and I believe that it is probably a more efficient condenser than the other ones and I would think that would be the case here but it would be shit for trying to use as a distillation column for example. In other words, I think it depends on the application.
Well, the graham condenser is pretty important.. :D at least in german universities it is used everytime. But it does not make sense to use it in a fractional destillation, as you said. You can use it for reflux in any kind, e.g. recrystallization, activating grignard reagents, just to keep your solvent when heating a flask and stuff. You can also use it for a two and three necked flask.. No problems at all and a very very important glassware
Talking about tetraethyl lead for some reason reminded me of this time when I was in grade 2 or 3, the principal said some older kids were seen breathing exhaust from the exhaust pipes of cars. I don't even know what would possess somebody to do such a thing.
GREAT and UNIQUE video. Everyone including me wanted someone to distill some gasoline. Sweet. I cannot believe you hate the graham condenser and a lot of other people do too. TRUST ME I KNOW ALL THE NEGATIVE THINGS ABOUT IT BUT I always say it is great BUT ONLY FOR low boiling liquids. Like liquids boiling close to room temp. I feel if it is refluxing that the liquids trapped in the coils help prevent gases from exiting the condenser. And when distilling room temp boiling point liquids i feel the puddles stuck in the coils help to build up the gases and give them more time to condense to a lot lower temperature than it's boiling point. And give the gas a chance to dissolve in its own condensation. So no gas escapes out by the receiving flask. But for anything else i think it really sucks.........BUT THEY LOOK COOL. I loved having it when i distilled methylbromide. I think a liebig or ahlin would have not been as good. I think a lot more methylbromide would have evaporated in the receiving flask.....and yes i had an ice bath on the receiving flask.....................But this is just an opinion. I have never really read any books that were specifically about condensers.
Can you do the same for coal, and see if you get enough components to blend petrol from some of them? Or is cracking and reforming just completely beyond what is possible with a DIY set up?
I wish I lived in Australia.. I sub to basically every channel I see (not even kidding lol) but my favorite ones are the ones "out back" haha. BigStackD is one of my favorite, among others lol. Thank you for awesome content bro!
Very good vid, and yeah, roses would be a little more comfortable as background. My Graham turned out to do a very good job distilling DCM. But I hate him anyway, gave me so much headache. It was my first bad amateur mistake, choosing the more expensive Graham over a much cheaper Liebig. Always clogging up no matter how perfectly vertical I position it... It is also very inconvenient to bring it on an airplane, but being Brazil, I explained what it is for and they let me pass after stripping me down to the underpants.
I recently read a bit about the burning properties of organic compounds. :D Hydrocarbons tend to produce more soot when burned the longer they are. So, it might not all be due to double bonds. It would be interesting to do some more tests on the fractions, like treating it with baeyers reagent or bromine water.
Random Experiments Int. - Experiments and syntheses Yeah I was considering doing more tests, but it seemed like the alkenes might be spread so well across all the fractions that all of them would give the same result to things like bromine water
Yes it would show that pretty well. Or maybe I'm wrong! An experiment is a lot more meaningful than my armchair assumptions! I've been thinking it might be good to try and get something useful from this experiement, probably the hexane? I could distil just the hexane fraction, clean it from alkenes, then re-distll? Could be a useful lab solvent
I'd try washing the fraction containing the hexane with bromine water until it doesn't lose it's colour anymore, then with some sulfite/thiosulfate/metabilsulfite solution to remove excess bromine. Otherwise it might react in sunlight with the alkanes. Drying and redistilling it might remove the halogenated alkenes that might have a way different boling point. A beilstein test might reveal, if the product contains any halogenated compounds. Sounds like an interesting project to me! :) You could even just collect the fraction around 68°C from some petrol, treat it like I said before and use the rest for your car :D
I drive a diesel car so maybe just the high boiling stuff :P I was thinking I could sulfonate it with sulfuric acid, then wash all that out with water. Maybe there's some sulfur stuff in there too, perhaps the acid wash should take care of that too. Bromine isn't something that that's easy to do for me. I mean I can, but yeah
Graham condesor is primarily used for low boiling components with ice water or ethylene glycol/water/dry ice or isopropyl alcohol/dry ice or some other cooling agent.
The Graham condenser is my idea of a more effective condensing distillatory as it has a larger surface area. I always worry that my condensers aren't long enough and much of my distillate is being lost into the air.
The accute angle on the graham condensor elbow is meant to be the highest point in the evap system. In america we use graham condensors all the time in appalachian style liquor stills. Its what my pops uses to make out whiskey out of his copper still!
nixrate, your comment on lab tidiness strikes a chord with me. The undergrad teaching chem labs at the university where I graduated were meticulously clean and orderly- like the absolutely spotless pharmaceutical clean rooms where you'll be hard pressed to find a speck of dust. Whereas, the postgrad labs were more like some of the rooms and communal kitchens at the campus Halls of Residences!
Gary Card I remember the first time I got a tour of a postgrad Chem lab, it was so chaotic compared to what I was used to! So many chemicals everywhere, I loved it haha. Never let it get to bad though when I was there
Fun fact; it was a guy called Thomas Midgley that worked out using lead in fuel to reduce knocking, and he was responsible for one other major adaptation... he pioneered the use of CFCs in refrigeration. What an unfortunate combination.
I was wondering where the ethanol was. Here in the states, there's ethanol in everything. You can visibly tell the change over the years. All you have to look for is the prevalence of Baudonia fungus growing on exposed surfaces around filling stations, gas cans, and filler doors on vehicles. That shit is everywhere now.
Grahams are best for heavy vapours. They just ride down like a roller coaster. You bar keeps coming decoupled. You consider chips? I have my refluxer with 4 thermocouples along it. (Making shine) Really gets the layers tight when tied to a process controller. That runs to the Liebig and then the Graham. If you use a 34970A you can watch where the vapour line is in the system and know exactly when it crests the head. Putting a scale at the end so I can automate soaking/holding to change out flasks. I keep a crock full of hot sand and a bucket of ice water for the jackets. The controller does it's thing keeping it all dialed in.
Salt brine would be fine for the initial fractions. Start at 23% and just add ice as needed (and occasionally salt as the freezing point gets too high). Heck, you could still use dry ice but only use it to keep the brine cold so you aren’t dealing with the headache of supercooling.
12:00 Pretty much all our gasoline/petrol here in the US has 10% ethanol in it, and they're trying to push that to 15%... problem is, most older cars and most boats can't handle that much ethanol in the fuel before some of the plastics in the fuel system start breaking down. The 10% stuff is bad enough, especially if it sits around a long time - it tends to pull water out of the air and separate out at the bottom of the tank, which can be a real problem for lawn mowers, snowblowers and other stuff that is infrequently used.
Here in Canada, we have red diesel and clear diesel. Red diesel is only legal for use for non-taxable purposes, like home heating, forestry, farming, etc. It's quite a bit cheaper, and commercial trucks regularly have their tanks dipped to see if they're avoiding taxes....
@@vitamins-and-iron Yes - the dye sticks around so you can be caught while running taxed diesel later on. I have seen Customs prowling around carparks at agricultural shows dipping diesel vehicles.
Too long separating column can have negative effects. It tends to cool easily and you need lot of thermal insulation. It can also lead to cranking up the heat to get anything through and you can get into pushing stuff through with vapors with very bad separation. In small scale you can also get problems with having enough materials to fill a huge column with vapours at all. For extreme separation you are much better off with single lengh column and you can use columns that take filling materials (usually glass/plastic) to get more surface area for better separation.
Here's what I can tell you about gasoline in the U.S. (at least in Nebraska, where I live) as compared to other parts of the world: Almost all of the low-grade fuels have "up to" 10% ethanol added. It's hard to find a gas station whose low-grade has no ethanol. Mid-grade can be pretty easily found with and without the 10% ethanol mixture. Premium is usually ethanol-free, but it can be found with ethanol. By law, all fuels containing ethanol must be labeled as such. We call it E-10 here. E-85 is becoming more available here as more and more vehicles are being produced with fuel systems that can adapt to different fuels, i.e. FlexFuel. In the last few years, I've also been seeing more places that sell E-15, with the disclaimer that it should only be used in cars made after 2003. As a mechanic, I should really know why that is, but I'm guessing it has something to do with improvements in fuel system tech from that point in time. Ethanol, from a mechanical/maintenance point of view has several benefits and drawbacks. It's much less expensive, and the higher the ethanol content, the more power your engine will make. E-85 has an octane rating of about 105, and it's common to find people installing E-85 conversions as performance upgrades. It also burns much cleaner. However, E-85 does have its downsides. Firstly, any ethanol fuel will yield much lower fuel efficiency, and E-85 is fucking abysmal on that front. On a long road trip, I filled my tank with E-85 and could watch my fuel gauge drop while driving at highway speeds. Also, as ethanol is hygroscopic, it pulls water from the air, and water should not be inside your engine. This same property also causes the seals, hoses, and pretty much any rubber components in the engine that come into contact with fuel to dry out and fail prematurely, causing leaks. For these reasons, I stay away from using ethanol fuels in my car regularly. Every once in a while, I'll fill it with ethanol blends to clean out the combustion chambers and fuel system a bit, but after that it goes right back to premium. The increased cost of premium fuel is more than made up for by the increase in fuel economy and maintenence intervals.
Its not a still head though because its a male to female joint, a stillhead has to end in a male joint (both ends male) because otherwise you have to put the condenser on the wrong way and that's no good
Gram condensors are useful in distillations where a hydrosol is produced or the liquid distillate needs to separated into two phases, because they are really the only kind of condensor that can 1. Thoroughly cool the distillate and 2. Substantially slow the velocity of the distillate stream when used in a vertical orientation before entering vertically into a hydrosol seperator unit. The flow of distillate into a hydrosol seperator needs to be very gentle and laminar: the stream exiting the bottom of a gram condensor will be stuck to the side of the glass, which helps the distillate gently along into the hydrosol seperator. This gentle movement won't occur with other types of condensors used in a vertical orientation. Instead, the distillate will rapidly exit the condensors, form into drops, and violently splash down into the hydrosol seperator below. This is really bad because the speed of the incoming distillate stream will break apart any lighter fraction phase sitting on the surface of the liquid in the hydrosol seperator, splitting it into a bunch of tiny oil droplets. These droplets get swept away in the violent current, sucked out the bottom of the hydrosol seperator, and spilled into the aqueous collection bin as a bunch of un-coalesced rubbish, which destroys the yield of collected oil fraction and defeats the purpose of the steam distillation in the first place. Gram condensors: ideal for steam distillation of oils and freebase amines. Not worth their 1/10 rating! 😊 @explosionsandfire
Also fuel that is too flammable will cause detonation not knocking. Knocking means something is mechanically wrong. Detonation can lead to knocking but not vice-versa. You could have the proper fuel for the engine and have your ignition timing off and that would also cause detonation.
You got me at "we managed to collect sweet fuck all". Subscribed. Liked. Thanks for a great video. Made me dream about setting up a chemistry lab. Made me smile.
I’m a Tankerman ( load and discharge oil barges) there still is leaded fuel. At least in the USA and I’m guessing most countries. AV100 low lead or aviation gasoline contains a low amount of lead along with it being 100 octane.
Did you know that the lead in gasoline was actually meant as a lubricant for the softer cast iron pistons, cylinders and compression rings. It is interesting to see how many different hydrocarbons are actually in standard gas. It would be interesting to see you do the same with diesel fuel and explain cetane vs octane. Octane is a resistance to burn and cetane is willingness to burn. A higher octane will require more compression and heat to ignite then a low octane. And the ethanol in gas actually tends to soak up water and suspend it. Causing rust and early failure of an engine While pure gas will separate from water.
That's a myth- you might be thinking of one of the side-effects of tetraethyl lead making the softer old exhaust valves in engines last longer- en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyllead#Valve_wear_preventive The primary use was always anti-knock so engines could go higher compression.
The graham has more cooling surface than the liebig and can put away a lot of heat at the right water flow rate. Its most used in reaction interstages or if you need a low end temperature.
Petrol is only such a big deal with colors because the opel fuel or however it's spelled, special gas abbos can't huff. Has an anti huffing additive, costs more than normal gas, is sold only in abbo areas.
You do want detonation in an engine, that's what makes it go, you don't want pre-ignition which is knock, that's where the detonation occurs early and tries to push the piston back down before it gets all the way to the top so it pushes backwards against the crankshaft, the piston is is pushing against the detonation taking energy from the flywheel or in an automatic from the fluid moving in the torque converter or wheels of the car to overcome the expansion and compress it to get over the hump, once it gets to the top it releases the pressure but that violent event that can bend rods and break seals. If you're not moving, bad enough knock can stall your engine. Diesel engines can have a similar though much less destructive issue where detonation doesn't occur on full compression which causes the fuel air mixture to exhaust and then ignite in your hot exhaust causing a backfire, gas cars can do this too if the air fuel mixture isn't right and you exhaust unburnt gas which ignites when it mixes with air at your tailpipe.
Seemed like that odd glass was for the other side not the Graham condenser side. Angles looked right anyways. Just guessing it's so you don't have the vent on the left side on top maybe.
this is one crazy bong dude
**tweak set lol
@SinisterMinister ah fuck off you sook
@SinisterMinister oh wow so glad you were here to point out that someone made a joke that was easy to make, I applaud your intelligence good sir good job good job epic have some reddit gold
Don't knock it, I've made some good bongs out of glassware
@@SamFirthDesigner ice water thru s condensor.makes a grest tube stick it in a three neck flask with a diffuser and slide in another and plug in the third hold together with keek clips sounds like a.good time
The Graham condenser was invented by Prof. Thomas Graham, who was working for British Revenue. Liquors were taxed according to their alcohol content. Traditional methods for determining alcohol content were not accurate. So Graham made this condenser in order to precisely determine the alcohol content of a liquor.
Well that explains its single use.
Still useless, he should have invented the hydrometer instead.
@@tissuepaper9962 that only measures density. Add more sugar and it becomes more dense, and therefore, not accurate.
@Dr. M. H. -- Ummm, that honor belongs to Nabisco (the National Biscuit Company). ;)
Odd, because as soon as I saw that I thought if it was made of food grade copper pipe and tubing I’d have a use for that
The shadows on the corrugated iron background give this a very unsettling film noir vibe, maybe I should film these videos from the other direction, so the background is roses. There'll be more going on and possibly more distracting, but it wont give you vertigo at least
Extractions&Ire to be honest, i didn't even notice.
The background was great, gave really good patterns through the glassware so you could se the structures of the devices that you were using. Not had a chance to play with these things for years, love the channel mate. Keep it up! Also what the hell is illegal glassware?
@Anonymous Anonymous Anything can be illegal if you import it without noticing the customs and paying a fee.
I like it, definitely enhances the "mad scientist" vibe which you are clearly a scientist and definitely mad, but in a way I like!
@@theterribleanimator1793 I didn't notice either... He underestimates how awesome his videos are, nobody is looking at the damn wall in the background... lol
"when i got that random illegal shipment of glassware accidentally sent to me" haha what
Yeah that happened lol
Extractions&Ire im waving my arms and going HOW!
@@ExtractionsAndIre probably a stupid question but how the fuck can glassware be illegal? even crack pipes and bongs are legal to ship into Aus.
All I can say is fuck the world we live in if glassware can be illegal.
@@Camwize It may have been imported in an illegal fashion, rather than being illegal in and of itself.
Why am I watching this... I don't know chemistry, I'm never gonna use any of this. Fuck half the time I'm not even sure what you're saying.
Maybe because it's awesome and hilarious.
That's just because he's Australian.
You're both right :P
@Anonymous Anonymous "for legal reasons this is a joke"
LOL
Your videos are getting funnier. Loving the rambling commentary at the moment.
I have a parallel adapter useful for vertical distillations so can do without the horizontal liebig. I think that grahams potentially have a decent heat transfer rate with all that surface area and a vertical orientation can mean a smaller bench footprint. I have used them for larger volume solvent recovery - set it up and crank up the heat while you do something else with the benchspace. (Washing up perhaps.)
I have the exact same thermocouple too. My glass thermometers get a lot less use these days.
I'm glad you liked the rambling, I was concerned this video was a little too full of random anecdotes, which turned what should have been a kid of simple video into one of my longest ever made..
I guess they do have a decent transfer rate, but I don't like the smaller footprint thing. It's not that much smaller, and means that your outlet is closer to the heating source... there's no way i'd put the fumes from the petrol distillation that close to the heating mantle, so that also limits its usefulness to me. So yeah, you actually use yours by choice? Maybe they aren't deserving of a 1/10 on the rating scale, that was a little harsh.
In terms of the thermometer, yeah they are real good. I'd say I use the glass thermometers probably 2/3 times still, but when it comes to a video, I prefer to use the screen because its so much easier to see whats going on without having to focus on a tiny line of mercury
@@ExtractionsAndIre little late to the party but the rambling was one if the best parts 😄
I thought its purpose was to evacuate the inner spiral and backfill with an inert gas, then apply high voltage. Fill the jacket with fluorescent dye for more visual effects. :P
Ah see now I have a use for it again!
Yep. Improvise a Geissler tube.
Tried that, coating borosilicate glass for neon lamp is difficult.
LOL
@joesexpack Please elaborate on this!
I'd love to see diesel fuel as comparison. I'd expect it to have proportionally more of the heavier aromatics.
One cool misuse for a Graham condenser is when making/distilling HCl or HNO3. You can install it slanted and it keeps a bit of cooled liquid at each low spot. Not only is this fun to watch - like a "silly straw" - but it may increase contact time and recover some of the potentially wasted gasses. Using it this way also doubles as a flow indicator, as it becomes very obvious when you've hit a boiling point change (or if you need convincing to use a variable transformer, instead of a thermostat switch on your heat source). Mostly, it's just a fun little silly straw to watch while you're babysitting a long project though.
The Graham may be less useful but you have to admit it's the coolest looking condenser and the one I most want to use as a drinking straw.
Omg imagine drinking some kind of colored spirit from it that would be so cool.
My god, the perfect straw for drinking hot stuff since it has the cooling :D
God, finally a chemist with a sense of humor. I Lmao throughout the whole video, the way you explain things is great. I definitely sub'd
This
Schlenk
I saw the movie. It was funny. :)
@@billymays495 shlonk
I bought a Graham condenser when I broke my Liebig. One difference I noticed right away was how much more pressure is required to push the distillate through, as compared with the Liebig. The added total surface area of all those coils heats up the coolant water much faster, even with lots of ice in the reservoir. I also noticed some oscillation of the distillate in the coils, ( I run my condenser at the same angle I used the Liebig). This caused some suck back of the distillate if I wasn't pushing the boiling flask harder than I did with the Liebig. Actually the suck back really didn't hurt anything because it was just refluxed back through the condenser all over again. This oscillation slowed the process down unless I kept the head pressure higher than I normally ran the Liebig set up at. I got the Graham to work at 45 degrees ok, I it was just sort of a pain after not experiencing any of the above mentioned phenomena with the Liebig. Millimeter to millimeter the Gramham is much more efficient at condensation than the Liebigs are but as long as what's coming over is liquid, the who really cares? I ordered another Liebig condenser because I like the ease of distillation with the Liebigs as opposed to the Graham units. That's my two cents on this. Interesting video btw!
I don't think petrol contains compounds with boiling points above 160°C. What I think happened during the boiling process is that you accidently created a whole bunch of polymerisation reactions (Diels Alder mechanism and other types of cycloadditions). These polymerisation products would be yellowish-brownish and would explain why the last factions were coloured. I'm not sure the dye moved at all, many dyes have quite a high boiling point so the last flask probably contained a mixture of dye and polimerisation products. Maybe you could make a follow-up about this topic? And keep up the good work, your videos are really fun to watch.
Ur a nerd
Given what they're watching it would make sense
Petrol for vehicle use contains some decane if it's about 85-90 RON. There's traces of it in higher RON rated fuels. The only "petrol" I know of that really has almost none is Av-Gas. Decane has a boiling point above 170C.
@@gordonlawrence4749 Winter blends of gasoline might also be very decane-deficient - they're skewed towards the lighter components for easier starting in low temps.
@@billymays495 Yup, and you can thank every nerd that has ever lived for the amazing quality of life you have today. If not for nerds, you'd still be swinging your club in a cave. Show some respect, Mr. Studly.
7:34 camera moves down the column to the roundbottom flask
stirring bar: *weeee*
The use of colors to code items as separate makes things simple. Taking something that's complicated and making it simple is a sign of genius, so don't go knocking your country:) nice work and thanks for the glassware tutorial bc I'm not in school and so any real science is a blessing
Careful what you apply it to though. Different coloured fuel - good categorisation. Different coloured traffic lights - good categorisation. Different coloured people - o shit don't go there.
@@Asdayasman That was a very odd takeaway.
@@PlatoonGoon I amused myself with it, that's more than enough.
Your a life saver I dropped a flask on my notebook and totally ruin 2 pages all about this and you summed it up and made way less work on my part I appreciate it
I wouldn't be without my Graham condenser for alcohol distillation, and being just alcohol I made the connections out of plumbing parts
“In Australia, we’re idiots. But we’re really smart in working out ways to cope with the fact that we’re idiots”
4:16 Not gonna lie, had to do a double-take on that chair. Thought those were straight up tortillas.
Funny enough I remember by mom and dog walking into the garage when I had some tube pumping the sulfuric gas outside during a distillation and she and the dog stepped on the tube which caused my still head to pop off and spray boiling acidic fumes in the whole garage. Ah memories... Always keep a gas mask on hand.
Oh 22:50 ethanol corrodes your engine over time.....and it causes your car to put off alot more emmissions.
Issues mainly boil down to:
1.) more being required to burn in order to give the same amount of power
2.) Significantly increasing gasoline's rate of evaporation into the environment.
3.) Leading to more wasted fuel in time due to efficiency loss from engine damage
4.) Reducing life of vehicles, necessitating the manufacture of more.
5.) Requires significant extra fuel on the front end (mostly Diesel & Methane) to produce the ethanol itself (via electrical and other infrastructure, + farm equipment/machinery operation.)
It never made sense to me until I learned how utterly huge the "corn lobby" is in the USA.
The bongs I could make from your glass pieces is actually nutty 😂👍
Chris Primmer lol McGuyver’s we are, i love the one film where the guys like, bring me...... then they were like we dont have ... he was like ok then bring me ..................
You should distill crude oil and make a video of it! Thats what I would like to see (and may try myself).
@Gerry Murphy Oh really? I wanted to give this a shot on my own as a nice intro to fractional distillation. I'll be sure to look for the thinner north sea crude oil when I do then. Thanks!
@@jhyland87 You could also try making your own version of the columns they use industrially. The way I'd try to replicate it would be to get a bunch of disposable pie tins from the grocery store, and use a nail to punch holes in from the bottom (creating a lip which, hopefully, would prevent the liquids flowing out of the trays they belong in), and then stack those on top of each other over a boiling vessel and wrap the whole thing in foil.
Ghetto for sure, but it would keep you from plugging up your expensive glassware.
@@tissuepaper9962 hey, thats a cool idea. That would be a continuous distillation setup too!
@@tissuepaper9962
With alcohol, you can use a copper pipe, with the inside "packed" with copper scouring pads or wire. Something with a high "area to volume ratio." Lets the alcohol condense and redistill in the way up.
Oil is, if anything, easier, because no water. You might even be able to select a metal with catalytic properties that give you more of one particular fraction.
ah the memories when you just pulled up to the pump and the clerk would ask you leaded or unleaded!!
The Grahams are quite efficient for large scale distilation if you set them up correctly. ie you can push a lot of vapour through them before they are compromised. In essence they are just an extra long Leibig. e.g. If I'm distilling large volumes of ethanol from fermentation mixtures I tend to use a Graham.
I seem to remember a u-shaped piece of glass for hooking up a Graham condenser. It had two male joints pointing straight down. One side had a thermometer port. From there the cross piece was angled downward slightly to the other side.
I was almost going to buy a graem condenser before I watched this
Cheers for warning me mate
Unfortunately I already did
I'm old so I remember leaded petrol. I was told lead was added to petrol to improve the lifespan of the valve seat components of the engine.
Patrick Barry it does
100Transistors shame it causes decrease in lifespan in other things though
The reason lead was added was for an anti-knock agent. Prolonging the valve seat life was only a happy side effect.
There's a bunch of stuff that happens between the crude and the pump, you got isomerisation for C6 material, straight to branched conversation. Reforming from straight and cycloalkanes to aromatics.
You'll probably appreciate the Graham condenser the first time you make methyl iodide or methyl formate. The former is especially stubborn to condense.
Butane is interesting in that it dissolves in water, unlike Propane which is only minutely soluble.
Beware Gas Engineers using Water Gauges, your gauge will always indicate a leak on a Butane system, and eventually, the gas plumbing will go into a vacuum as the Butane dissolves into the water inside the gauge.
Even the gas safety standards centre did not know about this one.
They have a recovery between point a° and point b° and include trace other elements.
It is washing that produces the pure element individually.
No, it is a better setup and more accurate temps.
I would have liked an added bonus of a sniff test. Toluene/xylene has a distinctive smell. And as far as the others, im curious if there was any difference. But yea. Always wanted to try something like that. I have some 112 octane racing fuel i want to give a go. Great idea for a video.
I actually think that you did indeed distill either the dye itself, or some decomposition products, over. None of the short-chain alkyl-benzenes would have that colour, or decompose to that colour in your setup.
You didn't filter the gas stream through a fine sinter, nor did you do a lagged distillation.
Combined with the VIGOROUS boiling speed and switching to only using one Vigreaux column, I would expect more than enough of the dye to make it over (irrespective of what it's vapour pressure is at your maximum temperature. It could be 0, but would still come over with the mass flow.), especially since so little is required for the colour to be noticeable.
I think you're dead on mate, I think I saw it misting quite a bit so that'll be it. Its one of those 'theoretically it shouldn't happen at all but it does all the time' examples
AFAIK unleaded gasoline doesn't contain the organometallic complexes you mentioned. It was what was called Lead Replacement Petrol (LRP) that contained them which was meant for use with old engines that were incompatible with unleaded fuel during the transition, but it was relatively quickly phased out because consumers confused LRP and unleaded petrol. The reason was that the lead had a secondary purpose besides anti-knocking, it protected the valve seats against erosion by depositing a thin lead layer on top of them, and the organo-metallics were meant as a replacement for that (more modern engines designed for unleaded petrol use erosion-resistant materials in their valve seats). Unleaded fuel uses aromatics, ethers and alcohols (mostly ethanol) as anti-knocking agents.
Ah yes ... " Sweet fuckall" one of the lightest distilents of Australian petroleum
No Tom, you never lose. You're just taking another route to success. Ok?
Do they make an inverted Graham condenser? You pointed out that the distillate could clog the coil if it weren't vertical. What if the coil carried the coolant, and the outer part held the gas? Then it could be used at most angles. Just a thought. The condensation would collect on the coil, drip off into the lower neck, and if the encasing tube were tapered, not made with a shoulder, it would be easier to collect at most angles. Also, if you're thinking, "Well, it would bead up at the bottom of each ring of the coil," but you could also mount a long, straight glass rod to the bottom of the coil. It would collect all the drops and drips in a straight line, and gravity would bring them all down together to the exit.
It's not an impossible design, and it could work. Just don't touch the outer glass. You can with a normal Graham, but this would have the hot gas in contact with the outside this way.
google friedrichs condenser it sort of that...
MMT additives, if I remember correctly, leave a reddish deposit on spark plugs. Might be a good identifier...
I used to do a lot of emissions testing and we used a lot of Graham condensers but only to condense water in the gas stream and we didn't care if the condensate got stuck in the condenser because at the end of a test, we would recover the condenser as part of the sample anyway and then analyze it for what we were looking for. Used this way, it can be used sideways if you like and I believe that it is probably a more efficient condenser than the other ones and I would think that would be the case here but it would be shit for trying to use as a distillation column for example. In other words, I think it depends on the application.
Well, the graham condenser is pretty important.. :D at least in german universities it is used everytime. But it does not make sense to use it in a fractional destillation, as you said. You can use it for reflux in any kind, e.g. recrystallization, activating grignard reagents, just to keep your solvent when heating a flask and stuff. You can also use it for a two and three necked flask.. No problems at all and a very very important glassware
Talking about tetraethyl lead for some reason reminded me of this time when I was in grade 2 or 3, the principal said some older kids were seen breathing exhaust from the exhaust pipes of cars. I don't even know what would possess somebody to do such a thing.
Maybe they thought it smelled good?
GREAT and UNIQUE video. Everyone including me wanted someone to distill some gasoline. Sweet. I cannot believe you hate the graham condenser and a lot of other people do too. TRUST ME I KNOW ALL THE NEGATIVE THINGS ABOUT IT BUT I always say it is great BUT ONLY FOR low boiling liquids. Like liquids boiling close to room temp. I feel if it is refluxing that the liquids trapped in the coils help prevent gases from exiting the condenser. And when distilling room temp boiling point liquids i feel the puddles stuck in the coils help to build up the gases and give them more time to condense to a lot lower temperature than it's boiling point. And give the gas a chance to dissolve in its own condensation. So no gas escapes out by the receiving flask. But for anything else i think it really sucks.........BUT THEY LOOK COOL. I loved having it when i distilled methylbromide. I think a liebig or ahlin would have not been as good. I think a lot more methylbromide would have evaporated in the receiving flask.....and yes i had an ice bath on the receiving flask.....................But this is just an opinion. I have never really read any books that were specifically about condensers.
Great for ether, DCM, and chloroform
the 70 degree adapter is a distillation head adapter, its used on the other side of the liebig just without a thermometer
Can you do the same for coal, and see if you get enough components to blend petrol from some of them? Or is cracking and reforming just completely beyond what is possible with a DIY set up?
I wish I lived in Australia.. I sub to basically every channel I see (not even kidding lol) but my favorite ones are the ones "out back" haha. BigStackD is one of my favorite, among others lol. Thank you for awesome content bro!
Чувак, ты просто в раю живёшь!!!
Тут приходится иной раз выворачиваться на изнанку ради таких простых и весёлых вещей...
Very good vid, and yeah, roses would be a little more comfortable as background.
My Graham turned out to do a very good job distilling DCM. But I hate him anyway, gave me so much headache. It was my first bad amateur mistake, choosing the more expensive Graham over a much cheaper Liebig. Always clogging up no matter how perfectly vertical I position it... It is also very inconvenient to bring it on an airplane, but being Brazil, I explained what it is for and they let me pass after stripping me down to the underpants.
Homemade Chemistry mercado livre has some good lab stuff i buy mine things there when i cant find something on my lab supplyer
I love your retort stand / lab jack.... it looks strangely like an old stool.
I recently read a bit about the burning properties of organic compounds. :D Hydrocarbons tend to produce more soot when burned the longer they are. So, it might not all be due to double bonds. It would be interesting to do some more tests on the fractions, like treating it with baeyers reagent or bromine water.
Random Experiments Int. - Experiments and syntheses Yeah I was considering doing more tests, but it seemed like the alkenes might be spread so well across all the fractions that all of them would give the same result to things like bromine water
Too bad. Nevertheless, it's still a result that shows, why it's so difficult to separate all the different compounds by distillation.
Yes it would show that pretty well. Or maybe I'm wrong! An experiment is a lot more meaningful than my armchair assumptions!
I've been thinking it might be good to try and get something useful from this experiement, probably the hexane? I could distil just the hexane fraction, clean it from alkenes, then re-distll? Could be a useful lab solvent
I'd try washing the fraction containing the hexane with bromine water until it doesn't lose it's colour anymore, then with some sulfite/thiosulfate/metabilsulfite solution to remove excess bromine. Otherwise it might react in sunlight with the alkanes. Drying and redistilling it might remove the halogenated alkenes that might have a way different boling point. A beilstein test might reveal, if the product contains any halogenated compounds. Sounds like an interesting project to me! :) You could even just collect the fraction around 68°C from some petrol, treat it like I said before and use the rest for your car :D
I drive a diesel car so maybe just the high boiling stuff :P
I was thinking I could sulfonate it with sulfuric acid, then wash all that out with water. Maybe there's some sulfur stuff in there too, perhaps the acid wash should take care of that too.
Bromine isn't something that that's easy to do for me. I mean I can, but yeah
14:06 he caused the fires in Australia
That is really smart because if you know you need "red" petrol its easy to find the right one
coloring fuel like that is a god damn ingenious idea
Graham condesor is primarily used for low boiling components with ice water or ethylene glycol/water/dry ice or isopropyl alcohol/dry ice or some other cooling agent.
I started my new year watching this video
Regarding Tetraethyl Lead in Gasoline - I grew up in what most of the world thinks of when they think of America's "Midwest" - a little
The Graham condenser is my idea of a more effective condensing distillatory as it has a larger surface area.
I always worry that my condensers aren't long enough and much of my distillate is being lost into the air.
The accute angle on the graham condensor elbow is meant to be the highest point in the evap system. In america we use graham condensors all the time in appalachian style liquor stills. Its what my pops uses to make out whiskey out of his copper still!
Lololol I love my Graham condenser. Step 1 make blackberry wine, step 2 distill it, step 3 drink the majority of the distillate, step 4 go to work
I totally use mine at like 45 degrees
4:07 have you thought about heating it up and modifying the glass? Make it something more useful...
nixrate, your comment on lab tidiness strikes a chord with me. The undergrad teaching chem labs at the university where I graduated were meticulously clean and orderly- like the absolutely spotless pharmaceutical clean rooms where you'll be hard pressed to find a speck of dust. Whereas, the postgrad labs were more like some of the rooms and communal kitchens at the campus Halls of Residences!
Gary Card I remember the first time I got a tour of a postgrad Chem lab, it was so chaotic compared to what I was used to! So many chemicals everywhere, I loved it haha. Never let it get to bad though when I was there
Fun fact; it was a guy called Thomas Midgley that worked out using lead in fuel to reduce knocking, and he was responsible for one other major adaptation... he pioneered the use of CFCs in refrigeration. What an unfortunate combination.
I was wondering where the ethanol was. Here in the states, there's ethanol in everything. You can visibly tell the change over the years. All you have to look for is the prevalence of Baudonia fungus growing on exposed surfaces around filling stations, gas cans, and filler doors on vehicles. That shit is everywhere now.
interesting..
Grahams are best for heavy vapours.
They just ride down like a roller coaster.
You bar keeps coming decoupled. You consider chips?
I have my refluxer with 4 thermocouples along it. (Making shine)
Really gets the layers tight when tied to a process controller.
That runs to the Liebig and then the Graham.
If you use a 34970A you can watch where the vapour line is in the system and know exactly when it crests the head.
Putting a scale at the end so I can automate soaking/holding to change out flasks.
I keep a crock full of hot sand and a bucket of ice water for the jackets.
The controller does it's thing keeping it all dialed in.
Salt brine would be fine for the initial fractions. Start at 23% and just add ice as needed (and occasionally salt as the freezing point gets too high). Heck, you could still use dry ice but only use it to keep the brine cold so you aren’t dealing with the headache of supercooling.
12:00 Pretty much all our gasoline/petrol here in the US has 10% ethanol in it, and they're trying to push that to 15%... problem is, most older cars and most boats can't handle that much ethanol in the fuel before some of the plastics in the fuel system start breaking down. The 10% stuff is bad enough, especially if it sits around a long time - it tends to pull water out of the air and separate out at the bottom of the tank, which can be a real problem for lawn mowers, snowblowers and other stuff that is infrequently used.
why i started buying ethanol free high octane 4 cycle fuel w/ additives at automotive stores for my lawnmower
Here in Canada, we have red diesel and clear diesel. Red diesel is only legal for use for non-taxable purposes, like home heating, forestry, farming, etc. It's quite a bit cheaper, and commercial trucks regularly have their tanks dipped to see if they're avoiding taxes....
i believe we also have red diesel here in the uk
@@vitamins-and-iron Yes - the dye sticks around so you can be caught while running taxed diesel later on. I have seen Customs prowling around carparks at agricultural shows dipping diesel vehicles.
Too long separating column can have negative effects. It tends to cool easily and you need lot of thermal insulation. It can also lead to cranking up the heat to get anything through and you can get into pushing stuff through with vapors with very bad separation. In small scale you can also get problems with having enough materials to fill a huge column with vapours at all.
For extreme separation you are much better off with single lengh column and you can use columns that take filling materials (usually glass/plastic) to get more surface area for better separation.
I HAVE BEEN WAITING SO LONG TO SEE THIS ON UA-cam!!! You da chemist boi ;)
"Because it's dark" The horrors we've seen Australia house is only the first wave. The next comes out at night.
Here's what I can tell you about gasoline in the U.S. (at least in Nebraska, where I live) as compared to other parts of the world:
Almost all of the low-grade fuels have "up to" 10% ethanol added. It's hard to find a gas station whose low-grade has no ethanol. Mid-grade can be pretty easily found with and without the 10% ethanol mixture. Premium is usually ethanol-free, but it can be found with ethanol. By law, all fuels containing ethanol must be labeled as such. We call it E-10 here.
E-85 is becoming more available here as more and more vehicles are being produced with fuel systems that can adapt to different fuels, i.e. FlexFuel.
In the last few years, I've also been seeing more places that sell E-15, with the disclaimer that it should only be used in cars made after 2003. As a mechanic, I should really know why that is, but I'm guessing it has something to do with improvements in fuel system tech from that point in time.
Ethanol, from a mechanical/maintenance point of view has several benefits and drawbacks. It's much less expensive, and the higher the ethanol content, the more power your engine will make. E-85 has an octane rating of about 105, and it's common to find people installing E-85 conversions as performance upgrades. It also burns much cleaner.
However, E-85 does have its downsides. Firstly, any ethanol fuel will yield much lower fuel efficiency, and E-85 is fucking abysmal on that front. On a long road trip, I filled my tank with E-85 and could watch my fuel gauge drop while driving at highway speeds. Also, as ethanol is hygroscopic, it pulls water from the air, and water should not be inside your engine. This same property also causes the seals, hoses, and pretty much any rubber components in the engine that come into contact with fuel to dry out and fail prematurely, causing leaks.
For these reasons, I stay away from using ethanol fuels in my car regularly. Every once in a while, I'll fill it with ethanol blends to clean out the combustion chambers and fuel system a bit, but after that it goes right back to premium. The increased cost of premium fuel is more than made up for by the increase in fuel economy and maintenence intervals.
The lead was to help with spark knock and they dyed it red and it had a longer shelve life
I only use the Graham condenser with ethanol distillation because I have it and need to justify owning it.
The piece of glassware at 3:27 is a 75 degree two-way stillhead.
Its not a still head though because its a male to female joint, a stillhead has to end in a male joint (both ends male) because otherwise you have to put the condenser on the wrong way and that's no good
You, uh. You did pump the coolant from the bottom up. Right?
Gram condensors are useful in distillations where a hydrosol is produced or the liquid distillate needs to separated into two phases, because they are really the only kind of condensor that can 1. Thoroughly cool the distillate and 2. Substantially slow the velocity of the distillate stream when used in a vertical orientation before entering vertically into a hydrosol seperator unit. The flow of distillate into a hydrosol seperator needs to be very gentle and laminar: the stream exiting the bottom of a gram condensor will be stuck to the side of the glass, which helps the distillate gently along into the hydrosol seperator.
This gentle movement won't occur with other types of condensors used in a vertical orientation. Instead, the distillate will rapidly exit the condensors, form into drops, and violently splash down into the hydrosol seperator below.
This is really bad because the speed of the incoming distillate stream will break apart any lighter fraction phase sitting on the surface of the liquid in the hydrosol seperator, splitting it into a bunch of tiny oil droplets. These droplets get swept away in the violent current, sucked out the bottom of the hydrosol seperator, and spilled into the aqueous collection bin as a bunch of un-coalesced rubbish, which destroys the yield of collected oil fraction and defeats the purpose of the steam distillation in the first place.
Gram condensors: ideal for steam distillation of oils and freebase amines. Not worth their 1/10 rating! 😊
@explosionsandfire
How about distilling motor oil?
These videos are fantastic, glad I subbed let alone YT finally introducing me to your uploads.
US has ethanol in motor fuels routinely, and methyl t-butyl ether.
Also fuel that is too flammable will cause detonation not knocking. Knocking means something is mechanically wrong. Detonation can lead to knocking but not vice-versa. You could have the proper fuel for the engine and have your ignition timing off and that would also cause detonation.
You got me at "we managed to collect sweet fuck all". Subscribed. Liked. Thanks for a great video. Made me dream about setting up a chemistry lab. Made me smile.
I’m a Tankerman ( load and discharge oil barges) there still is leaded fuel. At least in the USA and I’m guessing most countries. AV100 low lead or aviation gasoline contains a low amount of lead along with it being 100 octane.
My condenser is just a 1/2" copper tube, in a 55gallon barrel!
Are you making moonshine?
"All right, the light's failing on me"
Thanks, I will use that every time the sun sets now
Why no night chem? (Apparently in AUSland it's legal to synthesize drugs outside during the day only.) (obvious sarcasm obvious)
I love your corollary commentary and relevant tid bits. Gidday cobb from nz cheers mate
Did you know that the lead in gasoline was actually meant as a lubricant for the softer cast iron pistons, cylinders and compression rings.
It is interesting to see how many different hydrocarbons are actually in standard gas.
It would be interesting to see you do the same with diesel fuel and explain cetane vs octane.
Octane is a resistance to burn and cetane is willingness to burn. A higher octane will require more compression and heat to ignite then a low octane. And the ethanol in gas actually tends to soak up water and suspend it. Causing rust and early failure of an engine While pure gas will separate from water.
That's a myth- you might be thinking of one of the side-effects of tetraethyl lead making the softer old exhaust valves in engines last longer- en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetraethyllead#Valve_wear_preventive
The primary use was always anti-knock so engines could go higher compression.
Lol in america a lot of us just taste it to determine the ethanol content. It's not died or labelled after it's out of the pump
It's far too late now, but I wonder how the odor differed across fractions.
I saw the title and thought “that sounds F***ING dangerous let’s go” and clicked immediately
Welcome to this weeks edition of "Why is this in my recommended?"
The graham has more cooling surface than the liebig and can put away a lot of heat at the right water flow rate. Its most used in reaction interstages or if you need a low end temperature.
Petrol is only such a big deal with colors because the opel fuel or however it's spelled, special gas abbos can't huff. Has an anti huffing additive, costs more than normal gas, is sold only in abbo areas.
You could try melting that useless unit slightly and bend it the way you want.
This is the best account on UA-cam dude.
You do want detonation in an engine, that's what makes it go, you don't want pre-ignition which is knock, that's where the detonation occurs early and tries to push the piston back down before it gets all the way to the top so it pushes backwards against the crankshaft, the piston is is pushing against the detonation taking energy from the flywheel or in an automatic from the fluid moving in the torque converter or wheels of the car to overcome the expansion and compress it to get over the hump, once it gets to the top it releases the pressure but that violent event that can bend rods and break seals. If you're not moving, bad enough knock can stall your engine.
Diesel engines can have a similar though much less destructive issue where detonation doesn't occur on full compression which causes the fuel air mixture to exhaust and then ignite in your hot exhaust causing a backfire, gas cars can do this too if the air fuel mixture isn't right and you exhaust unburnt gas which ignites when it mixes with air at your tailpipe.
« 70% of the alkanes are gay » LOL
10:52 for anyone who wants to go directly to it
"Some random liquid" got me, man. Keep it up!
Seemed like that odd glass was for the other side not the Graham condenser side. Angles looked right anyways. Just guessing it's so you don't have the vent on the left side on top maybe.