The Airspeed Bible: Everything Pilots Need to Know! With CAPTAIN JOE

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  • Опубліковано 28 гру 2024

КОМЕНТАРІ • 122

  • @mytech6779
    @mytech6779 9 днів тому +15

    An extreme example, the SR-71 at Mach 3.0 and FL 800 has an equivalent airspeed of 330 knots. Another way to look at EAS rather than being an error correction is that it is speed at sea level generating the same dynamic pressure (Thus aerodynamic forces.). Thus the SR-71 cruise condition is aerodynamically "equivalent" to flying 330 knots at standard sea level.

  • @tafsirhossain8014
    @tafsirhossain8014 10 днів тому +9

    I was just searching for a video like this where all the speed types will be described and this video is just uploaded one minutes ago.Another reason to love UA-cam. And what can be more joyful than learning it from captain joe who describes any topic Very simply and effectively. Great channel for new learners like me.❤

  • @samuellagin9732
    @samuellagin9732 10 днів тому +28

    Dear fellow pilots and aviation enthusiasts. To make it easy to remember. Follow this mnemonic: ICE Tea Is a Perfect Cold Drink. (capital letters are important) Write it like this, if you are a visual learner.
    Instrument error
    IAS
    Position error
    CAS
    Compressibility error
    EAS
    Density error
    TAS
    Wind
    GS (Wind and GS are not in the mnemonic, but anyone can remember that.)

    • @CKM1109
      @CKM1109 9 днів тому

      I'm more of a pussy cat dolls fan

    • @alanevery215
      @alanevery215 8 днів тому +1

      No idea what you are trying to say????

    • @samuellagin9732
      @samuellagin9732 8 днів тому +1

      @alanevery215 Expand my comment and look at first letters of the speeds and errors. I C E T I P C D Hope it helped.

    • @TheOriginalCFA1979
      @TheOriginalCFA1979 6 днів тому +1

      @@samuellagin9732 You gave a mnemonic with literally zero explanation. No, it didn’t help at all. Let me try to explain with a similar example my college professor gave us.
      You can easily use the mnemonic F Aunty’s Vag With A Purple Hardon; Frequency, Amplitude, Velocity, Wavelength, Phase, Acoustic Envelope, and Harmonic Envelope. Now you know how to use the mnemonic “F Aunty’s Vag With A Purple Hardon”, right? Or do you have an easy way to remember a bunch of things you don’t know anything about? You gave a mnemonic not an explanation.

    • @F.A.S.D
      @F.A.S.D 6 днів тому

      Lol that was a good one 😂​@@TheOriginalCFA1979

  • @OHIO246
    @OHIO246 5 днів тому +1

    I would love to hear your story of becoming a pilot, the difficulties you faced during your training and how you actually managed to get through all of them

  • @mendel5106
    @mendel5106 10 днів тому +6

    Your explanations are comprehensive.
    Keep it up!

  • @ahmedmahomed
    @ahmedmahomed 9 днів тому +7

    This is such a more interesting video for enthusiasts like myself, in comparison to the exam Q's and A's.
    Both are fine, but this is better for me.

  • @MWall711
    @MWall711 7 днів тому +1

    I like videos (like this one!) that I can share with my high school students to show real applications of the concepts covered in our class.

  • @rajeevk.pathak771
    @rajeevk.pathak771 2 дні тому

    Supremely brilliant video, Captain !!! Engaging, elucidating, crystal-clear.
    Thanks for your masterful narration !

  • @emekauzo5358
    @emekauzo5358 10 днів тому +4

    Well done, Captain Joe! 👍👍

  • @hashaliphilemonasher6136
    @hashaliphilemonasher6136 10 днів тому +8

    Captain have been quiet for a while. Welcome back Captain 🙏✅💪💪

    • @flywithcaptainjoe
      @flywithcaptainjoe  9 днів тому +6

      I have uploaded a video every Thursday for the last three months.

    • @LTVoyager
      @LTVoyager 9 днів тому

      @@flywithcaptainjoeThe uploads were so quiet he couldn’t hear them. 😂

  • @Ztbmrc1
    @Ztbmrc1 9 днів тому +5

    Very interesting lesson!

  • @LTVoyager
    @LTVoyager 9 днів тому +1

    Nice video. These practical topics are very useful. Though I have been flying since 1977, these aren’t things you think about in detail every day and it is good to have a refresher now and then.

  • @twentyrothmans7308
    @twentyrothmans7308 8 днів тому +1

    I knew all of these, but had I not, I would now.
    That was well explained.

  • @johnerdam961
    @johnerdam961 10 днів тому +2

    Very well explained, thanks!

  • @antoniog9814
    @antoniog9814 9 днів тому +1

    Thank you Capt. Joe for this elaborate explanation. It made things much clearer and relatable. 👍

  • @WOOF95
    @WOOF95 7 днів тому

    Happy Holidays and Happy New Year Capt. Joe! Looking forward to seeing you in the New Year!

  • @ZINDJGABECORDERO
    @ZINDJGABECORDERO 10 днів тому +1

    This really is a great review since I learned all about what you discussed in my pilot ground course ❤

  • @alexkazzeo6208
    @alexkazzeo6208 9 днів тому +1

    Great video, not only for the novice.

  • @janedeering8716
    @janedeering8716 10 днів тому +2

    Excellent... ty

  • @harrydoherty8299
    @harrydoherty8299 7 днів тому +2

    one speed you left out. that is very important when flying. and that is
    maneuvering speed.
    it’s very critical not to enter turbulence above your maneuvering speed as it could cause structure failure. the v tail bonanza has a history of losing it v tail but any aircraft can have structural failure.

    • @Sergio-bx9tj
      @Sergio-bx9tj 5 днів тому

      but that would include many other speeds as well, like minimum control spped, design dive speed, stall speed etc.
      this is basically a video about instrumentation rather than performance

  • @chrisgossman6512
    @chrisgossman6512 8 днів тому

    Captain Joe ask for Chris when you pass through the office/warehouse when you come through Seattle.
    I would really appreciate a meeting. So I can thank you for your efforts on UA-cam.

  • @Ray_of_Light62
    @Ray_of_Light62 9 днів тому

    Thank you Captain Joe!
    Greetings,
    Anthony

  • @jdos2
    @jdos2 7 днів тому

    727 pilots used to say there were only 3 speeds - 140 (approach - yeah, you could get more accurate, but close enough), 250 (legal limit below 10k feet), and the barber pole (when kerosene was $.07 gallon -.9 mach - not bad for an early 60's airliner).

  • @wallywally8282
    @wallywally8282 6 днів тому

    Well explained👍

  • @filipesiegrist
    @filipesiegrist День тому

    That's a great video for simulation.

  • @PRCOM
    @PRCOM 10 днів тому +1

    Evening Cpt Joe.
    Just want to wish you and family are merry Xmas and all the best for 2025

  • @carmensieb7876
    @carmensieb7876 9 днів тому +1

    Excelente ❤❤

  • @TheDerwisch77
    @TheDerwisch77 10 днів тому +21

    Funny how a real airline pilot calls TAS the most important while a dogfighting DCS player may find IAS and it derivatives way more important! 😂 P.S.: But I have to add a question: Is TAS really important today (in comparrison to pilots 40 years ago, when you already have ground speed by GPS, anytime, anywhere?

    • @MikeHalsall
      @MikeHalsall 10 днів тому +9

      From a private pilot's perspective, IAS is the airspeed that matters most: it's what's used for all V-speeds and is why it's the speed shown to pilots on the speed tape in the cockpit. TAS/GS is used to know how early/late I'm going to be getting to where I'm going, and to know if I've packed enough fuel.

    • @TheDerwisch77
      @TheDerwisch77 9 днів тому

      @@MikeHalsall Yeah, that's what I meant - IAS (and corrected related values) is what governances your flight characteristcs and (forecast) TAS is either pre-flight planing or you rely on GPS values...!?

    • @MikeHalsall
      @MikeHalsall 9 днів тому

      @@TheDerwisch77 indeed, for flight planning purposes it's winds aloft which should help plan for fuel if a bummer of a headwind is expected. Ground speed once at cruise to get a good idea of ETE.

    • @ProfsrXav8r
      @ProfsrXav8r 9 днів тому +2

      When filing a flight plan, for example, TAS (or mach) is provided for the speed section of the form. If IFR, you cannot deviate by more than 10kt or 5% (whichever is greater) of the filed TAS without talking to ATC about it (I think that's true in most places, but is certainly true for TC- or FAA-controlled continental airspace). So, you would need to know that number first in order to determine if you're within the allowed margin. That's just one example. There are others. Simply put though, it is still an important number. Also, a DCS player should be far more concerned about AoA than IAS. Due to position error, IAS can be grossly inaccurate at high alpha. Perhaps you've heard the term that a wing will stall at any airspeed, but only one angle of attack. So, that's the important number in an ACM context.

    • @ProfsrXav8r
      @ProfsrXav8r 9 днів тому +2

      @@MikeHalsall I was flying a 350 KTAS airplane that routinely went above FL300 with a PPL. The posted speeds for that plane were not all based on IAS. Private Pilot doesn't necessarily mean low and slow. It just means non-revenue.

  • @ralfsingmann6580
    @ralfsingmann6580 7 днів тому

    Hey Joe, this video should be mandatory at flight schools. I have a collection of training videos and this will be added at a prominent place. Merry Christmas 🎄!!!

  • @Darisiabgal7573
    @Darisiabgal7573 9 днів тому

    What you meant to say is that as the level flight IAS decreases the AoA needs to increase to maintain the same lift. If we set the limit of airspeed to M 0.8 and the minimum IAS to say 200 kts. Then at the density when IAS=200 is the same as M 0.8 the plane is in coffins corner. In fact because of this it’s difficult to reach coffins corner because of the AoA delta required to gain altitude.
    There are other reasons not to approach this density and speed. The turbines engines require a certain head pressure to operate. If the air pressure decreases they produce less thrust. There is an optimum AoA somewhere near 8 degrees which minimizes drag due to velocity + drag due to the AoA. If one increases the AoA to say 14° total drag will increase whereas the head pressure decreases due to lower AIS. This is OK for example if you are flying below the Mach limit because the craft GS:IAS ratio is increasing, however as one approached the Mach limit drag markedly increases around those parts were air has difficulty getting around. Moreover the engines approaching that altitude are producing less thrust. In order to compensate you need to spin the engines even faster and this causes them to age more quickly. Thus the corner is not so much a corner as a minimum density of operation with a range of airspeeds because actually reaching coffin corner will probably not keep you in the seat of the plane very long (I.e. your engine repair costs or your employer).
    Aside from that one cannot predict air turbulence and we can thing of turbulence as as variations of horizontal and vertical air speeds. If you are traveling at say M.95 and you suddenly have a shift of wind by 50 kts, you might be over M 1.0 and you might struggle to figure out how your going to land with parts of the tail section missing.
    The 747, because of its high glide aspect has broken the sound barrier on occasion and survived, with damage to the edges of the control surfaces. If you look at the structure the bulbous nose of the 747 recedes as the wings flare out but the cross section of the aircraft drops continually until the tail section. The small secondary stand outs violate sears-hack body form and become the points of structural failure
    The ideal Sears-Hack body shape is fusiform, the more a shape deviates from this, the sooner they will have problems approaching the speed of sounds. One of the big problems faced now-a-days are the rather large crossectional areas resulting from high bypass turbo fans. As airspeed approaches Mach Speed a density manifold developed in front of the engine and can cause parts of the engine to cavitation. These new generation engines are very expensive.
    A third reason why you will probably never reach that limit is ozone. Ozone tends to build over 42,000 feet in the tropics, less so in the arctic winter. Ozone tends to make the passengers feel uncomfortable.
    A final reason is that the airlines care about speed, not Mach. They want the flight to arrive at its destination as quickly as possible. For planes that have just taken off they are going to be flying at relatively high IAS but not at optimum altitude. The window for crawling way up into the corner is at the end of flights approaching continents (and airspaces in which they kind of get suspicious of things flying at 45 to 50,000 feet into the airspace) once entering airspace the jet will be assigned an altitude depending on its general direction of travel. But mid flight the plane is either going to ride a jet stream or try to avoid one.

  • @johnstonewall917
    @johnstonewall917 8 днів тому

    Water is compressible (it has a finite bulk compression modulus), but otherwise a most excellent video.

  • @hamentaschen
    @hamentaschen 9 днів тому +1

    Wow. The gravity point is center for flyings. A jet wings on high golden meltings. One time only please.

  • @ShunguRocks
    @ShunguRocks 8 днів тому

    Thanks Cap.

  • @Onir500
    @Onir500 10 днів тому +1

    Professor Joseph!

  • @olivernorgrove_
    @olivernorgrove_ 8 днів тому

    Excellent video

  • @sorgfaeltig
    @sorgfaeltig 9 днів тому

    At time 12:17 there is an error in the written English text- "Rate of decent" is wrong. It's "rate of DESCENT"

  • @dwightmcqueen5771
    @dwightmcqueen5771 9 днів тому

    Thanks for the video

  • @narekvoskanyan2248
    @narekvoskanyan2248 9 днів тому

    Thank you, it was very interesting

  • @lucilenepomacena6025
    @lucilenepomacena6025 9 днів тому +1

    Ótima noite para todos

  • @luissimmons654
    @luissimmons654 9 днів тому

    this plane in particular was flying from san jose costa rica to panama and at this call time he was over port limon

  • @lichu7273
    @lichu7273 День тому

    Correction
    The Pitot tube measure the total pressure, the dynamic plus the static pressure. The subtraction of static from total pressure is made into the airspeed indicator.

  • @BenedictMungai
    @BenedictMungai 8 днів тому

    thats a good one Joeeey.....you seized the super interesting debriefs?

  • @major__kong
    @major__kong 9 днів тому

    There's an engineering definition of equivalent airspeed. It's the speed that would produce the same dynamic pressure, using true airspeed and the actual density, at sea level standard atmospheric density.

  • @БогданПетрук-т3б
    @БогданПетрук-т3б 9 днів тому

    ❤❤❤❤Ви чудовий капітан

  • @VEJ2
    @VEJ2 9 днів тому +1

    Don't multiply your GS x5 but devide it by 2 and multiply by 10 . (GS/2 x 10). Much simpler.

  • @robertnowaczyk5847
    @robertnowaczyk5847 10 днів тому +1

    Is it really a sound barrier depiction or a vapor cone simply? At the shoot with the naval carrier.

  • @ethanboyd7843
    @ethanboyd7843 10 днів тому +3

    There's a minimum bus speed too, it's in a movie.

  • @Sofia-ng7wo
    @Sofia-ng7wo 9 днів тому

    I'm not questioning love the wach your videos. Ist my learning .

  • @tryfonpanagopoulos5999
    @tryfonpanagopoulos5999 9 днів тому

    Good job 👍

  • @vikingamannen
    @vikingamannen 10 днів тому +1

    Very intersting.
    Captain Joe.I have a question. I think it would take longer time to reach destination at higher altitude if they fly at same mach speed.
    I know that fuel consumption is lower at higher altitude. But it takes more time. Do pilots have any program to optimise this? .Maybe you could make a video of that. It would be very interesting.

    • @mytech6779
      @mytech6779 9 днів тому +1

      It is normally calculated by the dispatch department. Yes they use computer programs to optimize this, but they also have books of detailed speed and fuel burn data to calculate it by hand.
      In an emergency with no radio contact to dispatch, the pilots will only bother to calculate the required fuel and time to the next good landing at some typical altitude, but no attempt is made to optimize the flight time in such an emergency (It would only be 3%→5% anyway). They can use the FMS computer for more accurate fuel burn and ETA estimate or hand calculate an estimate with less detailed data if there is a problem with the FMS.

    • @ProfsrXav8r
      @ProfsrXav8r 9 днів тому

      I know I'm not Captain Joe, but I'll take a stab at your question. Fundamentally, it is true that if you were to pick a specific mach number, you would be flying slower as you go higher, but only to a point. Eventually, you'll actually start speeding up again. If you look up a chart depicting a generalized speed schedule, it should help to emphasize the point. While climbing through the lower altitudes (below say FL250 very roughly), a jet will typically be holding a constant IAS. As you've just learned in the video, that means the jet will actually be continually increasing TAS as it climbs. At some point, it will transition to holding a mach number instead. That's when it will start to slow down as it continues to climb, which is because the speed of sound decreases as temperature decreases. However, once the airplane passes the tropopause, the temperature will again begin to increase, as will the speed of sound and, thus, the TAS of the plane.
      Ultimately, fuel efficiency is the name of the game - at least for the typical commercial operator. These days, the airplane's computers will typically calculate those speeds, based on a cost index (CI), which is determined by the operator, along with aircraft weight and other factors. Though, there are apps which can sometimes do a better job at the calculation and are used by some operators.

  • @gordonbarnes8229
    @gordonbarnes8229 9 днів тому +1

    How do pilots know their speed over the ground such as crossing an ocean with no visual references on the ground itself?

    • @sorgfaeltig
      @sorgfaeltig 9 днів тому

      GS (Ground Speed) speed over ground, is measured either by Inertial Navigation or GPS navigation.

    • @ProfsrXav8r
      @ProfsrXav8r 7 днів тому

      @@gordonbarnes8229 As already mentioned, GS is most commonly calculated in general aviation via GNSS (GPS is an example of GNSS). Larger aircraft will also utilize IRS/INS. A lot of people tend to forget that LORAN also used to be a thing and that would give you GS as well. Other methods include utilizing VORs or DMEs (whether manually or through avionics which have that capability). If all else fails, ask ATC - that used to be a common thing to hear on the radio back in the day.

  • @diego_mcfunfun8191
    @diego_mcfunfun8191 2 години тому

    I watch these videos like ima gonna captain a Boeing in the evening

  • @galantonp
    @galantonp 10 днів тому +1

    Doesn't the flight direction, east or west, also affect GS due to the Earth's rotation? Or is that not a significant enough factor at the altitudes and speeds typically seen in commercial aviation?

    • @ahmedmahomed
      @ahmedmahomed 9 днів тому

      Noo. You are not flying in space, away from the pull of earth's gravity. Even satellites are pulled with the earth, so imagine how much more stuff flying in the earth's atmosphere are carried with it while rotating.

    • @michaelturner4457
      @michaelturner4457 9 днів тому

      The jet stream makes a difference when flying east or west. Like it's usually faster flying America to Europe, than the other way.

    • @ProfsrXav8r
      @ProfsrXav8r 9 днів тому +2

      Only in the sense that the rotation affects the direction of the prevailing winds (at least for any practical purposes)

  • @flyingiacomo
    @flyingiacomo 9 днів тому +2

    Chicken Tikka Masala for everyone

  • @RoyJZ-739
    @RoyJZ-739 9 днів тому

    So, if a plane is supersonic, it means that plane is going faster than sound in the surrounding air?
    i.e. it is not the GS of the aircraft; it is the speed with respect to the surrounding air.

    • @ProfsrXav8r
      @ProfsrXav8r 7 днів тому

      @@RoyJZ-739 correct. It’s the speed of sound in the air mass through which the aircraft is moving. It’s referred to as the local speed of sound (LSS).
      The speed of sound is a function of temperature. As temperature goes up, so does the speed of sound.

  • @gounchface
    @gounchface 7 днів тому

    Why is nose of plane always at pitch up during regular cruise ?
    To counter shape of earth.

  • @zooloo2345
    @zooloo2345 9 днів тому +2

    Und jetzt das Ganze auch auf Deutsch!

    • @flywithcaptainjoe
      @flywithcaptainjoe  9 днів тому +2

      To become a pilot you need to understand English 😘

  • @luissimmons654
    @luissimmons654 9 днів тому

    at what speed you call out rotate then v1 or v2

    • @ProfsrXav8r
      @ProfsrXav8r 7 днів тому

      @@luissimmons654 the speeds change and are calculated for each takeoff, based on a number of variables.
      V1 is the takeoff decision speed and would come before (or at the same time as) Vr. It is the speed above which the takeoff cannot be aborted, as there will be insufficient runway remaining to stop.
      V2 is the minimum airspeed the aircraft can be controlled in the event of a failure of the critical engine.

  • @luissimmons654
    @luissimmons654 9 днів тому

    Captain Joe today i herd a pilot gave out a calll ike this pan pan then i herd him saying i am out of energy i am runing on one generator and am having instrument problems then from the 124.100 he was ask how many people on board he said 160 and i nee a lower altitude how high or you he said 390 can you explain this for me please thank you

    • @ProfsrXav8r
      @ProfsrXav8r 7 днів тому

      @@luissimmons654 A PAN-PAN is a non-life threatening distress call. It simply draws attention to that aircraft.
      To say “out of energy” is an odd call to make, but perhaps that person wasn’t a native English speaker. From the context, I’m assuming they meant insufficient electrical power. Aircraft will typically have at least one electrical generator per engine. If some generators fail, they may not have sufficient power to run all the electrics and may need to start shedding electrical load.
      Asking for the number of souls on board is standard procedure, but is typically only needed when a MAYDAY is declared. That could vary by region though.
      It’s hard to say why they needed lower, but it could be that they had an engine failure. A typical airliner at cruise will “drift down” if they lose an engine, as the remaining engine won’t be able to maintain speed at high altitude. That’s normal. The “390” was likely Flight Level 390 (FL390), which is 39000 ft pressure altitude.

    • @luissimmons654
      @luissimmons654 7 днів тому

      @@ProfsrXav8r thank you so much

  • @MeaHeaR
    @MeaHeaR 9 днів тому

    So Why did Joe refer to them as "Static PROBES" on his 350 Ground Walk around check ¿¿¿

    • @ProfsrXav8r
      @ProfsrXav8r 7 днів тому

      @@MeaHeaR because that’s what they’re called. Sometimes also referred to as static ports. They are placed on the aircraft such that air will flow perpendicular to the orifice, allowing for the measurement of the static atmospheric pressure at that location.

    • @MeaHeaR
      @MeaHeaR 7 днів тому

      @ProfsrXAV8r thank you 😊 sir 🧑🏿👍🏿

    • @MeaHeaR
      @MeaHeaR 2 дні тому

      @ProfsrXav8r Technically they are Ports though, Nót Probés

    • @ProfsrXav8r
      @ProfsrXav8r 2 дні тому

      @@MeaHeaR a probe is simply something which is gathering some form of data from the environment - it is not signifying a particular physical shape of the sensing device. Devices which detect static atmospheric pressure come in all sorts of shapes and sizes. Sometimes they are even incorporated into a pitot tube. In most unpressurized GA planes, the alternate static source is just a tube that opens to the cockpit environment behind the instrument panel. So, in that case, you could probably call it a static 'tube' - again though, it's still probing the environment. In any case, it serves no purpose to be pedantic over what its called. The reality is that every aircraft manufacturer is going to give it whatever name they feel is appropriate, and that is going to be what it is called on that particular airframe.

    • @MeaHeaR
      @MeaHeaR День тому

      @ProfsrXav8r thank you for your concise informativé 🧑🏿👍🏿

  • @H3liosphan
    @H3liosphan 9 днів тому

    lol "PREpendicular to the oncoming airflow"

  • @AndreaJobPicanello
    @AndreaJobPicanello 4 дні тому

    Perché "Captain" se hai solo tre strisce sulle mostrine?

    • @igclapp
      @igclapp 3 дні тому

      He used to be a captain with another airline.

  • @thatoneguyRyan1
    @thatoneguyRyan1 4 дні тому

    Shout out to the real ones; pitot tubes and static ports.

  • @2oopb
    @2oopb 6 днів тому

    Chicken Tikka Masala!

  • @Decent_GameplayBG
    @Decent_GameplayBG 10 днів тому +1

    Likes are raining over the video 😅

  • @mateuszpajac
    @mateuszpajac 10 днів тому

    Can u give me some keys?! 0:45

  • @jameswebb2856
    @jameswebb2856 10 днів тому +1

    If you are a captain why do you only have three bars on your epaulet?

    • @M1ch4ln0w1t5ch
      @M1ch4ln0w1t5ch 10 днів тому +3

      Because it is Shorter than
      First Officer Joseph "Joey" Diebolder

    • @mytech6779
      @mytech6779 9 днів тому +4

      Because he was an A320 captain when he started the channel, then he changed to a different company as 747 first officer.

  • @Kari-z1o
    @Kari-z1o 10 днів тому

    ❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤❤

  • @Bycopikeynes
    @Bycopikeynes 8 днів тому

    👍✈️💓🫶🏻🤍❤️

  • @KensHobbies409
    @KensHobbies409 10 днів тому +2

    KIL -- O -- METRE!!, NOT Kilawemetre!!!!!!

    • @mytech6779
      @mytech6779 9 днів тому

      It is pronounced NOT-IKL-MY-L

    • @KensHobbies409
      @KensHobbies409 9 днів тому

      @@mytech6779 Remember Your VOWELS__A,E,I,O,U & Sometimes Y. KILO is one word itself meaning 1000.

  • @mmhuq3
    @mmhuq3 8 днів тому

    Thank you for the video